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UNIT NO # 14

CURRENT
ELECTRICITY

TOPIC WISE IMPORTANT SHORT & LONG QUESTIONS

PAST PAPERS M.C.Qs, SHORT AND LONG QUESTION

INCLUDE SOLVED EXERCISE, M.C.Qs & LONG QUESTIONS

BY: ARSLAN TYAGI (BS-PHYSICS)

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TOPIC :

ELECTRIC CURRENT

POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE

ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE

Q1. How can you differentiate between potential difference and electromotive force ?
Potential difference :
Potential difference across the two ends of a conductor causes the dissipation of electrical
energy into other forms of energy as charges flow through the circuit.
Formula:
𝐖
𝐕=
𝐐
SI UNIT :
SI unit of potential difference is volt
Volt :
A potential difference of one volt across a bulb means that each coulomb of charge or 1
ampere of current that passes through a bulb consumes 1 J of energy
Explanation:
When one end A of a conductor is connected to the positive terminal and its other end B is
connected to the negative terminal of the battery, then the potential at A becomes
higher than the potential at B. This causes a potential difference between the two ends of
the conductor. The flow of current continues as long as there is a potential difference.
Figure :

EMF:
It is the energy supplied by a battery to a unit positive charge when it flows through the
closed circuit. Or The energy converted from non-electrical forms to electrical form when
one coulomb of positive charge passes through the battery.
Formula:
𝐖
𝐄=
𝐐
SI UNIT :
The unit for emf is JC-1 which is equal to 1 volt in SI system
SHORT QUESTIONS
Q1. How production of electric current is different in metal and electrolyte ?
In metals some electrons are not tightly bound to nuclei and are free to move around
randomly. They have weak force between them and the nucleus. The current is produced
only due to the flow of free electrons i.e., negative charges.
In electrolyte its molecules in aqueous solution dissociate among positive and negative ions.
So the current in electrolyte is produced due to the flow of both positive and negative
charges.
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Q2. What is current ?

The rate of flow of electric charge through any cross-sectional area is called current.
𝑸
𝑰=
𝒕
SI unit of current is ampere (A)
Ampere:
If a charge of one coulomb passes through a cross-sectional area in one second, then current
is one ampere
Q3. How long does it take a current of 10 mA to deliver 30 C of charge?
Data :
I =10mA=𝟏𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 A
Q= 30 C
𝑸
𝑰=
𝒕
𝑸
𝒕=
𝑰
𝟑𝟎
𝒕=
𝟏𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑
𝒕 = 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝒔
Q4. If 0.5 C charge passes through a wire in 10 s, then what will be the value of current flowing
through the wire?
Solution: Given that, Q = 0.5 C, t= 10 s, therefore by using
I = Q/t
= 0.5 C/10 s
=0.05 A
= 50 mA
Q5. Differentiate between electronic and conventional current
Conventional current :
Current flowing from positive to negative terminal of a battery due to the flow of positive
charges is called conventional current
Electronic current :
The current flowing from negative terminal to the positive terminal due to the flow of
negative charges.
Q6. What is galvanometer ?
Galvanometer is very sensitive instrument and can detect small current in a circuit . A
current of few milliamperes is sufficient to cause full scale deflection in it.
Q7. Define ideal galvanometer?
An ideal galvanometer should have very small resistance to pass the maximum
current in the circuit.
Q8. what is ammeter ?
After suitable modification galvanometer can be converted into an ammeter. A large current
of the range such as 1 A or 10 A can be measured by means of ammeter.
Q9. Why ammeter is always connected in series ?
ammeter is also connected in series, so the current flowing in the circuit also passes through
the ammeter
Q10. What is potential difference ?
Potential difference across the two ends of a conductor causes the dissipation of electrical
energy into other forms of energy as charges flow through the circuit.
SI unit of potential difference is volt.
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Q11. What is voltaic pile ?_

