NAME: - ARYAN KUMAR

CLASS: - 12-A (SCIENCE)

Project Title: - Form Factors affecting

Internal Resistance/ EMF Of Cell

CBSE RoLL No.:

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 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. ARYAN KUMAR of class XII – Science, PM Shri
Kendriya Vidayalaya N.A.D. Karanja has completed the project on
Form Factors affecting Internal Resistance/ EMF Of Cell of Physics
under guidance of Mr. Mandeep Kumar. As per All India Senior
Secondary Certificate Examination (AISSCE) as prescribed by CBSE for
the year 2024-25.

CBSE Roll No. _________________

Internal Examiner External Examiner

(Mr. Mandeep Kumar)

Principal
(Mr. Rajesh Kumar Patil)

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my teacher, Mr. Mandeep

Kumar, and our principal, Mr. Rajesh Kumar Patil, for providing me with the
invaluable opportunity to undertake this project on the factors affecting
the internal resistance and EMF of a cell. Their guidance and support
have been instrumental in allowing me to explore and research this topic
thoroughly, helping me learn many new concepts along the way.

I am also deeply thankful to my parents and friends for their assistance

and encouragement, which enabled me to complete this project within the
given timeframe. Their support has been a great motivation, and I truly
appreciate their help in making this project a success.

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 INDEX
❖ Introduction
❖ Objective
❖ Apparatus
❖ Circuit Diagram
❖ Theory
❖ Procedure
❖ Observation
❖ Conclusion
❖ Precaution
❖ Source of Error
❖ Bibliography

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 INTRoDUCTIoN
Electrochemical Cells
An electrochemical cell is a device that converts chemical energy into electrical
energy through chemical reactions.
Types of Electrochemical Cells:
Primary Cells: These produce electrical energy directly from chemical
energy, and their reaction is irreversible. Examples include the Daniel cell
and the Leclanché cell.
Secondary Cells: These store electrical energy as chemical energy and
can be recharged. When connected to an external circuit, they convert
chemical energy back into electrical energy. Examples include the lead-
acid accumulator and Edison cell.

Daniel Cell
Invented by John Frederic Daniel, this cell uses copper (II) sulphate and zinc (II)
sulphate solutions, with copper as the cathode and zinc as the anode, connected
by a salt bridge.
Process:
Anode: Zinc undergoes oxidation, releasing electrons and forming zinc
ions that enter the solution.
Cathode: Electrons from the anode travel through an external wire,
reducing copper ions in the solution and depositing copper atoms on the
cathode.
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 Anodic Reaction:

Cathodic Reaction:

Electrons and Ion Flow:

• The difference in electrons between the anode and cathode creates an
electric potential.
• Ions move through the salt bridge to balance the charges, maintaining
neutrality until equilibrium is reached.

Salt Bridge:
The salt bridge helps maintain charge balance between the two electrodes,
preventing a complete charge imbalance by allowing the flow of ions.

Electromotive Force (EMF):

EMF, or electromotive force, is the voltage generated by a cell or any source of
electrical energy, often measured in volts. It’s the electrical potential created by the
source in a circuit.

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Objective:
To study the various factors on which the internal resistance/EMF of a cell depends.
Apparatus:
Potentiometer, battery (battery eliminator), two-way keys, rheostat of low resistance,
galvanometer, high resistance ammeter, cell, jockey, set square, connecting wires, water
bath, thermometer (0-100°C), burner, tripod stand.
Circuit Diagram:

Theory:

The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance offered by its electrolyte to the flow of
ions. Factors affecting the internal resistance of a cell:
1. Directly proportional to the distance between electrodes.
2. Inversely proportional to the facing surface area of the electrodes in the electrolyte.
3. Decreases with an increase in the temperature of the electrolyte.
4. Inversely proportional to the concentration of the electrolyte.
The internal resistance r of a cell is given by the formula:

Where l1 and l2 are the balancing lengths without resistance and with resistance (shunt), respectively,
and RRR is the shunt resistance in parallel with the given cell.

