IT SKILLS LAB

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS

FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

MASTERS OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

MBA 1ST SEM

SECTION- A

STUDENT ID - 0124070

BATCH (2024-2026)

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

Lakshit Mittal Mr. Akhilesh Tripathi

HARLAL INSTITUTION OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY

Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310

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 AKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I would like to state that this project file has been great learning
experience.

This project file is the outcome of sincere efforts. hard work and constant
guidance of not only me but a number of individuals. I am thankful to my
faculty guide Prof. Akhilesh Tripathi far providing me help and support
throughout the Project Report I feel immense pleasure in showing my gratitude
to all people who have made my project successful by offering help and
guidance.

I am deeply indebted for providing me this opportunity and their valuable time
in carrying out this project whenever required.

Needless to say, without their support and active guidance, this training and thus
this report would have not been possible.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.No Particulars Page No.

1 INTRODUCTION OF MS EXCEL 4-5

2 CELLS & SPREADSHEET IN MS EXCEL 6-7

3 PIVOT TABLE 8-10

4 HOW TO CREATE PIVOT TABLE 11

5 ANALYSING DATA USING GOAL SEEK 12-14

6 WHAT ARE EXCEL MARCOS? 15-17

7 CHARTING TECHNIQUES IN MS EXCEL 18-23

8 HOW TO CREATE A COLUMN CHART? 24-30

9 HOW TO CREATE BAR CHART? 31-32

10 HOW TO CREATE A LINE CHART? 33-35

11 HOW TO CREATE A PIE CHART? 36-39

12 HOW TO CREATE A COMBINED CHART? 40-42

13 HOW TO CREATE AREA CHART? 43

14 SHOW QUOTED TEXT 44

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 INTRODUCTION OF MS EXCEL
What is Excel?

 It is the most popular spreadsheet program in the world

 It is easy to learn and to get started.

The skill celling is high, which means that you can Excel is pronounced
"Eks-sel"

It is a spreadsheet program developed by Microsoft. Excel organizes data in

columns and rows and allows you to do mathematical functions. It runs on
Windows, macOS, Android and iOS.

The first version was released in 1985 and has gone through several changes
over the years. However, the main functionality mostly remains the same.

Excel is typically used for:

 Analysis
 Data entry
 Data management
 Accounting
 Budgeting
 Data analysis
 Visuals and graphs
 Programming
 Financial modelling
 And much, much more!

Why Use Excel?

• do more advanced things as you become better

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  It can be used with both work and in everyday life, such as to create a
family budget It has a huge community support
 It is continuously supported by Microsoft
 Templates and frameworks can be reused by yourself and others,
lowering creation costs

Overview

• Microsoft Excel is a versatile spreadsheet software developed by

Microsoft, used globally for organizing data and performing financial
analysis. Its key features include data entry, management, financial
modelling, and charting.
• Excel extensively used in finance and accounting for budgeting,
forecasting, and analysis due to its robustness and flexibility. It supports
various functions, formulas, and shortcuts to enhance productivity and
efficiency. Excel is a vital tool for professionals in finance, accounting,
and other fields requiring data organization and analysis.
• Microsoft Excel is a software application designed for creating tables to
input and Organize data. It provides a user-friendly way to analyse and
work with data. The image below provides a visual representation of what
an Excel spreadsheet typically appears

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 CELLS & SPREADSHEET IN MS EXCEL
CELLS

• A cell is an essential part of MS-Excel. It is an object of Excel

worksheets. Whenever you open Excel, the Excel worksheet contains
cells to store the information in them. You enter content and your data
into these cells. Cells are the building blocks of the Excel worksheet.
• In the Excel worksheet, a cell is a rectangular-shaped box. It is a small
unit of the Excel spreadsheet. There are around 17 billion cells in an
Excel worksheet, which are united together in horizontal and vertical
lines.
• An Excel worksheet contains cells in rows and columns. Rows are
labelled as numbers and columns as alphabets. It means the rows are
identified by numbers and columns by alphabetical

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 SPREADSHEET
• A spreadsheet in Microsoft Excel is also called an electronic worksheet. A
computer program organizes data into rows and columns like a graph. In
which each row, as well as the column can be easily manipulated with the
different formulas, commands, as well as
• A spreadsheet is a computer program responsible for capturing the data,
displaying of the data as well as manipulating data arranged in the
respective rows and columns, respectively.
• A Spreadsheet is a computer application that is designed to add. display,
analyse organize, and manipulate data arranged in rows and columns. It is
the most popular application for accounting, analytics, data presentation,
etc. In other words, spreadsheets are scalable grid-based files that are
used to organize data and perform calculations. People all across the
world use spreadsheets to create tables for personal and business usage.
• You can also use the tool's features and formulas to help you make sense
of your data. For example - You may track data in a spreadsheet and see
sums, differences, multiplication, division, and fill dates automatically,
among other things. Microsoft Excel, Google Sheets, Apache Open
Office, LibreOffice, etc. are some spreadsheet software.
• Excel offers a variety of functionalities, including Excel sheet unprotect
options for safeguarding and managing data. You can start with Excel
spreadsheet templates to simplify your work, whether you're creating an
Excel spreadsheet for project management or an Excel spreadsheet for
budgeting. The standard file format for Excel is the Excel file extension
XLS, which ensures compatibility and ease of use across different
platforms