The volt is named after the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta (1745-1827), who developed
the first practical electric battery, known as a voltaic pile.
Q12. Define volt
A potential difference of 1 V across a bulb means that each coulomb of charge or 1 ampere
of current that passes through the bulb consumes 1 joule of energy.
Q13. What is voltmeter ?
It is an electrical instrument used to measure potential difference across the circuit. It is
connected between two points in circuit. it is always connected in parallel with the circuit
Q14. How can we measure the potential difference ?
The potential difference across a circuit component (e.g. light bulb) can be measured by a
voltmeter connected directly across the terminals of the component. The positive terminal
of the battery is connected to the positive terminal of the voltmeter and the negative
terminal of the battery is connected to the negative terminal of the voltmeter.
Q15. What is ideal voltmeter ?
An ideal voltmeter should have very large value of resistance so that no current passes
through it.
Q16. What Is digital multimeter ?
A digital multimeter can be used to measure current, resistance and potential difference ,
the multimeter is in voltmeter m o d e t o m e a s u r e t h e potential difference across a
battery.
Q17. Why voltmeter is always connected in parallel with the circuit ?
Because for measuring the voltage across some load in circuit the voltmeter must draw zero
current , so voltmeter has a high value of resistance and is connected in parallel so that it
draws no value of current.
Q18. Define EMF
It is the energy supplied by a battery to a unit positive charge when it flows through the
closed circuit. Or The energy converted from non-electrical forms to electrical form when
one coulomb of positive charge passes through the battery.
𝑾
𝒆𝒎𝒇 =
𝑸
SI unit is volt
Q19. How can we measure the emf ?
e.m.f refers to the potential difference across the terminals of the battery when it is not
driving current in the external circuit. So in order to measure e.m.f of the battery we connect
voltmeter directly with the terminals of the battery.
Q20. Differentiate between cell and battery
Cell Battery
 It is a source of emf  it is also source of emf
 It is a single unit at basic voltage  a battery can be single or multiple
cells connected together in series
or parallel
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M.C.Qs

1. electrical energy is given by ;

a. QR b. QV c. QC d. Qt
2. The unit of current is :
a. Volt b. Ampere c. Joule d. Coulomb
3. Emf =________
𝑰 𝑾 𝑾 𝑸
a. 𝑬= b. 𝑭 = c. 𝑬= d. 𝑬 =
𝑸 𝑰 𝑸 𝑰
4. An ideal voltmeter has a resistance
a. Very low b. Very high c. Nothing d. Zero
5. One micro ampere is equal to
a. 10-3A b. 10-6A c. 10-9A d. 10-12A
6. Current =______
𝒕 𝑸
a. 𝑰= b. 𝑰 = c. Q=IR d. V=IR
𝑸 𝒕
7. The SI unit of e.m.f is :
a. NC-1 b. NC c. CJ d. JC-1
8. 1 mili ampere is =________
e. 10-3A f. 10-6A g. 10-9A h. 10-12A
9. The rate of flow of charges is called :
a. Current b. Volt c. Ohm d. Coulomb
10. To measure the value of current flowing in a circuit which device is used :
a. Galvanometer b. Ammeter c. Voltmeter d. None
11. Flow of electric current in conductor is due to :
a. Positive ions b. Negative ions c. Positive charges d. Free electrons
12. Device used for the measurement of potential difference is :
a. Thermometer b. Hydrometer c. Ammeter d. Voltmeter
13. If 0.5 C charge passes through a wire in 10 s , then _____ will be the value of current flowing through
the wire
a. 0.05 A b. 0.5 A c. 5 A d. 20 A
14. In an electric circuit when electrons move from low to high potential they will
a. Loss energy b. Gain energy c. Loss potential d. Lose identity
15. Electric potential and emf :
a. Same terms b. Different terms c. Different units d. B&c
16. SI unit of potential difference
a. Ampere b. Volt c. Farad d. Pascal
17. If the medium between the two charges is air , then the value of k is
a. 9×108 Nm C-2 b. 9×10-8 Nm C-2 c. 9×109 Nm C-2 d. 9×10-9 Nm C-2
18. The property of a substance , which offers opposition to the flow of current through it is called :
a. Capacitance b. Resistance c. Emf d. Power
Answers

1. B 2. B 3. C
4. B 5. B 6. B
7. D 8. A 9. A
10. B 11. D 12. D
13. A 14. B 15. A
16. B 17. C 18. B
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Topic :

