1. Describe Artificial Intelligence.

• Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the simulation of human intelligence in machines that can
perform tasks like learning, reasoning, and problem-solving.
• It includes narrow AI for specific tasks and general AI for broader capabilities.

Example Applications:

➢ NLP
➢ Computer vision
➢ Speech recognition

2. Explain Agent with Diagram.

• An agent is an entity that perceives its environment through sensors and acts upon that
environment through actuators.
• The general structure of an agent includes a sensor, actuator, and decision-making
component.

3. Discuss the Characteristics of Intelligent Agents.

• Autonomy: Operate without human intervention.

• Social Ability: Communicate with other agents or humans.
• Reactivity: Respond to changes in the environment.
• Proactiveness: Take initiative and anticipate future actions.
• Goal Oriented: Influence their environment to achieve their well-defined goals.

4. Explain Rational Agent.

• A rational agent acts to achieve the best possible outcome.

• Rationality in agents depends on four things: (PEAS) Performance Measure,
Environment, Actuators, Sensors
• A rational agent is expected to perform the correct actions to maximize its success given
its knowledge.
5. Show the Task Environment for Taxi Driver Agent.

• Performance Measure: Safety, speed, comfort, fuel efficiency.

• Environment: Roads, traffic, pedestrians, weather conditions.
• Actuators: Steering, acceleration, braking, indicators.
• Sensors: Cameras, GPS, speedometer, fuel gauge.

6. Differentiate Uninformed and Informed Search Strategies.

• Uninformed Search Strategies: No information about the goal state other than the
problem definition (e.g., Breadth-First Search, Depth-First Search).
• Informed Search Strategies: Use heuristics or additional information to guide search
(e.g., A* Search, Greedy Best-First Search).

7. Discuss Local Search Algorithms.

• Local search algorithms are optimization algorithms that operate using a single current
state and move to neighboring states.
• They are particularly useful for solving problems where the path to the goal is
irrelevant, only the final state is important.

Example:

➢ Hill Climbing
➢ Simulated Annealing
➢ Genetic Algorithms.

8. Describe the Genetic Algorithm.

• Genetic Algorithms (GAs) are inspired by the process of natural selection.

• They use techniques such as mutation, crossover, and selection to evolve solutions to
problems over generations.
• The algorithm refines candidate solutions to improve their fitness for the problem.

9. Explain the Backtracking Problem with Example.

• A backtracking algorithm works by recursively exploring all possible solutions to a

problem. It starts by choosing an initial solution, and then it explores all possible
extensions of that solution.
• If an extension leads to a solution, the algorithm returns that solution. If an extension
does not lead to a solution, the algorithm backtracks to the previous solution and tries
a different extension.
• Example: Sudoku puzzle, Scheduling problems

10. Explain Stochastic Games with Example.

• Stochastic games are multi-agent scenarios where outcomes are partly random and
partly under the control of the agents.
• These games extend the concept of game theory to probabilistic environments.
 • Example: Poker game, Backgammon

11. Explain the criteria for the performance of search:

• Completeness: Whether it guarantees to find a solution if one exists.

• Optimality: Whether the found solution is the best (optimal) one.
• Time Complexity: How much time it takes to find the solution.
• Space Complexity: The amount of memory it requires.

12. Describe CSP (Constraint Satisfaction Problem) with example:

• A Constraint Satisfaction Problem (CSP) is a problem-solving framework where the

objective is to find values for a set of variables that satisfy specific constraints.
• Each variable has a domain of possible values, and constraints define relationships
between variables.
• Example: The 8-queens problem is a CSP where the objective is to place 8 queens on
a chessboard such that no two queens threaten each other.
 AI CIT-2

1. Describe ontological engineering with example.

 Ontological engineering is the process of developing a structured framework
(ontology) that organizes concepts, categories, properties, and relationships
within a specific domain.
Example:

2. For the given sentence

“All Pompians were Romans”
“All the children like sweets”
Develop a well formed formula in predicate logic.

 All Pompians were Romans - x (Pompeians(x) → Roman(x))

 All the children like sweets - x child(x)  sweet(y)  likes (x,y)

3. Discuss about quantifier and its types.

 Quantifiers are logical symbols that specify the quantity of specimens in the
domain of discourse that satisfy a given predicate.
 There are two main types:

 Universal Quantifier ( ∀ ):
It denotes "for all" or "every" in a statement.
 Existential Quantifier ( ∃ ):
It denotes "there exists" or "for at least one" in a statement.
4. Explain Unification with example.

 Unification is an algorithmic process of solving equations between symbolic

expressions can be made identical by finding a substitution for their variables.
 It's used in automated reasoning, natural language processing, and other fields.

Example:
Expressions: P(x, y) and P(A, B)
Substitution: {x/A, y/B}
After applying the substitution, both expressions become P(A, B), thus they are unified.

