Here are the answers for the questions in the image:

Question 1

(a) (i) Two advantages of multiplexing in data communication systems:

1. Efficient utilization of bandwidth.

2. Reduced cost by allowing multiple signals to share a single transmission medium.

(ii) Distinction between Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) and Time Division Multiplexing
(TDM):

 FDM: Divides the available bandwidth into distinct frequency bands, with each channel
being assigned a specific frequency range for simultaneous transmission.

 TDM: Divides time into slots, and each channel is assigned a time slot to transmit signals in
sequential order.

(b) Two types of transmission impairment:

1. Attenuation: Loss of signal strength as it travels through the medium.

2. Noise: Unwanted electrical signals or disturbances that corrupt data transmission.

(c) Reasons for using specific hardware devices: (i) Bridge: Connects two or more LAN segments,
enabling communication and managing traffic within the same network. (ii) Router: Connects
multiple networks and directs data packets to their destinations, typically between LANs and the
internet. (iii) NIC (Network Interface Card): Provides the physical interface for a computer to
connect to a network and enables data communication.

(d) Four challenges of replacing network cables with fiber optic:

1. High initial installation cost.

2. Complexity in handling and splicing fiber optic cables.

3. Need for specialized equipment and expertise for maintenance.

4. Fragility compared to traditional cables.

Question 2

(a) Explain the terms as used in feedback-based flow control techniques: (i) Stop-and-Wait: A
method where the sender transmits one frame and waits for an acknowledgment before sending the
next frame. (ii) Sliding Window: A technique allowing the sender to send multiple frames before
needing an acknowledgment, with a fixed-size window defining the number of frames allowed in
transmission.

(b) Distinction between peer-to-peer and client-server networks:

 Peer-to-Peer: All nodes are equal, and resources are shared directly between devices
without a central server.

 Client-Server: A centralized server manages resources and services while clients request
resources from the server.
(c) (i) Explanation of the term "broadcast": Transmission of data from one source to all devices in
the network. (ii) Two types of wireless transmission media:

1. Radio waves: Used for Wi-Fi and mobile communication.

2. Microwaves: Used for point-to-point communication links and satellite transmission.

If you need further details or explanations, let me know!

Here are the answers for the questions in the second image:

Question 2

(d) Three circumstances that necessitate the implementation of encryption:

1. To secure sensitive data during transmission over untrusted networks like the internet.

2. To prevent unauthorized access to confidential information stored in databases.

3. To protect communication in wireless networks, which are more susceptible to interception.

Question 3

(a) (i) Two components used as Data Terminating Equipment (DTE) in a computer network:

1. Computers or workstations.

2. Routers or network servers.

(ii) Explanation of error detection methods:

 Parity Check: Adds a single parity bit to a data frame to ensure the total number of 1s is
either odd or even. It helps detect single-bit errors.

 Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC): Uses a polynomial algorithm to generate a checksum that is
appended to the data. The receiver uses the same algorithm to verify the integrity of the
data.

(b) (i) Two characteristics of 10 Base-T Ethernet Standard:

1. Uses twisted-pair cables for data transmission.

2. Has a maximum transmission speed of 10 Mbps over a distance of up to 100 meters.

(ii) Two circumstances that would necessitate the use of Bluetooth in an office:

1. For short-range wireless communication between devices like keyboards, mice, and printers.

2. To enable file sharing and data transfer between mobile devices and computers.

(c) Three modes of data transmission (with examples):

1. Simplex: Data flows in one direction only (e.g., keyboard input to a computer).

2. Half-Duplex: Data flows in both directions, but only one direction at a time (e.g., walkie-
talkies).
 3. Full-Duplex: Data flows in both directions simultaneously (e.g., phone calls).

Here are the answers to the questions in the third image:

Question 4

(a) Four examples of Network Operating Systems:

1. Microsoft Windows Server.

2. Linux (e.g., Ubuntu Server, Red Hat Enterprise Linux).

3. macOS Server.

4. Novell NetWare.

(b) (i) The most appropriate network topology for the given setup:

 Topology: Star topology (with a central hub/switch connecting all devices).

 Diagram: (not included but can be described as a central node with lines connecting it to 6
computers, 1 printer, and 2 terminators).

(ii) Three disadvantages of the star topology:

1. Failure of the central hub or switch results in the entire network going down.

2. Higher cost due to the requirement of additional hardware like hubs/switches.

3. Limited cable length and number of devices depending on the hub/switch.

(c) Differentiate between sign-up and sign-in as used on the Internet:

 Sign-up: The process of registering for an account by providing details like username, email,
and password.

 Sign-in: Logging into an existing account using credentials like username and password.

(d) (i) Two considerations for successful software installation:

1. Verify compatibility with the computer's operating system and hardware specifications.

2. Ensure adequate disk space and memory for the software.

(ii) Three advantages of installing software on the computer's hard disk instead of running it from
a DVD:

1. Faster access speeds compared to reading from a DVD.

2. Easier to apply updates and patches to the installed software.

Question 5

(a) (i) Two limitations of using DSL connections:

1. Limited bandwidth compared to fiber-optic connections.

2. Signal degradation over long distances from the service provider.

(ii) Two types of DSL connections the company could use:

1. Asymmetric DSL (ADSL).

2. Very-high-bit-rate DSL (VDSL).

(b) Distinguish between CSMA/CD and token ring media access methods:

 CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection): Used in Ethernet
networks to detect and handle data collisions.

 Token Ring: A method where a token circulates in the network, and a device can send data
only when it holds the token, preventing collisions.

(c) Packet-switched network diagram:

 Nodes (routers/switches) are connected, allowing data to be transmitted in packets through

(d) Determine transmitted data using a 4-bit checksum system for the given bits:

1. Add the binary numbers in 4-bit groups.

2. Complement the sum to calculate the checksum.

Let me know if you need help with specific calculations or additional details!

Let me know if you need additional details or clarifications!