Name: Hasmin K.

Eman Date Conducted: December 01,2023

Introduction
A weir is a structure that crosses the breadth of a river or stream to alter the flow characteristics, usually resulting in a rise or decrease in the
water level. There are several varieties of weirs designed for usage in natural channels and laboratory flumes. Weirs come in three different
varieties: sharp, short, and broad-crested. Notches, sometimes called sharp-crested weirs, are made from thin plates with sharp edges. A
person can ascertain the link between the flow rate and water depth above the weir by applying Bernoulli's equation together with certain
assumptions regarding head loss and pressure distribution of the flow over the weir. To account for errors in determining the flow rate produced
by these weirs, an experimental coefficient of discharge needs to be developed for each one.

Practical Application
Weirs are commonly used to measure or regulate flow in rivers, streams, irrigation canals, etc. Installing a weir in an open channel system causes
critical depth to form over the weir. Since there is a unique relationship between the critical depth and discharge, a weir can be designed as a flow-
measuring device. Weirs are also built to raise the water level in a channel to divert the flow to irrigation systems that are located at higher
elevations.

Objective
The objectives of this experiment are to:
a) determine the characteristics of flow over a rectangular and a triangular weir, and
b) determine the value of the discharge coefficient for both notches.

Method
The coefficients of discharge are determined by measuring the height of the water surface above the notch base and the corresponding flow
rate. The general features of the flow can be determined by direct observation.

Equipment
The following equipment is required to perform the flow over weirs experiment:
F1-10 hydraulics bench;
F1-13 rectangular and
triangular weirs; Vernier
height gauge; and Stopwatch.

Equipment Description
The flow over the weir apparatus includes the following elements that are used in conjunction with the flow channel in the molded bench top of
the hydraulics bench (Figure 9.1).

Theory
The depth of water above the base of a weir is related to the flow rate through it; therefore, the weir can be used as a flow measuring device.
The relationships of flow over weirs can be obtained by applying the energy equation from a point well upstream of the weir to a point just above
the weir crest. This approach requires a number of assumptions, and it yields the following results:

for a rectangular weir (Figure 9.2b):

for a triangular weir (Figure 9.2a):

Q : flow rate;
H : height above the weir
base; b : width of
rectangular weir (R-notch);
: angle of triangular weir (V-
notch);
Cd: discharge coefficient to account for the effects of simplifying assumptions in the theory, which has to be determined by experiment [9].
A YouTube element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here:
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This experiment will be performed by taking the following steps:
Ensure that the hydraulics bench is positioned so that its surface is horizontal. This is necessary because the flow over the notch is driven by
gravity.
Mount the rectangular notch plate onto the flow channel, and position the stilling baffle as shown in Figure 9.3.
Turn on the pump, and slightly adjust the flow control to fill the channel
upstream of the weir with water. Turn off the pump when the water starts to
flow over the weir.
Wait a few minutes to allow the water to settle.
Level the point gauge with the water level in the channel. Record the reading as ho.
Note: To measure the datum height of the base of the notch (ho), position the instrument carrier as shown in Figure 9.3. Then carefully lower the
gauge until the point is just above the notch base, and lock the coarse adjustment screw. Then, using the fine adjustment, adjust the gauge until
the point just touches the water surface and take a reading, being careful not to damage the notch.
Adjust the point gauge to read 10 mm greater
than the datum. Record the reading as h.
Turn on the pump, and slightly adjust the flow until the water level coincides with the point gauge. Check that the level
has stabilized before taking readings. Measure the flow rate using the volumetric tank.
Observe the shape of the nappe and take pictures of it.
Results and Calculations

Figure 9.4: Types of nappe: a) Springing clear nappe, b) Depressed Nappe, and c) Clinging Nappe