5. Explain the relations between the categories that are not subclasses of each other.

 Categories that are not subclasses of each other can still be related through various
other relationships, such as associations, dependencies, or part-whole relationships.
 For example, "Doctor" and "Hospital" are not subclasses of each other, but they are
related because doctors work in hospitals.
6. Describe the different classes of agents’ architecture?

 Reactive Architectures:
Immediate response to stimuli.
Example: Obstacle-avoiding robots.
 Deliberative Architectures:
Plan actions using internal models.
Example: Chess AI.
 Blackboard Architectures:
Components share data on a central board.
Example: Collaborative problem-solving systems.
 BDI Architecture:
Agents act based on beliefs, desires, and intentions.
Example: Intelligent assistants.
 Hybrid Architectures:
Mix of reactive and planning features.
Example: Self-driving cars.
 Mobile Architectures:
For agents that operate across networks.
Example: Mobile software agents.

7. Summarize how the trusts and reputation are integrated together.

 Trust refers to an agent's belief in the reliability of another entity, while reputation is a
collective assessment based on past interactions and feedback.
 The integration allows systems to make informed decisions by using historical data to
establish trustworthiness.
 This approach is often used in e-commerce and multi-agent systems.
 Example : Amazon reviews
8. Explain the Argumentation Scheme.

 An argumentation scheme is a structured pattern of reasoning used to construct

arguments.
 It represents typical forms of arguments that recur in everyday discussions, legal
reasoning, and AI systems.
 These schemes consist of premises and a conclusion, along with critical questions to
assess the argument's strength.

Example: Argument from cause to effect - "If it rains, the streets will be wet. It is raining.
Therefore, the streets will be wet."

9. Discuss about Deliberative Architectures.

 A deliberative architecture, as the name implies, is one that includes some
deliberation over the action to perform given the current set of inputs.
 Instead of mapping the sensors directly to the actuators, the deliberative architecture
considers the sensors, state, prior results of given actions, and other information in
order to select the best action to perform.
Example: A robot planning the steps to navigate through a maze by creating a map and
determining the shortest path.

10. Give the different dimensions of meaning in communication.

 Syntax: The structure or arrangement of symbols.

 Semantics: The meaning of the symbols.
 Pragmatics: The context in which the communication occurs and how it affects
interpretation.

11. . Explain communication agent.

 A communication agent is designed to interact and communicate with other agents

or humans.
 It processes information, generates responses, and exchanges messages based on a set
of protocols or rules.
 These agents can be used in chatbots, virtual assistants, or multi-agent systems where
they share information to complete tasks.

Example: Virtual assistants like Siri or Alexa that understand user commands and respond
accordingly.

12. Compare extensions and labelling.

 Extensions: Focus on identifying sets of acceptable arguments that can coexist
without conflict. It uses a method of grouping arguments that support each other.
 Labelling: Assigns labels to arguments (e.g., "accepted," "rejected," or "undecided")
to determine their status based on their interactions with other arguments.
 Extensions provide sets of arguments that are consistent, while labelling gives a
detailed status of each argument individually.
13. Differentiate propositional logic with Predicate Logic

14. What are the three levels in describing knowledge based agent?

 Knowledge Level: What the agent knows, its goals, and capabilities.
 Logical Level: The rules and inferences the agent uses.
 Implementation Level: How the logic is implemented in code or hardware

15. Define belief-desire-intention (BDI) architectures.

BDI architecture is a model used for designing intelligent agents based on three key
components:

 Beliefs: Information the agent has about the world (knowledge).

 Desires: Goals or objectives the agent aims to achieve.
 Intentions: The actions the agent has decided to take to fulfill its desires.
1. What do you mean by Information Extraction?
 Information extraction (IE) is the automated retrieval of specific information
related to a selected topic from a body or bodies of text.
 Example: To Extract address from web pages with database fields as street, city,
state and pin code.
Types of IE System:
 Attribute based system
 Relational based system
2. List out the various planning techniques.
 Situation space planning
 Progressive planning
 Regressive planning
 Partial order planning
 Fully instantiated planning
3. Explain Natural Language Processing.
 Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a subfield of linguistics, computer
science, information engineering, and artificial intelligence concerned with the
interactions between computers and human(natural) languages.
 Most NLP techniques rely on machine learning to derive meaning from human
languages.
4. List out the various applications of AI.
 Photo and Video manipulation
 Face Recognition
 Speech Recognition
 Image processing
 Computer Vision
5. Differentiate supervised learning & unsupervised learning.

6. Discuss Hardware Components of Robot

 Passive sensors
 Active sensors
 Range finders
 Stereo vision
 Location sensors
 proprioceptive sensors
 Inertial sensors
7. Explain the characteristics of Information Retrieval
 Document Collection – A large set of documents
 Query Processing – Understanding user queries
 Ranking and Retrieval – Ranking documents by relevance.

8. Explain the PAGERANK ALGORITHM

 PageRank ranks web pages by evaluating the quantity and quality of links to
each page, with more linked - to pages considered more important.
 Pages receive ranks iteratively, boosted by links from high – ranking pages.
 A damping factor prevents endless rank accumulation.