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Methods of Data Collection

The document outlines methods of data collection, distinguishing between primary and secondary data. It details various primary data collection methods, including observation, interviews, questionnaires, case studies, and surveys, along with their advantages and disadvantages. Each method is further categorized into types, providing a comprehensive overview of how data can be systematically gathered for research purposes.

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Kyle Denster Alvarez
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
3 views

Methods of Data Collection

The document outlines methods of data collection, distinguishing between primary and secondary data. It details various primary data collection methods, including observation, interviews, questionnaires, case studies, and surveys, along with their advantages and disadvantages. Each method is further categorized into types, providing a comprehensive overview of how data can be systematically gathered for research purposes.

Uploaded by

Kyle Denster Alvarez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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METHODS OF DATA

COLLECTION

Data collection is the process of gathering and


measuring information on variables of interest, in an
established systematic fashion that enables one to
answer stated research questions, test hypotheses,
and evaluate outcomes.
TYPES OF DATA
1. PRIMARY DATA
data which are collected a fresh
and for the first time and thus
happen to be original in
character and known as PRIMARY
DATA.
2. SECONDARY DATA
data which have been collected by
someone else and which have already
been passed through the statistical
process.
METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION:
PRIMARY DATA

1. Observation
2. Interview
3. Questionnaire
4. Case Study
5. Survey
METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION: PRIMARY DATA

OBSERVATION

Observation method is a method


under which data from the field is
collected with the help of observation by
the observer or by personally going to the
field.

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Subjective bias Time consuming
eliminated
Current information Limited information
Independent to Unforeseen factors
respondent’s variable
TYPES OF OBSERVATION

STRUCTURED and UNSTRUCTURED


1. Structured Observation
when observation is done by characterizing style of
recording the observed information, standardized
conditions of observation , definition of the units to
be observed , selection of pertinent data of
observation.
Example: An auditor performing inventory analysis in store

2. Unstructured Observation
when observation is done without any thought
before observation.
Example: Observing children playing with new toys.
TYPES OF OBSERVATION
PARTICIPANT and NON-PARTICIPANT
1. Participant
when the Observer is member of the group which
he is observing.
Advantages: 1. Observation of natural behavior
2. Closeness with the group
3. Better understanding

2. Non-participant
when observer is observing people without giving
any information to them.
Advantages: 1. Objectivity and neutrality
2. More willingness of the respondent
TYPES OF OBSERVATION
CONTROLLED and UNCONTROLLED
1. Uncontrolled
when the observation takes place in natural
condition. It is done to get spontaneous picture of
life and persons.

2. Controlled
when observation takes place according to
definite pre arranged plans , with experimental
procedure then it is controlled observation
generally done in laboratory under controlled
condition.
METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION: PRIMARY DATA

INTERVIEW METHOD
INTERVIEW METHOD
This method of collecting data
involves presentation or oral-
verbal stimuli and reply in
terms of oral-verbal responses.

Interview Method is an oral verbal communication


where interviewer asks questions (which are aimed
to get information required for study) to
respondent.
TYPES OF INTERVIEW
• Personal interviews : The interviewer asks
questions generally in a face to face contact to
the other person or persons.
• Structured interviews : in this case, a set of pre-
decided questions are there.
• Unstructured interviews : in this case, we don’t
follow a system of pre-determined questions.
• Focused interviews : attention is focused on the
given experience of the respondent and its possible
effects.
• Clinical interviews : concerned with broad
underlying feelings or motivations or with the course
of individual’s life experience, rather than with the
effects of the specific experience, as in the case of
focused interview.
TYPES OF INTERVIEW
• Group interviews : a group of 6 to 8 individuals is
interviewed.
• Qualitative and quantitative interviews : divided
on the basis of subject matter i.e. whether
qualitative or quantitative.
• Individual interviews : interviewer meets a single
person and interviews him.
• Selection interviews : done for the selection of
people for certain jobs.
• Depth interviews : it deliberately aims to elicit
unconscious as well as other types of material
relating especially to personality dynamics and
motivations.
• Telephonic interviews : contacting samples on
telephone.
METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION: PRIMARY DATA

QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD
QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD
This method of data collection is
quite popular, particularly in
case of big enquiries.

The questionnaire is mailed to respondents who are


expected to read and understand the questions
and write down the reply in the space meant for
the purpose in the questionnaire itself. The
respondents have to answer the questions on their
own.
METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION: PRIMARY DATA

QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Low cost even if the Low rate of return of duly filled


geographical area is too large questionnaire.

Answers are in respondents word Slowest method of data


so free from bias. collection.

Adequate time to think for Difficult to know if the expected


answers. respondent have filled the form
or it is filled by someone else.
Non approachable respondents
may be conveniently contacted.

Large samples can be used so


results are more reliable.
METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION: PRIMARY DATA

CASE STUDY METHOD


CASE STUDY METHOD is essentially
an intensive investigation of the
particular unit under
consideration.

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
They are less costly and less They are subject to selection
time-consuming; they are bias
advantageous when exposure
data is expensive or hard to
obtain.
They are advantageous when They generally do not allow
studying dynamic populations in calculation of incidence
which follow-up is difficult. (absolute risk).
METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION: PRIMARY DATA

SURVEY METHOD
SURVEY METHOD is one of the
common methods of diagnosing
and solving of social problems is
that of undertaking surveys.

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Relatively easy to administer Respondents may not feel
encouraged to provide
accurate, honest answers
Can be developed in less time Surveys with closed-ended
(compared to other data- questions may have a lower
collection methods) validity rate than other question
types.
Cost-effective, but cost Data errors due to question non-
depends on survey mode responses may exist.

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