Ohm’s law

Factors affecting resistance

Conductors and insulators

Combination of resistance

Q1. State and explain ohm’s law. Also give its limitation
Statement : The amount of current passing through a conductor is directly
proportional to the potential difference applied across its ends, provided the
temperature and the physical state of the conductor does not change
Mathematical :
𝑰∝𝑽
OR
𝑽∝𝑰
𝑽 = 𝑰𝑹
What is R?
R is the constant of proportionality, and is the resistance of the conductors. Its SI unit
is ohm, denoted by a symbol Ω.
Resistance : The property of a substance which offers opposition to the flow of
current through it is called its resistance
Ohm : When a potential difference of one volt is applied across the ends of a conductor and
one ampere of current passes through it, then its resistance will be one ohm
Graph between V and I:
If a graph is plotted between the current I and the potential difference V, a straight
line will be obtained

Q2. Differentiate between ohmic and non-ohmic conductor

Ohmic Non-ohmic
 Materials that obey Ohm's law, and  Materials having resistance that
hence have a constant changes with voltage or
resistance over a wide range of current are non-ohmic
voltages, are said to be ohmic.  Non ohmic materials have a non
 Ohmic conductors have a linear linear voltage-current
current relationship voltage over a relationship
large range of applied voltages The  For example:
straight line shows a constant ratio For example, filament lamp, and
between voltage and thermistor
current. Ohm's law is obeyed.
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 For example:  Graph:

most metals show ohmic behavior.  Graph of filament lamp:
 Graph: The resistance of filament rises
(current decreases) as it
gets hotter, which is shown by the
gradient getting steeper

 Graph of thermistor :
A thermistor (a heat sensitive
resistor) behaves in the opposite
way. Its resistance decreases
(current increases) as it gets hotter.
This is because on heating, more
free electrons become available for
conduction of current

Q3. Define specific resistance and prove that

Factors affecting resistance:
Length :
The resistance R of the wire is directly proportional to the length of the wire i.e.,
𝑹 ∝ 𝑳 … … … … … … (𝟏)
It means, if we double the length of the wire, its resistance will also be doubled, and if its
length is halved, its resistance would become one half.

Cross – sectional area :

The resistance R of the wire is inversely proportional to the area of cross section A of the
wire i.e.,
𝟏
𝑹∝ … … … … … … … … … (𝟐)
𝑨
It means that a thick wire would have smaller resistance than a thin wire.
Nature of material and temperature :
Copper wire has less resistance than steel wire of the same size. Electrical resistance also
depends on temperature.
At a certain temperature and for a particular substance,
After combining equ. (1) & (2)

𝑳
𝑹∝
𝑨

𝑳
𝑹=𝝆
𝑨
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Specific resistance : ‘ρ’ is the constant of proportionality, known as specific resistance.

Its value depends upon the nature of conductor i.e., copper, iron, tin, and silver would
each have a different values of ‘ρ’
Unit of specific resistance : the resistance of one metre cube of a substance is equal to
its specific resistance. The unit of ‘ρ’ is ohm-metre (Ω m)
Q4. Write down the characteristics of series combination
(i) Series Combination
In series combination, resistors are connected end to end
Figure :

 The sum of the voltage across the resistance of each individual resistor is equal to the total
voltage supplied by the source.
𝑽 = 𝑽 𝟏 + 𝑽𝟐 + 𝑽𝟑
 If I is the current passing through each resistor, then from Ohm's law

𝑽 = 𝑰𝑹𝟏 + 𝑰𝑹𝟐 + 𝑰𝑹𝟑

𝑽 = 𝑰(𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝟑 )

 We can replace the combination of resistors with a single resistor called the equivalent
resistance Re such that the same current passes through the circuit
𝑽 = 𝑰𝑹𝒆
i.e 𝑹𝒆 = 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝟑
 If resistances R1 , R2 , R3 , …….., Rn are connected in series, then the equivalent resistance of
the combination will be given by
𝑹𝒆 = 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝟑 … … … … 𝑹𝒏
Q5. Write down the characteristics of parallel combination