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 PIVOT TABLE

• A pivot table is a statistics tool that summarises and reorganizes selected

columns and rows of data in a spreadsheet or database table to obtain a
desired report. The tool does not actually change the spreadsheet or
database itself, it simply "pivots" or turns the data to view it from
different perspectives.
• Pivot tables are especially useful with large amounts of data that would
be time-consuming to calculate by hand. A few data processing functions
a pivot table can perform include identifying sums, averages, ranges or
outliers. The table then arranges this information in a simple, meaningful
layout that draws attention to key values.

How pivot tables work

When users create a pivot table, there are four main components:

• Columns- When a field is chosen for the column area, only the unique
values of the field are listed across the top.
• Rows- When a field is chosen for the row area, it populates as the first
column. Similar to the columns, all row labels are the unique values and
duplicates are removed.
• Values- Each value is kept in a pivot table cell and display the
summarized information. The most common values are sum, average,
minimum and maximum.
• Filters- Filters apply a calculation or restriction to the entire table.

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Understanding Pivot Tables in Excel

• Pivot tables in Excel are a versatile and powerful tool that allows users to
perform dynamic data analysis.
• They enable you to organize, summarize, and analyze datasets, making it
easier to discover patterns and insights.
• Pivot tables are particularly useful when dealing with large amounts of
data.

Customizing Pivot Table Data

You can drag various fields to the Rows, Columns, Values, and Filters areas to
manipulate how the data is displayed. For instance, if you want to see the total
sales for each product, you would drag the Product field to the Rows area and
the Sales field to the Values area. If you wish to filter the data by a specific
category, such as country, you would drag the Country field to the Filters

Analysing Data with Pivot Tables

• Pivot tables are particularly useful for analysing data to spot trends and
patterns. They provide a quick way to transform extensive data into
meaningful information.
• You can easily update the pivot table by changing the fields in the Rows,
Columns, Values, and Filters areas, allowing for a flexible and dynamic
data analysis experience.

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• In summary, pivot tables are an essential feature for anyone looking to
perform detailed data analvsis in Excel. They offer a user-friendly
interface for summarizing and exploring datasets, making it possible to
gain valuable insights from your data.

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 HOW TO CREATE PIVOT TABLE
• Use clean, tabular data for best results.
• Organise your data in columns, not rows.
• Make sure all columns have headers, with a single row of unique, non-
blank labels for each column. Avoid double rows of headers or merged
cells.
• Format your data as an Excel table (select anywhere in your data, and
then select Insert > Table from the ribbon).
• If you have complicated or nested data, use Power Query to transform it
(for example, to unpivot your data) so it's organized in columns with a
single header row.

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 ANALYZING DATA USING GOAL SEEK
AND SOLVER
HOW TO USE GOAL SEEK IN EXCEL?

Step 1: Setting up your data

Open a new worksheet and enter the data, as shown in the image below.

In cell A2, we enter the actual price per unit and an estimate for the number of
units in cell B2. We enter the following formula for calculating total revenue in
cell C2: This formula multiplies the price per unit by the number of units sold to
calculate total revenue.

Step 2: Running Goal Seek

Let’s invoke Goal Seek within the What-If Analysis section under the Data
tab to get the following dialog box.

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In the Goal Seek dialog box, we enter the following:

 Set Cell: Type C2 (your total revenue cell).

 To Value: Enter 500000 (your desired revenue target).

 By Changing Cell: Enter B2 (the number of units sold).

Excel will adjust the number of units sold in cell B2 to determine the units you
need to sell to reach $500,000 in revenue.

Step 3: Interpreting the Results

The Goal Seek operation runs and stops at the below step:

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Once you click OK, Excel will show the adjusted number of units in cell B2. As
a result, it shows 2,000 units — you need to sell 2,000 units at $250 each to meet
your revenue target of $500,000. If the unit price or the revenue target changes
later, you can rerun the Goal Seek operation with the updated values.

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 WHAT ARE EXCEL MACROS?

• In Microsoft Excel. where spreadsheets are the playground, we often

encounter the repetitious demands of certain tasks. These are the tasks that seem
to crop up again and again, capturing our attention with relentless persistence.

• However, in this age of technological progress, a silent hero steps forward to

liberate us from this ceaseless cycle - the unassuming yet powerful "Macro."

• Think of macros as Excel's covert operatives for automation, working quietly

in the background to spare us the laborious duty of manually carrying out
repetitive tasks.

• They are the unsung champions of efficiency, gifting us the remarkable ability
to accomplish in mere moments what would otherwise devour hours of our
valuable time.

But what exactly is a macro? At its essence, a macro is a sequence of actions

carefully recorded by Excel, patiently waiting for our directive to execute a
specific task.

