International Islamic University Islamabad

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

WORKSHOP PRACTICE LAB

Project Report

(Name & Registration No.)

1.________________________________________ & __________________________________________

Submitted To: _____________________________________________________________________

1. Introduction:
A project report for a workshop lab experiment is shown here. The lab is schematic- and
PCB-based. I first created a schematic diagram of the circuit before transferring it to the PCB
layout.
A circuit made up of two LEDs, a capacitor, a resistor, and a battery is a good way to learn
about electronics. This type of circuit is simple enough for a beginner to construct, and can
teach students the basics of electricity. Here's a quick tutorial on how to build a circuit that
consists of two LEDs, a capacitor, a resistor, and a battery that can be used to power two
LEDs.
The following elements were used in the project:
Two LEDs, a battery, a resistor, a capacitor, and a copper board.
I created the desired circuit using these parts. This circuit's main objective is to make the led
glow.
It is vital to understand the following terminology before proceeding with the circuit.
 A resistor is a passive electrical component having two terminals that is employed in
electrical circuits to control or restrict the passage of current.
 A capacitor is a device that accumulates electric charges on two adjacent, isolated
surfaces to store electrical energy in an electric field.
 A circuit board that has been coated with a copper-clad material, either single-sided
(one copper layer) or double-sided (two copper layers on either side of one substrate
layer), is known as a copper-clad board.
Prior to printing the layout on photo paper, I first create a PCB layout. Following that, I took a
desired piece of copper board and placed the photo paper on it, wrapping the paper around the
copper board and ironing it. I noticed that the layout was erased on photo paper and that the
requested piece of copper board was printed with the intended layout.
Following all of the above steps, I take boiled water and add the appropriate amount of ferric
chloride. Except for the print of the circuit layout, the copper was removed from a piece of the
copper board. After that, I drilled the board in preparation for mounting the components on it.
I insert all of the required components into the copper board after drilling.
2. Proposed Methodology/ Circuit Diagram:
3. Working/Operation:
In LED drivers, capacitors are typically employed to smooth out and minimize ripple from
the power supply. By choosing the appropriate capacitors, LED lighting systems can reduce
excessive heat, decrease flickering, and extend the life of their LED lights.
The capacitor serves as a water tank in electrical circuits, storing energy. It can release this to
smooth out supply interruptions. The light would flash if we quickly switched a simple
circuit on and off without using a capacitor.
When an electric current flows through an LED, it emits light. This simple circuit uses a
voltage source to power an LED via a resistor connected in series with the LED. The resistor
used in this circuit is commonly referred to as a ballast resistor. The resistor in an LED
circuit's purpose is to limit the current flow throughout the LED and prevent excess current
from damaging the LED. If the voltage source in the circuit is equal to the voltage drop of the
LED, no resistor is required.
The working principle behind the circuit of two LEDs, a capacitor, a resistor, and a battery is
relatively simple. The two LEDs are connected in series to the positive terminal of the battery
and to the negative terminal of the battery respectively via the copper board. The resistor is
also connected to the positive terminal of the battery, while the capacitor is connected to both
the positive terminal of the battery and the two LEDs.
When the battery is connected, current passes through the two LEDs, causing them to light
up. The resistor limits the amount of current flowing through the circuit, preventing it from
being too strong for the components in the circuit. The capacitor stores up energy, helping
maintain the current level so that the two LEDs remain lit. It also serves as a buffer between
the positive and negative terminals of the battery, reducing fluctuations caused by external
factors. The copper board functions as an electrical pathway for the current, allowing it to
flow freely between each component. Without the copper board, the circuit would not be able
to function correctly. It provides reliable connections between each component, ensuring that
the desired output can be achieved. Additionally, its resistance is low enough such that it
does not significantly interfere with the flow of electricity in the circuit. Finally, due to its
robustness, it can withstand changes in temperature or humidity without compromising its
performance.
4. Snapshots of the Proposed Methodology in Simulation/Hardware:
5. Snapshots of the Outputs or Data Record using Simulation/Hardware:
6. Applications:
A circuit made with two LEDs, a capacitor, resistor, and battery can be used for many
practical applications.
One application is creating a basic night light. A copper board, two LEDs, and a battery can
be used to create a simple circuit that will provide a small amount of light in dark spaces. By
adding a resistor, the LED can be dimmed to the desired level of illumination.
Another practical application of the circuit is in educational projects. By understanding how
the components of the circuit interact with one another, students can learn how electricity
flows through different circuits and how electrical components work together. Additionally,
this type of circuit can help students gain an appreciation for the power of electricity and the
importance of safety when working with electronics.
The circuit can also be used to power small electronic devices such as radios, alarm clocks,
and calculators. By connecting the components in the correct way, they can be used to
provide a steady source of electrical power to the device. This makes them ideal for powering
small projects or low-power devices.
Finally, the circuit can be used in hobby projects such as model aircraft and robotic systems.
By connecting the components correctly, they can be used to provide a steady supply of
electrical power to small motors and servos. This makes them perfect for powering miniature
projects such as model airplanes and robots.