City College of management

BCA Semester 6th

Subject –6042 Microprocessor
Notes Unit-I
Syllabus
 Microprocessor-Introduction, Advances in semiconductor technology,
 Organization of microprocessor-based system, and 8085 microprocessor.

Topic 1: Introduction, Advances in semiconductor technology

8085 Microprocessor & its Operation
8085 is pronounced as "eighty-eighty-five" microprocessor. It is an 8-bit microprocessor designed by Intel in 1977
using NMOS technology.
It has the following configuration –
- 8-bit data bus
- 16-bit address bus, which can address up to 64KB
- A 16-bit program counter
- A 16-bit stack pointer
- Six 8-bit registers arranged in pairs: BC, DE, HL
- Requires +5V supply to operate at 3.2 MHZ single phase clock

It is used in washing machines, microwave ovens, mobile phones, etc.

While the future of the semiconductor industry looks bright, no one knows with certainty where it’s headed. The
direction it moves in depends on many factors. And this article succinctly examines several of these factors, which
include the following:

 the experimentation with new semiconductor materials

 the increase in the price of rare earth metals
 the accelerated industrial adoption of new technologies in artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things
(IoT), and related fields

These factors and others will inevitably impact sales, create opportunities, and present fresh challenges. It is the
hope of IEEE that armed with the knowledge it offers here and in its International Roadmap for Devices and Systems
(IRDS™) Technical Community, key players and stakeholders can make better strategic decisions for their
organizations to the future benefit of the entire semiconductor industry.

Semiconductors have the unique ability to act as either insulator or conductor, depending on environmental factors.
Temperature, light, electric currents, or even electric fields can affect a semiconductor’s properties. The number of
valence electrons in the electron shell of an elemental semiconductor determines its conductivity.
This unique feature makes semiconductors pivotal to modern technology. Without semiconductors, integrated
circuits, transistors, solar cells, and many other computing materials simply would not exist. Because of this,
semiconductor materials have a significant impact on the computing and electronic product supply chain.

raditionally, manufacturers have used one of three common semiconductor materials: germanium, silicon, and
gallium arsenide. Go in depth on semiconductor materials. Discovered in 1886, germanium was the ―original‖
semiconductor. However, germanium fell from grace after manufacturers realized silicon cost significantly less.
Silicon’s four valence electrons allow it to conduct electricity at high temperatures. On top of that, silicon is the
second-most abundant element on Earth—making it the most widely used semiconductor material. Silicon also has
strong mechanical properties in its crystalized form, silicon dioxide.
When manufacturers need to amplify high-frequency signals, they use a compound called gallium arsenide. While a
powerful semiconductor, gallium arsenide costs significantly more to manufacture than alternatives.

Recent advancements in semiconductor materials

In recent decades, scientists have made great strides in progressing semiconductor innovation. Researchers have
consistently kept pace with Moore’s Law, which states that the number of circuits on a microchip doubles every two
years. They have accomplished this by experimenting with variations of semiconductor materials.
For example, scientists have seen potential in revisiting germanium for use in transistor technology. Electrons move
four times faster in germanium than in silicon, providing a great opportunity to improve speed.
 CITY COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT
Affiliated to Lucknow University

COURSE: BCA
SEMESTER: 6th Checked by:___________________
SUBJECT: Microprocessor
UNIT- I Marks obtained:___________________
LECTURE: 1
TOPIC: Introduction, Advances in semiconductor technology
Name of Student:________________ Class:_______________________ Section:________

Q.1. What is Microprocessor?

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Q.2. Write the first Microprocessor Name?

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Q.3.What is semiconductors?
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Q.4. Write the use of semiconductors.

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Q.5. How does a semiconductor diode work?
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Q.6. What are the two types of semiconductors?

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Q7. What are the uses of semiconductor diodes?

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Q.8. How many Pins in 8085 Microprocessor?

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Q.9. How much power supply required in 8085 Microprocessor?

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Q.10. What is the use of Stack Pointer in Microprocessor?