Raw Data Table: R-notch

Rectangular Notch
Water
Datum
Surface Volume Time for
Height
No. Elev. Collected Collection
h0 (m)
h (m) (L) (s)
1 0.066 14 120
2 0.076 19 120
3 0.086 17 60
4 0.056 0.096 28 60
5 0.106 21 30
6 0.116 28 30
7 0.126 17 15

Raw Data Table: V-notch

90 Degree V Notch
 Water
Datum
Surface Volume Time for
Height
No. Elev. Collected Collection
h0 (m)
h (m) (L) (s)
1 0.106 0.3 30
2 0.111 1.1 30
3 0.116 2.8 30
4 0.101 0.121 3.1 30
5 0.126 8 30
6 0.130 9.5 30
7 0.136 14 30
9.2. Calculations

Result Table: R-notch

Rectangular Notch
Volume
Flow Rate Experimental Theoretical
No. H (m) Collected H(3/2) % Error
(m3/s) Coefficient Coefficient
(m3)
1 0.010 0.014 1.17E-04 1.00E-03 1.32 0.69 90.3
2 0.020 0.019 1.58E-04 2.83E-03 0.63 -8.7
3 0.030 0.017 2.83E-04 5.20E-03 0.62 -11.0
4 0.040 0.028 4.67E-04 8.00E-03 0.66 -4.8
5 0.050 0.021 7.00E-04 1.12E-02 0.71 2.1
6 0.060 0.028 9.33E-04 1.47E-02 0.72 3.6
7 0.070 0.017 1.13E-03 1.85E-02 0.69 -0.2

Q vs H : Rectangular Notch
2.00E-03

1.50E-03 y = 0.0613x + 3E-06

R² = 0.9933
1.00E-03

5.00E-04

0.00E+00
0.00E+00 5.00E-03 1.00E-02 1.50E-02 2.00E-02
H3/2 (m3/2)

Result Table: V-notch

90 Degree V Notch
Volume
H Flow Rate Experimental Theoretical %
Collected H(5/2)
No. (m) (m3/s) Coefficient Coefficient Error
(m3)
1 0.005 0.0003 1.00E-05 1.77E-06 2.39 185.9
2 0.010 0.0011 3.67E-05 1.00E-05 1.55 85.3
3 0.015 0.0028 9.33E-05 2.76E-05 1.43 71.2
4 0.020 0.0031 1.03E-04 5.66E-05 0.77 0.84 -7.7
5 0.025 0.0080 2.67E-04 9.88E-05 1.14 36.4
6 0.030 0.0095 3.17E-04 1.56E-04 0.86 2.7
7 0.035 0.0140 4.67E-04 2.29E-04 0.86 2.9
 5.00E-04 Chart Title
y = 1.9786x + 2E-05
Axis Title 4.00E-04

3.00E-04
Series1
2.00E-04 Linear (Series1)
1.00E-04 Linear (Series1)

0.00E+00 Linear (Series1)

Report

Conclusion
Overall, all of the objectives were met. Despite a mistake that happened when taking the H values, the discharge coefficient for both notches was
obtained and the flowrate characteristics for both notches were comprehended. This error has changed the shape of the graph and the coefficient
of discharge for the triangular and rectangular notches, which are dependent on the height of the water level from the notch's base and the
volumetric flow rate of the water. The kind of notch that is employed and the water level's height (H) affect the discharge coefficient.

Recommendation
Here are some suggestions for improving this experiment. Vibration shouldn't be permitted to impede the flow of water as it alters the H values.
It's also advisable to protect the knife edge of the weir plate. There will be a tiny head and a minor inaccuracy due to the meniscus in the water.
Nevertheless, carrying out this procedure should prevent harm to the notches. There are sharp edges on the Weirs notch, thus care must be
given when installing and modifying it. Following that, the water level of
The rectangular notch will be lower than the v-notch. Since the computation needs a precise figure, the values of H should be recorded in
accordance with what the gauge displays. Finally, we must confirm that the water flow is steady before we start collecting. This could potentially
lower each experiment's coefficient of discharge.

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