Parallel Combination
In parallel combination one end of each resistor is connected with positive
terminal of the battery while the other end of each resistor is connected with the
negative terminal of the battery
Figure :

 the voltage is same across each resistor which is equal to the voltage of the
battery i.e.,
V 1= V 2 = V 3= V
 In parallel circuit, the total current is equal the sum of the currents in various
resistances i.e.
𝑰 = 𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐 + 𝑰𝟑
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 The voltage across each resistance

𝑽
𝑰𝟏 =
𝑹𝟏
𝑽
𝑰𝟐 =
𝑹𝟐
𝑽
𝑰𝟑 =
𝑹𝟑
𝑽 𝑽 𝑽
𝑰= + +
𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑰 = 𝑽( + + )
𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟑
 We can replace the combination of resistors with a single resistor called the
equivalent resistance Re such that the same current passes through the circuit
𝑽
𝑰=
𝑹𝒆

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= + + …….
𝑹𝒆 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟑 𝑹𝒏

SHORT QUESTIONS
Q1. State ohm’s law and also write its mathematical
Statement : The amount of current passing through a conductor is directly
proportional to the potential difference applied across its ends, provided the
temperature and the physical state of the conductor does not change
Mathematical :

𝑰∝𝑽
OR

𝑽∝𝑰
𝑽 = 𝑰𝑹
Q2. What are the limitation of ohm’s law ?
It is valid only for certain substances when their temperature and physical state do not
change
Q3. Define resistance and also define its unit

Resistance : The property of a substance which offers opposition to the flow of

current through it is called its resistance
Ohm : When a potential difference of one volt is applied across the ends of a conductor and
one ampere of current passes through it, then its resistance will be one ohm

Q4. Why conductors offer resistance to the flow of current ?

The opposition to the flow of current comes from the collisions of moving electrons with
atoms of the conductor
Q5. What are the factors on which resistance of a wire depends upon ?
 Cross-sectional area
 Length
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 Temperature
 Nature of the wire
Q6. Why does the resistance of a conductor rises with the increases in temperature ?
When a conductor is heated , the collisions of free electrons with the atoms increase in
number thus increasing the resistance of the conductor .
Q7. What is thermistor ?
A thermistor is a temperature dependent resistor and its resistance decreases as
temperature rises. Thermistor is used in a circuit that senses temperature change.
Q8. What is specific resistance ? and also define its unit
Specific resistance : ‘ρ’ is the constant of proportionality, known as specific resistance. Its
value depends upon the nature of conductor i.e., copper, iron, tin, and silver would each
have a different values of ‘ρ’
Unit of specific resistance : the resistance of one metre cube of a substance is equal to its
specific resistance. The unit of ‘ρ’ is ohm-metre (Ω m)
Q9. What is circuit diagram?
A circuit diagram is a symbolic method of describing a real circuit. The electric symbols used
in circuit diagrams are standard.
Q10. Differentiate between conductor and insulators

Conductors Insulators

A conductor allows current to flow easily Insulators don’t allow current to flow
through it. through it.

The resistance of a conductor is very

The resistance of insulator is very high
low

Copper, Aluminum, and Mercury are Wood, paper and ceramic are some
some conductors insulators

Conductors are used in making Insulators are used in insulating electrical

electrical equipment. equipment for safety purpose

Q11. How do jewelers identify that the diamond is real or fake one ?
Jewelers can tell if a diamond is a real diamond or a fake one made from glass, by holding it
to their lips. A real diamond feels very cold due to good ability of transferring heat four or
five times better than copper.
Q12. Diamond is a good conductor of heat but bad conductor of electricity . why?
Diamond does not conduct electricity, because it has no free electrons. However, it is very
good at conducting heat because its particles are very firmly bonded together.
Q13. Write down the advantages of parallel circuit over series circuit ?
1. Each device in the circuit receives the full battery voltage.
2. Each device in the circuit may be turned off independently
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M.C.Qs