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 Topic 2: Organization of microprocessor-based system, and 8085 microprocessor
Microprocessor is a controlling unit of a micro-computer, fabricated on a small chip capable of performing ALU
(Arithmetic Logical Unit) operations and communicating with the other devices connected to it.
Microprocessor consists of an ALU, register array, and a control unit. ALU performs arithmetical and logical
operations on the data received from the memory or an input device. Register array consists of registers identified by
letters like B, C, D, E, H, L and accumulator (register in which intermediate arithmetic and logic results are stored.).
The control unit controls the flow of data and instructions within the computer.
Features of a Microprocessor
Here is a list of some of the most prominent features of any microprocessor −
a) Cost-effective − The microprocessor chips are available at low prices and results its low cost.
b) Size − The microprocessor is of small size chip, hence is portable.
c) Low Power Consumption − Microprocessors are manufactured by using metaloxide semiconductor technology,
which has low power consumption.

d) Versatility − The microprocessors are versatile as we can use the same chip in a number of applications by
configuring the software program.
e) Reliability − The
Microprocessor Architecture & Operation
ALU (Arithmetic/Logic Unit) – It performs such arithmetic operations as addition and subtraction, and such logic
operations as AND, OR, and XOR. Results are stored either in registers or in memory.
Register Array – It consists of various registers identified by letter such as B, C, D, E, H, L, IX, and IY. These
registers are used to store data and addresses temporarily during the execution of a program.
Control Unit – The control unit provides the necessary timing and control signals to all the operations in the
microcomputer. It controls the flow of data between the microprocessor and memory and peripherals.
Input – The input section transfers data and instructions in binary from the outside world to the microprocessor. It
includes such devices as a keyboard, switches, a scanner, and an analog-to-digital converter.
Output – The output section transfers data from the microprocessor to such output devices as LED, CRT, printer,
magnetic tape, or another computer.
Memory – It stores such binary information as instructions and data, and provides that information to the
microprocessor. To execute programs, the microprocessor reads instructions and data from memory and performs
the computing operations in its ALU section. Results are either transferred to the output section for display or stored
in memory for later use.
System bus – It is a communication path between the microprocessor and peripherals. The microprocessor
communicates with only one peripheral at a time. The timing is provided by the control unit of the microprocessor.
Bus organization of 8085 microprocessor
There are three types of buses.
a) Address bus – It is a group of conducting wires which carries address only.

b) Data bus –
It is a group of conducting wires which carries Data only.

c) Control bus –
It is a group of wires, which is used to generate timing and control signals to control all the associated peripherals,
microprocessor uses control bus to process data, that is what to do with selected memory location.
8085 Microprocessor Architecture & Functional Units
8085 consists of the following functional units −
1) Accumulator

It is an 8-bit register used to perform arithmetic, logical, I/O & LOAD/STORE operations. It is connected to internal
data bus & ALU.
2) Arithmetic and logic unit

As the name suggests, it performs arithmetic and logical operations like Addition, Subtraction, AND, OR, etc. on 8-bit
data.

3) General purpose register

There are 6 general purpose registers in 8085 processor, i.e. B, C, D, E, H & L.

4) Program counter
It is a 16-bit register used to store the memory address location of the next instruction to be executed.
 CITY COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT
Affiliated to Lucknow University

COURSE: BCA
SEMESTER: 6th Checked by:___________________
SUBJECT: Microprocessor
UNIT- I Marks obtained:___________________
LECTURE: 2
TOPIC: Organization of microprocessor-based system, and 8085 microprocessor
Name of Student:________________ Class:_______________________ Section:________

Q1.Write the features of Microprocessor.

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Q2.Draw the Block diagram of 8085 Microprocessors.

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Q3.What is the work of ALU unit in Microprocessor.

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Q4.How many control units in Microprocessors.

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Q5.How many general purpose register available in Microprocessor.

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Q6.What is the work of Accumulator in 8085 Microprocessor?

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Q7.What is the work of Data bus in Microprocessor?

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Q.8.What is the work of address bus in Microprocessor?

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Q.9.What is Work of Program counter.

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Q.10.What is control unit in Microprocessor.
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