Group I
Principal Properties
Building
Materials
Page 01
Group I
FACT OR BLUFF
Group I
Building materials
have an important role
to play in this modern
age of technology.
Question 1
Group I
FACT Building materials
have an important role
to play in this modern
age of technology.
Question 1
Group I
Materials resisting prolonged
temperatures of 80 deg.
Celsius or less are known as
refractory
Question 2
Group I
BLUFF Materials resisting prolonged
temperatures of 80 deg.
Celsius or more are known
as refractory
Question 2
Group I
Only the permeable voids
are included to determine
the true volume of solids, Gs
is called true or absolute
specific gravity
Question 3
Group I
BLUFF If both the permeable and
impermeable voids are
included to determine the
true volume of solids, Gs is
called true or absolute
specific gravity
Question 3
Group I
Strength is the ability of
material to resist failure
under the action of stresses
caused by loads, the most
common being compression,
tension, and bending.
Question 4
Group I
FACT Strength is the ability of
material to resist failure
under the action of stresses
caused by loads, the most
common being compression,
tension, and bending.
Question 4
Group I
Refractoriness is the ability
of a material to withstand the
action of acids, alkalis, sea
water and gases
Question 5
Group I
BLUFF
Chemical Resistance is the
ability of a material to
withstand the action of acids,
alkalis, sea water and gases
Question 5
Group I
The density of steel material
is 1600 - 1800 kg/m^3
Question 6
Group I
BLUFF
The density of steel material
is 7850 kg/m^3
Question 6
Group I
Two classes of methods
commonly empolyed for
measuring voids are:
Direct and Indirect
Question 7
Group I
FACT
Two classes of methods
commonly empolyed for
measuring voids are:
Direct and Indirect
Question 7
Group I
PROPERTIES OF Building materials have an important
role to play in this modern age of
BUILDING technology.
MATERIALS There are certain general factors
which affect the choice of materials for
a particular scheme.
1. Climatic background
2. Economic aspect
Requirements of Building Materials
1. Diverse Applications, Diverse Needs
2. Aesthetic Consideration
Group I
Physical Properties
Density
is the mass of a unit volume of
homogeneous material
Density of some building materials is
as follows:
Material Density(g/cm^3)
Brick 2.5-2.8 where:
Granite 2.6-2.9 m= mass (g)
Portland cement 2.9-3.1 V= volume (cm^3)
Wood 1.5-1.6
Steel 7.8-7.9
Group I
Physical Properties
Bulk Density
is the mass of a unit volume of material
in its natural state (with pores and
void) calculated as
Density of some building materials is
as follows: b
Material Density(kg/m^3)
Brick 1600- 1800 where:
Granite 2500-2700 m= mass of specimen (kg)
Sand 1450-1650 V= volume in its natural
Pine Wood 500-600 state (m^3)
Steel 7850
Group I
Physical Properties
Density Index
ratio of bulk density and density
b
o
For almost all building materials, the
density index is less than 1.0 because
there are no absolutely dense bodies
in nature
Group I
Physical Properties
Specific Weight
also known as the unit weight
is the weight per unit volume of
material
It can be used in determining the
weight of a structure designed to carry
certain loads while remaining intact where:
and remaining within limits regarding y= specific weight (kN/m^3)
deformation p= density of the material (kg/m^3)
g= gravity (m/s^2)
Group I
Physical Properties
Specific Gravity
of solid particles of a material is the
ratio of weight/ mass of a given b
volume of solids to the
weight/mass of an equal volume
of water at 4 deg. Celsius
Group I
Physical Properties
True or Absolute
Specific Gravity
( )a
If both the permeable and
impermeable voids are excluded to
a
determine the true volume of
solids, Gs is called true or absolute
specific gravity
is not much of practical use
Group I
Physical Properties
Apparent or
Mass Specific
Gravity ( )a
If both the permeable and
Gm= P/Pw
impermeable voids are included to
determine the true volume of
solids, Gs is called true or absolute
specific gravity
ratio of mass density of fine
grained material to the mass
density of water
Group I
Physical Properties
Porosity
the degree to which volume of the
material is interspersed with pores a
ratio of the volume of pores to that
of specimen
indicative of other major properties
of materials such as bulk density,
heat, conductivity, durability, etc.
Group I
Physical Properties
Void Ratio
ratio of volume of voids to the a
volume of solids
Group I
Physical Properties
Water Percentage in weight
Absorpotion M1 -M
M
denotes the ability of the material
to absorb and retain water.
Percentage in volume
where: M 1 -M
M1= mass of saturated material (g) V
M = mass of dry material (g)
V = volume of material including
pores (mm^3)
Group I
Physical Properties
Hygroscopicity
property of a material to absorb water vapour from air. a
Influenced by:
1. air temperature
2. relative humidity
3. pores-- types, number and size
4. nature of substance involved
Group I
Physical Properties
Water Permeability
capacity of a material to
allow water to penetrate
under pressure.
Glass, steel and bitumen
are impervious
Group I
Physical Properties
Frost Resistance
ability of a water- saturated material to endure
repeated freezing and thawing with considerable
decrease of mechanical strength
Heat Conductivity
ability of a material to conduct heat.
Influenced by nature of material, its structure, porosity,
character of pores and mean temperature at which heat
exchange takes place
Group I
Physical Properties
Thermal Capacity
property of a material to absorb heat described by its
specific heat
often concern in the calculation of thermal stability of
walls of heated buildings and heating of materials
Group I
Physical Properties
Weathering Resistance
ability of a material to endure alternate wet and dry
conditions for a long period without considerable
deformation and loss of mechanical strength
Fire Resistance
ability of a material to resist the action of high
temperature without any appreciable deformation and
substantial loss of strength.