1. Mathematical form of ohm’s law

a. V=IR b. V=I2R c. V=Qt d. V=IR2
2. SI unit of resistance is
a. Volt b. Ampere c. Coulomb d. Ohm
2 𝑳
3. If we put L=1 and A=1m in 𝑹 = 𝝆𝑨 then :
a. 𝑹 > 𝝆 b. 𝑹 < 𝝆 c. 𝑹 = 𝝆 d. 𝑹 ≠ 𝝆
4. If we doubled the length of metallic wire while other factors remain the same , then its
resistance will be :
a. Half b. Doubled c. Quadruple d. Remains same
5. If we increase the area of the wire . then its resistance
a. Increases b. Decreases c. No change d. Vanishes
6. Specific resistance of metal nichrome is
a. 100×10-8 Ωm b. 200×10-8 Ωm c. 300×10-8 Ωm d. 600×10-8 Ωm
7. Specific resistance of copper is
a. 5.25×10-8 Ωm b. 1.62×10-8 Ωm c. 1.50×10-8 Ωm d. 1.69×10-8 Ωm
8. Specific resistance of iron is
a. 9.8×10-8 Ωm b. 100×10-8 Ωm c. 10.6×10-8 Ωm d. 5.25×10-8 Ωm
9. Specific resistance of silver is
a. 1.69×10-8 Ωm b. 2.75×10-8 Ωm c. 1.7×10-8 Ωm d. 5.25×10-8 Ωm
10. Specific resistance of graphite is
a. 3500×10-8 Ωm b. 100×10-8 Ωm c. 1.7×10-8 Ωm d. 9.8×10-8 Ωm
11. What happens to the intensity or the brightness of the lamps connected in series are more
and more lamps are added
a. Increases b. Decreases c. Remains same d. Cannot be
predicted
12. The equivalent resistance of two resistors of 6kΩ and 4kΩ are connected in series across a
10V battery is :
a. 10kΩ b. 2kΩ c. 15kΩ d. 5/12kΩ
13. When resistance are connected in series , the current passing through them is :
a. Different b. Zero c. Same d. None
14. Two resistance of 6kΩ and 12 kΩ are connected in parallel across a 6V battery . the
potential difference across 6kΩ resistance is ____ volts
a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 12

ANSWERS

1. A 2. D 3. C
4. B 5. B 6. A
7. D 8. A 9. C
10. A 11. B 12. A
13. C 14. C
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ELECTRICAL ENERGY AND JOULE’S LAW

ELECTRIC POWER

DIRECT AND ALTERNATING CURRENT

HAZARDS OF ELECTRICITY

SAFE USE OF ELECTRICITY IN HOMES

Q1. State and explain joule’s law

Statement : The amount of heat generated in a resistance due to flow of charges is equal to
the product of square of current I, resistance R and the time duration t.
Explanation : Consider two points with a potential difference of V volts. If one coulomb of
charge passes between these points; the amount of energy delivered by the charge would
be joule. V Hence, when Q coulomb of charge flows between these two points, then we will
get QV joules of energy.
Mathematical :
𝐖 = 𝐐𝐕

𝐐
𝐈=
𝐭

So, 𝑸 = 𝑰𝒕
𝑾 = 𝑽×𝑰×𝒕
FROM ohm’s law 𝑽 = 𝑰𝑹
𝑽𝟐 𝒕
Then , 𝑾 = 𝑰𝟐 𝑹𝒕 = 𝑹

This equation is called Joule’s law

Q2. Define electric power and derive its relation
Electric power :
The amount of energy supplied by current in unit time is known as electric power.
Mathematical :
𝑾
𝑷=
𝒕
Where W is the electrical energy 𝑾 = 𝑸𝑽
𝑸𝑽
THEN; 𝑷= 𝒕
= IV =I2R
UNIT :
The unit of electric power is watt which is equal to one joule per second (1 Js-1 ). It is
represented by the symbol W
Q3. What do you mean by hazards of electricity ? what are their types ?
Electricity hazards: Dangers of electricity are called electric hazards. The voltage of 50 V and
50 mA currents can be fatal i.e. they are dangerous for life
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 Insulation damage :
All electrical wires are well insulated with some plastic cover for the purpose of
safety. But when electrical current exceeds the rated current carrying capacity of the
conductor, it can produce excess current that can damage insulation due to
overheating of cables. This results into a short circuit which can severely damage
electrical devices or persons
 Damp conditions:
Dry human skin has a resistance of 100, 000 ohms or more! But under damp
conditions (wet environment) resistance of human skin is reduced drastically to few
hundred ohms. Therefore, never operate any electrical appliance with wet hands.
Also keep switches, plugs, sockets and wires dry.
Q4. What is meant by fuse ? explain its uses and safety measures .
A fuse is a safety device that is connected in series with the livewire in the circuit to protect
the equipment’s when excess current flows. It is short and thin piece of metal wire that
melts when large current passes through it. If a large, unsafe
current passes through the circuit, the fuse melts and breaks the circuit before the wires
become very hot and cause fire.
Range :
Fuses are normally rated as 5 A, 10 A, 13 A,30 A, etc.
Safety measures :
(i) Fuses to be used should have slightly more rating than the current which the
electrical appliance will draw under normal conditions.
(ii) Fuses should be connected in the livewire so that the appliance will not
operate after the fuse has blown.
(iii) Switch OFF the main before changing any fuse.