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Procedure:
Step 1
1. Draw the circuit diagram and prepare the connections.
2. Clean the wire ends and make tight connections.
3. Tighten the resistance box plugs.
4. Check the e.m.f. of the battery and cell, ensuring the battery’s e.m.f. is greater.
5. Minimize rheostat resistance to get the maximum current.
6. Test the connections using the key K1.
7. Adjust rheostat for a null point without K2 plugged in.
8. Insert a 2000-ohm resistor in the circuit and fine-tune the null point.
9. Measure the balancing length l1.
10. Remove the 2000-ohm plug and add a small resistance (1-5 Ω).
11. Adjust the jockey along the wire to find a new null point.
12. Reinsert the 2000-ohm resistor and recheck for the null point.
13. Measure the second balancing length l2.
14. Remove plugs, wait, and repeat for different resistance values.
15. Calculate the internal resistance using the observed values.

Step 2
To study the effect of electrode separation on internal resistance:

• Vary the separation between electrodes and measure the internal resistance.

Step 3
To observe the effect of temperature:

• Heat the electrolyte by placing primary cells in a water bath and measure internal resistance at
different temperatures.

Step 4
To see the effect of electrolyte concentration:

• Decrease electrolyte concentration by adding distilled water and determine the internal
resistance in each case.

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Observations:
(A) INTERNAL RESISTANCE OF CELL

S.NO. AMMETER POS. OF NULL SHUNT

READING (A) POINTS (CM) RESISTANCE
R (Ω)
WITH R WITHOUT
(l1) R (l2)
1. 0.3 326.6 276.9 1 0.94
2. 0.3 320.7 219.1 2 1.77
3. 0.3 660.5 350.9 3 2.51

(B) TO STUDY SEPERATION BETWEEN ELECTRODES

S.NO. SEPERATION BALANCING BALANCING r/d

BETWEEN LENGTH LENGTH
ELECTRODES (CM) (l1) (CM) (l2)
(CM)
1 1.2 326.6 276.9 0.456 0.38
2 2.5 320.7 219.1 0.95 0.38
3 3.7 660.5 350.9 1.406 0.38

(C) EFFECT OF TEMP. OF ELECTROLYTE ON INTERNAL

RESISTANCE

S.NO TEMP. l1 l2
Resistance Tr
(°C) R (Ω) ΩK
1. 40 325 12 1 0.96 301.44
2. 32 552 23.6 1 0.95 291.96
3. 27 660.5 35.5 1 0.94 283.87

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Conclusions

1. The electromotive force (EMF) of the cell is constant and approximately equal
to 0.98 V.
2. Internal resistance of the cell is directly proportional to the separation
between electrodes.
3. Internal resistance is inversely proportional to the area of electrodes in
contact with the electrolyte.
4. Internal resistance is inversely proportional to the temperature of the
electrolyte.
5. Internal resistance is inversely proportional to the concentration of the
electrolyte.
Precautions

1. Connections should be clean, neat, and tight.

2. Insert plugs in keys only when taking observations.
3. Positive poles of the battery and cells should be connected to the terminal at
the zero end of the wire.
4. The jockey should not be rubbed on the wire; it should touch gently.
5. Keep the ammeter reading constant for each set of observations; adjust the
rheostat if needed.
6. Ensure the EMF of the battery is greater than the EMF of the cells.
7. Remove high-resistance plugs from the box before moving the jockey along
the wire.
8. Avoid long durations of current flow to prevent heating.
9. Adjust the rheostat so that the null point appears on the wire's last section.
Sources of Error

1. Auxiliary battery may not be fully charged.

2. Potentiometer wire might lack uniform cross-section or material density.
3. End resistances may not be zero, impacting readings.
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 BIBLIoGRAPHY

• PHYSISCS NCERT CLASS XII

• COMPHRENSIVE PHYSICS PRACTICAL
• https://www.google.com
• https://www.wikipedia.org

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