Group I
Physical Properties
Refractoriness
ability of a material to withstand prolonged action of
high temperature without melting or losing shape
Materials resisting prolonged temperatures of 80 deg.
Celsius or more are known as refractory
Chemical Resistance
ability of a material to withstand the action of acids,
alkalis, sea water and gases
Group I
Physical Properties
Durability
ability of a material to resist the combined effects of
atmospheric and other factors
Group I
Physical Properties
Group I
Physical Properties
Group I
Physical Properties
2116
Group I
MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES
Mechanical properties of the
materials are found by applying
external forces on them. These
are important properties that
determine how a material
performs in its intended function.
The important mechanical
properties considered for
building materials are: strength,
compressive, tensile, bending,
impact, hardness, plasticity,
elasticity, and abrasion
resistance.
Group I
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
STRENGTH
It is the ability of material to resist failure under the action of stresses caused by
loads, the most common being compression, tension, and bending.
Compressive strength is found from tests on standard cylinders, prisms, and
cubes - smaller for homogenous materials and larger for less homogenous
ones.
The test specimens of metals for tensile strength are round bars or strips and
that of binding materials are of shape of figure eight.
The bending strength tests are performed on small bars (beams) supported at
their ends and subjected to one or two concentrated loads which are gradually
increased until failure takes place.
Group I
MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES
HARDNESS
It is the ability of material to
resist penetration by a harder
body. Mohs Scale is used to
find the hardness of
materials. It is a list of ten
minerals arranged in order of
increasing hardness.
Hardness of metals and
plastics is found by
indentation of a steel ball.
MECHANICAL
Group I
PROPERTIES
ELASTICITY
It is the ability of a material to
restore its initial form and
dimension after the load is
removed. Within the limits of
elasticity the solid bodies, the
deformation is proportional
to the stress.
Ratio of unit stress to unit
deformation is termed as
modulus of elasticity. A large
value of it represents a
material with very small
deformation.
Group I
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
PLASTICITY
It is the ability of material to change its shape under load
without cracking and to retain this shape after the load is
removed.
Example of plastic materials are steel, copper, and hot
bitumen.
MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES
Group I
BRITTLENESS
This describes the mechanical
property of a material that
fractures when subjected to
stress yet has a little tendency
to deform before breaking.
Brittle materials have a limited
deformation capacity, a low
capacity to resist impact and
vibration, a high
comprehensive strength, and a
low tensile strength.
Group I
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
MALLEABILITY
Malleability is property of
solid material which
indicates that how easily a
materials gets deformed
under compressive stress.
Malleability is often
categorized by the ability
of material to be formed in
the form of a thin sheet by
hammering or rolling.
Group I
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
DUCTILITY
Ductility is a property of a
solid material which
indicates that how easily a
materials gets deformed
under tensile stress.
Ductility is often
categorized by the ability
of material to get stretched
into a wire by pulling or
drawing.
Group I
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
ABRASION RESISTANCE
The ability of materials and
structures to resist abrasion is
referred to a abrasion
resistance. It is a friction-based
process of wearing away or
rubbing away. This property
helps in the preservation of the
material’s original structure and
appearance. The abrasion
resistance for a material makes
it durable and provided long
life.
Group I
LOS ANGELES
ABRASION TEST
The Los Angeles Abrasion
Test is widely used as an
indicator of the relative
quality of aggregates.
It measures the degradation
of standard gradings of
aggregates when subjected
to abrasion and impact in a
rotating steel drum with an
abrasive charge of steel bars.
CHEMICAL
Group I
PROPERTIES
Chemical properties of materials
is the characteristic of a
particular substance that can be
observed in a chemical reaction.
The properties of materials
against chemical actions or
chemical combinations are
termed chemical properties.
Group I
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ACIDITY AND ALKALINITY
Acidity and alkalinity is an important chemical property
of engineering materials. A material is acidic or alkaline, it
is decided by the pH value of the material. Alkalinity or
acidity of material indicates that how they react with
other materials.
Group I
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
CORROSION RESISTANCE
Formation of rust (iron oxide) in metals, when
they are subjected to atmosphere is called as
corrosion. So, the metals should be corrosive
resistant. To increase the corrosion resistance
proper measures should be considered.
Otherwise it will damage the whole structure.
Group I
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
OXIDATION
It is a chemical reaction of the metal surface with the
oxygen present in the air that causes some of the metal
to corrode (or oxidize) and form the respective metal
oxide on the surface.
COMBUSTIBILITY
It is the quality of being capable of igniting and burning.
Combustible materials are those that readily ignite and
burn.
Group I
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
TOXICITY
The quality, state, or degree to which a substance is
poisonous and/or may chemically produce an injurious
or deadly effect upon introduction into a living organism.
Some engineering materials to avoid are asbestos, lead,
cadmium, crystalline silica and halogenated flame
retardants. These materials are toxic and weak.
Group I
CHARACTERISTICS
BEHAVIOR UNDER Common characteristics of
building materials under
STRESS stress:
Ductility
Brittleness
Flexibility
Toughness
Malleability
Hardness
Group I
Ductility
The ductile materials can be drawn
out without necking down.
Malleability
This kind of materials can be
hammered into sheets without rupture.
It depends upon ductility and softness
of material.
Group I
Stiffness
The stiff materials have a high
modulus of elasticity permitting small
deformation for a given load.
Flexibility
The flexible materials have low
modulus of elasticity and bend
considerably without breakdown.
Group I
Toughness
Tough materials withstand heavy
shocks. Toughness depends upon
strength and flexibility.
Brittleness
Brittle materials have little or no
plasticity. They fail suddenly without
any warning.
Group I
Hardness
Hard materials resist scratching and
denting, for example cast iron and
chrome steel.
Group I
Thank
You.