Short Questions
Q1. Write an example of use of heating effect of electric current
we use heating effect of an electric current for different purposes
 When a current flows through a filament of a bulb , it glows white hot and gives out
light
 Electric heaters have a very fine wires that glow red hot when a current flows
Q2. What is kilowatt hour ?
The amount of energy delivered by a power of one kilowatt in one hour is called kilowatt-
hour.
Q3. Convert kilowatt hour into joules
One kilowatt-hour1 kWh= 1000 W ×1 hour
=1000 W × (3600 s)
= 36 × 105 J=3.6 M J
Q4. How many watt hour are there in 1000 joules ?
3.6 MJ=1kWh
36×105 J = 1000 Wh
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟏
1J = 𝟑𝟔×𝟏𝟎𝟓 Wh= 𝟑.𝟔×𝟏𝟎𝟎 Wh
𝟏
1000J = 1000×𝟑.𝟔×𝟏𝟎𝟎 Wh
𝟏𝟎
=𝟑.𝟔 𝑾𝒉
=2.77Wh
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Q5. Differentiate between direct and alternating current

The current derived from a cell or a battery is direct current (d.c.) - since it is unidirectional.
a current that changes direction after equal intervals of time is called alternating
current or a.c
Q6. What is meant by neutral wire ?
wire is maintained at zero potential by connecting it to the Earth at the power station itself
and is called neutral wire (N)
Q7. Differentiate between earth wire and livewire
The electric power enters our house through three wires. One is called earth wire or ground
wire (E). This carries no electricity
The wire at a high potential is called livewire (L). The potential difference between the
livewire and the neutral wire is 220V
Q8. Describe two advantage of earth wire in an electric current
Or how does the earth wire save us from electric shock when live wire of the electric
appliance gets damaged ?
We will get electric shock if we the livewire inside an appliance comes loose and touches the
metal casing. However , the earth terminal is connected to the metal casing , so the current
goes through the earth wire instead of passing through our body and causing an electric
shock.
Q9. Differentiate between fuse and circuit breaker
Fuse: A fuse is a safety device that is connected in series with the livewire in the circuit to
protect the equipment when excess current flows. It is short and thin piece of metal wire
that melts when large current passes through it
Circuit breaker: The circuit breaker acts as a safety device in the same way as a fuse. It
disconnects the supply automatically if current exceeds the normal value.
Q10. Write down safety measures in using a fuse
(i) Fuses to be used should have slightly more rating than the current which the electrical
appliance will draw under normal conditions.
(ii) Fuses should be connected in the livewire so that the appliance will not operate after the
fuse has blown.
(iii) Switch OFF the main before changing any fuse

