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Unit - Iii

An operating system (OS) serves as an intermediary between users and computer hardware, managing resources and executing programs efficiently. Key functions include resource, memory, processor, device, and file management, while types of operating systems include batch, real-time, multiprogramming, multitasking, and distributed systems. Batch files are sequences of commands processed without user intervention, commonly used for repetitive tasks.

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22 views7 pages

Unit - Iii

An operating system (OS) serves as an intermediary between users and computer hardware, managing resources and executing programs efficiently. Key functions include resource, memory, processor, device, and file management, while types of operating systems include batch, real-time, multiprogramming, multitasking, and distributed systems. Batch files are sequences of commands processed without user intervention, commonly used for repetitive tasks.

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guptapushkar07
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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OS

An operating System (OS) is an intermediary between users and computer


hardware. It provides users an environment in which a user can execute programs
conveniently and efficiently.

Definition

An operating system is a program that acts as an interface between the user and
the computer hardware and controls the execution of all kinds of programs.
OR
An operating System is a collection of system programs that together control the
operations of a computer system.

Some examples of operating systems are UNIX, Mach, MS-DOS, MS-Windows,


Windows/NT, Chicago, OS/2, MacOS, VMS(Virtual Memory System),
MVS(Multiple Virtual Storage), and VM(virtual machine).
Computer System Components
1. Hardware – provides basic computing resources (CPU, memory, I/O
devices).

2. Operating system – controls and coordinates the use of the hardware among
the various application programs for the various users.

3. Applications programs – Define the ways in which the system resources are
used to solve the computing problems of the users
(compilers, database systems, video games, business programs).

4. Users (people, machines, other computers).

Operating system goals:


• Execute user programs and make solving user problems easier.
• Make the computer system convenient to use.
• Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner.

Following are some of important functions of an operating System.

 Resources Management
 Memory Management
 Processor Management
 Device Management
 File Management

Resources Management

Operating system (OS), program that manages a computer's resources,


especially the allocation of those resources among other programs. Typical
resources include the central processing unit (CPU), computer memory, file
storage, input/output (I/O) devices, and network connections.
Memory Management
 One of the main functions of OS is to manage the primary memory.
 Memory management keeps an eye on memory location, in any case either it
is allocated or it is not allocated (free). Memory allocation to the processes is
also decided and checked by Operating System. It decides and checks which
process will obtain memory and at what time.

Processor Management
In a multi-programming environment, it is OS who decides which process will get
the processor when and for how long. This task is called Process Scheduling.
Following activities are done by OS for processor management:

 It keeps a track of processor tasking and checks the status of process. Traffic
controller performs this task.
 It allocates the processor and also de-allocates processor when a process is
complete and not required.

Device Management
An OS with help of their respective drivers manages device communication.
Following activities are performed by an Operating System for device
management:

 It Keep a track of all devices. This task is performed by I/O controller.


 It decides which process will get the device when and for how long.
 It allocates and de-allocates the device efficiently.

File Management
In a file system, generally directories are organized for usage and easy navigation.
Following activities are performed by an OS under file management:

 It keeps a track of location, information, status etc. This collective is known


as File System.
 It decides who will get the resources.
 It allocates and de-allocates the resources.
Security
An OS by using password and other similar techniques prevents and checks
unauthorized users to access the data and program.

Types of Operating Systems

1. Batch Operating System –

This type of operating system does not interact with the computer directly. There
is an operator which takes similar jobs having the same requirement and groups
them into batches. It is the responsibility of the operator to sort jobs with similar
needs.

Advantages of Batch Operating System:


 It is very difficult to guess or know the time required for any job to complete.
 The idle time for the batch system is very less
 It is easy to manage large work repeatedly in batch systems
Disadvantages of Batch Operating System:
 The computer operators should be well known with batch systems
 Batch systems are hard to debug
 It is sometimes costly
 The other jobs will have to wait for an unknown time if any job fails

2. Real-Time Operating System –

These types of OSs serve real-time systems. The time interval required to process
and respond to inputs is very small. This time interval is called response time.
Real-time systems are used when there are time requirements that are very strict
like missile systems, air traffic control systems, robots, etc.

Two types of Real-Time Operating System which are as follows:


 Hard Real-Time Systems:
These OSs are meant for applications where time constraints are very strict
and even the shortest possible delay is not acceptable.
 Soft Real-Time Systems:
These OSs are for applications where for time-constraint is less strict.

3. Multiprogramming

 In a multiprogramming OS more than one program can be used at the same


time. It may or may not be multiprocessing. In a single CPU system,
multiple programs are executed one after another by dividing the CPU into
small time slice.
Example: Windows, Mac, Linux, etc.

4. Multitasking
In a multitasking system more than one task can be performed at the same time but
they are executed one after another through a single CPU by time sharing. For
example: Windows, Linux, Mac, UNIX, etc.
5. Distributed Operating System –
These types of the operating system is a recent advancement in the world of
computer technology and are being widely accepted all over the world and, that
too, with a great pace. Various autonomous interconnected computers
communicate with each other using a shared communication network.

Advantages of Distributed Operating System:

 Failure of one will not affect the other network communication, as all systems
are independent from each other
 Electronic mail increases the data exchange speed

Disadvantages of Distributed Operating System:

 Failure of the main network will stop the entire communication


 The setup cost is high
 Software used for such systems is highly complex.
 Failure of the main network will lead to the failure of the whole system.
Batch file
A batch file or batch job is a collection, or list, of commands that are processed in
sequence often without requiring user input or intervention. With a computer running a
Microsoft operating system such as Windows, a batch file is stored as a file with
a .bat file extension. Other operating systems may define a batch job in a shell script,
containing a list of commands to be executed one after the other.
OR
A batch files is a text file that contains a sequence of commands for a computer
operating system. Batch files encapsulate multiple commands into a single file, and are
created for command sequences that users employ repeatedly. Commonly used batch
files are part of most operating systems. The sequence of commands in the batch file is
initiated by entering the name of the batch file on the command line.
Batch files are often used to help load programs, run multiple processes at a time, and
perform common or repetitive tasks.
For example, a batch job could be used to back up files, process log files, run a series
of calculations or diagnostics, or any other job that require multiple commands to run.
A batch job can accomplish multiple tasks without interaction from the user, freeing
up the user's time for other tasks.
In the Disk Operating System (DOS), a batch file has the file name extension ".BAT".
(The best known DOS batch file is the AUTOEXEC.BAT file that initializes DOS
when you start the system.) In UNIX-based operating systems, a batch file is called
a shell script. In IBM's mainframe VM operating systems, it's called an EXEC.

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