M.C.Qs
1. JOULE’s law is stated mathematically as :
a. 𝑾 = 𝑰𝟐 𝑹 b. 𝑾 = 𝟐𝑹𝒕 c. 𝑾 = 𝑰𝟐 𝑹𝒕 d. 𝑾 = 𝟐𝑰𝑹𝒕
2. Electric power (P) is equal to :
a. I2V b. IV c. I2R d. IR2
3. the unit of power is :
a. watt b. joule c. volt d. ampere
4. one watt is equal to:
a. Js b. Js-1 c. J d. Sec
5. a 100 watts bulb is connected to 250 volts supply. The current through the circuit is flowing
a. 0.4 A b. 2.5A c. 4.8 A d. 14.8 A
6. The electric power of washing machine in watt is :
a. 800 b. 750 c. 50 d. 10
7. power of hair dryer is :
a. 5000 W b. 1500W c. 1000W d. 800W
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8. The power of small fan is :

a. 100 W b. 750 W c. 50W d. 10W
9. 1kWh = ______
a. 𝟑. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝑱 b. 𝟑. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝑱 c. 𝟑. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝑱 d. 𝟑. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐 𝑱
10. The electric meter installed in our house measures the consumption of electric energy in the
units of :
a. Watt b. Watt- hour c. Mega-watt hour d. Kilo-watt hour
11. Cross sectional area of the wire is :
𝝅𝒅𝟐 𝝅𝟐 𝒅𝟐 𝝅𝟐 𝒅 𝝅𝒅𝟐
a. 𝟐
b. 𝟒
c. 𝟒
d. 𝟒
12. Alternating current frequency in Pakistan is :
a. 60Hz b. 50Hz c. 70Hz d. 80Hz
13. Potential of a neutral wire is :
a. 1V b. 5V c. 0V d. 10V
14. On what principle circuit breaker works :
a. Electromagnet b. Electric potential c. Self induction d. Mutual induction
15. Under damped condition resistance of human skin
a. Reduces b. Increases c. Does not change d. None

ANSWERS

1. C 2. C 3. A
4. B 5. A 6. B
7. C 8. C 9. B
10. D 11. D 12. B
13. C 14. A 15. A
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EXERCISE

ANSWERs

1. D 2. C 3. B 4. C 5. B
6. D 7. D 8. C 9. A
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REVIEW QUESTIONs

14.1. Define and explain the term electric current.

The rate of flow of electric charge through any cross-sectional area is called current.
𝐐
𝐈=
𝐭
SI unit of current is ampere (A)

Ampere:

If a charge of one coulomb passes through a cross-sectional area in one second, then current is one
ampere

14.2. What is the difference between electronic current and conventional current?

Conventional current :
Current flowing from positive to negative terminal of a battery due to the flow of positive charges is
called conventional current
Electronic current :
The current flowing from negative terminal to the positive terminal due to the flow of negative
charges.
14.3. What do we mean by the term e.m.f? Is it really a force? Explain.
Emf is not a force
EMF:
It is the energy supplied by a battery to a unit positive charge when it flows through the
closed circuit. Or The energy converted from non-electrical forms to electrical form when
one coulomb of positive charge passes through the battery.
Formula:
𝐖
𝐄=
𝐐
SI UNIT :
The unit for emf is JC-1 which is equal to 1 volt in SI system
14.4. How can we differentiate between e.m.f. and potential difference?
(see answer of Q.No.01 , pg no .02)
14.5. Explain Ohm's law. What are its limitations?
(see answer of Q.No.01 , pg no .06)
14.6. Define resistance and its units

Resistance : The property of a substance which offers opposition to the flow of current
through it is called its resistance

Ohm : When a potential difference of one volt is applied across the ends of a conductor and
one ampere of current passes through it, then its resistance will be one ohm

14.7. What is the difference between conductors and insulators?

(see Q.No.10 and page No .10)
14.8. Explain the energy dissipation in a resistance. What is Joule's law?

Statement : The amount of heat generated in a resistance due to flow of charges is equal to
the product of square of current I, resistance R and the time duration t.
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Explanation : Consider two points with a potential difference of V volts. If one coulomb of
charge passes between these points; the amount of energy delivered by the charge would be
joule. V Hence, when Q coulomb of charge flows between these two points, then we will get
QV joules of energy.
Mathematical :
𝐖 = 𝐐𝐕
𝐐
𝐈= 𝐭

So, 𝑸 = 𝑰𝒕
𝑾 = 𝑽×𝑰×𝒕
FROM ohm’s law 𝑽 = 𝑰𝑹
𝑽𝟐 𝒕
Then , 𝑾 = 𝑰𝟐 𝑹𝒕 = 𝑹

This equation is called Joule’s law

Energy dissipation due to resistance :
bulb converts this energy into light and heat, heater and iron into heat, and fans into
mechanical energy. Usually, this energy appears as heat in the resistance. This is the reason
that we get heat when current passes through a heater.
14.9. What is difference between D.C and A.C?
The current derived from a cell or a battery is direct current (d.c.) - since it is unidirectional.
a current that changes direction after equal intervals of time is called alternating current or
a.c
14.10. Discuss the main features of parallel combination of resistors.
(see QNo. 05 , page no . 08)
14.11. Determine the equivalent resistance of series combination of resistors.
(see QNo. 04 , page no . 08)
14.12. Describe briefly the hazards of household electricity
(see QNo.3 ,page no.12)
14.13. Describe four safety measures that should be taken in connection with the
household circuit.
 The wires carrying current should not be naked
 Use fuses and circuit breakers in an electric circuit as safety devices
 Never operate any electrical appliances with wet hand, keep switches plugs and wires dry
 Do not use electrical equipment near inflammable materials
14.14. Design a circuit diagram for a study room that needs the following equipment’s in parallel:
a. One 100 W lamp operated by one switch.
b. One reading lamp fitted with a 40 W bulb which can be switched ON and OFF from two
points.
c. What is the advantage of connecting the equipment’s in parallel instead of series?
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(a)

(b)

(c) Total resistance in parallel circuits decreases, hence, a greater current may be drawn
from the cell. If one electrical device is damaged, it will not affect the other devices connected
parallel, hence the other devices continue to work properly.

CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS

Q1. Why in conductors charge is transferred by free electrons rather than by positive
charges?

Free electrons move from higher potential to lower potential while positive charges are fixed
and vibrate at their mean position .

Q2. What is the difference between a cell and a battery?

Cell Battery
 It is a source of emf  It is also a source of emf
 It is a single unit of  A battery can be single
basic voltage or multiple cells
connected together in
series or parallel

Q3. Can current flow in a circuit without potential difference?

No , current does not flow in a circuit without potential difference

Q4. Two points on an object are at different electric potentials. Does charge necessarily flow
between them?

Charges can flow between them because in the circuit flow of charges as continues as long there
is potential difference
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Q5. In order to measure current in a circuit why ammeter is always connected in series?

In order to measure current in a circuit the ammeter is connected in series , so the current
flowing in the circuit also passes through the ammeter . As the resistance of the ammeter is very
small. So , its introduction into the circuit does not affect the current of the circuit.

Q6. In order to measure voltage in a circuit voltmeter is always connected in parallel.

Discuss.

Voltmeter is always connected in parallel with the resistance across which the potential
difference is to be measured. Higher the resistance of the voltmeter , more reliable would be its
readings.

Q7. How many watt-hours are there in 1000 joules?

1kWh = 3.6×106J
𝟑.𝟔×𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐉
1Wh = 𝟏𝟎𝟑

1Wh = 3.6 × 106-3

1J = 0.000278 Wh
1000J = 0.278 Wh

Q8. From your experience in watching cars on the roads at night, are automobile
headlamps connected in series or in parallel.

Head lamps of automobiles are generally wired in parallel . this way if one headlight is to burn
out , the other remain switched ON .

Q9. A certain flash-light can use a 10 ohm bulb or a 5 ohm bulb. Which bulb should be used to
get the brighter light? Which bulb will discharge the battery first?

A bulb of 5 ohm gives brighter light because low resistance gives rise high current according to equation
V=IR. High current and low resistance of 5 ohm bulb will discharge the battery first

Q10. It is impracticable to connect an electric bulb and an electric heater in series. Why?
Connecting an electric light bulb and an electric heater in series is impractical because they
will not receive the currents and voltages that they require.
Q11. Does a fuse in a circuit control the potential difference or the current?
Fuse in a circuit controls the excess amount of current . if the current increases from a
certain limit produces large amount of heat energy , which melts the wire of the fuse .
Due to which circuit breaks and the supply of the current goes off .
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Address : Fazal park road , Green town near Punjab public Science High school
Khanewal
CONTACT NO: 0309-7168928