• Every mouse click and keystroke, discreetly tucked away within the confines
of a macro, poised to spring into action at our command, ready to perform its
enchantment.

Macros can be considered as a set of programming instructions that can be

recorded, named, saved, and executed in VBA as and when required macros can
help us to automate repetitive tasks associated with data manipulation that must
be accomplished repeatedly. You can also enable and disable macros in Excel.

For example: suppose for every month, a report is to be created for all the
teachers of a school. As it is a repetitive task, macros can come into action here.

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 MACROS
 Macros refers to a set of programs or instructions enabled to automate a
repetitive task
• It includes recording, naming, saving, and executing in Visual Basic for
Applications or VBA as per the requirement.
• The feature can be played as many times as required and is beneficial in
saving time

Benefits of Using Macros in Excel

There are multiple benefits of macros usage in Excel:

 Automates the task, eliminating the requirement to perform redundant

actions.
 Executes complex and multi-step tasks with a minimal number of clicks.
 Saves time, allowing room for innovation.
 Allows uniform formatting and automated reporting.
 Does not require coding knowledge.
 Removes the chance of error.
 Turn Macros on or off as many times as required.

How to Enable Macros in Excel Permanently?

Now, here's the process to help you with the query of 'how do l enable macros.'
First, ensure you have the option to add macros. If not, connect with the system
administrator to get access. Once done, follow these steps to enable macros in
Excel permanently.

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Open the Excel File

• Click on the file with the macros option.

• Upon opening, expect the 'Macros have been disabled' message indicating
disabling from the previous session.

Go to the Trust Center

• Click on 'File'
• Select 'Options'
• Locate the 'Trust Center' on the navigation panel

Locate Macro Settings

• Open 'Trust Center Settings'

• Click 'Macro Settings'

Enable the Facility

• Click on 'Enable All Macros'

• Choose 'OK'

How to Disable Macros in Excel?

• Here is a stepwise guide to disable macros in Excel:

• Open Excel and click on the 'file' tab.
• Select 'Options' from the menu.
• In the new window, choose 'trust center' from the left side pane.
• Click on 'trust center settings...'.
• In the trust center, navigate to 'macro settings' in the left menu.
• Select the option 'disable all macros without notification.'
• Click 'OK' to apply the changes.

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 CHARTING TECHNIQUES IN MS EXCEL

CHARTING

• In the fast-paced world, strategic decision-making is crucial for success.

Among the myriad tools available charting is a powerful tool that
empowers traders and investors to make informed decisions in the
dynamic world of finance.
• By studying price charts, analysing patterns and interpreting indicators,
market Gain valuable insights into market trends, identify potential
opportunities, and effectively manage risk.

What is Charting?

• Charting, in the context of finance, refers to the practice of visually

representing historical price data through the use of charts or graphs.
• These charts serve as powerful tools for traders and investors, enabling
them to analyse and interpret market trends effectively.
• By plotting the price movements of various financial instruments, as
stocks, commodities, or currencies, over a specified period, charting
provides valuable insights into market dynamics.
• Charting is a fundamental component of technical analysis, which forms
the basis for many trading strategies.
• By utilizing charting techniques, traders can gain a competitive edge,
accurately predict price movements, and capitalise on profitable
opportunities

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Understanding Charting

• Charting encompasses various technical analysis tools, such as trend

lines, support and resistance levels, moving averages, and oscillators.
• These tools help market participants identify price patterns, market
trends, and potential turning points. The understanding of charting
empowers traders and investors to navigate the complexities of the
financial markets.
• It provides a visual representation of historical price data, removing
subjective biases and facilitating objective analysis. By interpreting chart
patterns and indicators, market participants can make data-driven
decisions, minimising emotional influences and increasing the probability
of success.

Uses of Charting

Charting finds application in multiple areas of finance. Here are some key uses:

• Identifying Trends: Through charting, market participants can determine

the prevailing direction of price movements, whether it's an uptrend,
downtrend, or sideways movement. This information assists traders and
investors in aligning their strategies with market trends and maximising
their profit potential.
• Developing trading strategies. Charing provides valuable insights into
price patterns and trends, assisting traders and investors in developing
tailored trading strategies for the specific market conditions.
• Technical analysis. Charting is an essential component of technical
analysis, enabling market participants to study historical price data,
identify patterns, and make predictions about future price movements.

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 • Enhancing decision-making: Charting provides a visual representation
of historical price data, promoting objective analysis and helping traders
and investors make data-driven decisions.

Importance of Charting

Charting plays a vital role in strategic decision-making for traders and investors.
Its significance can be summarized as follows:

• Objective Analysis: Charts provide a visual representation of historical

price data, removing subjective biases that may arise from emotional
decision-making. Traders and investors can make data-driven decisions
based on factual evidence, reducing the impact of emotions on their
trading or investment strategies.
• Confidence in Decision-Making: Charting provides a visual
representation of market data, instilling confidence in decision-making by
basing choices on factual evidence rather than guesswork.
• Risk Management: Through the analysis of price movements, charting
enables a more accurate assessment of risk levels associated with
different investment opportunities, aiding in effective risk management.
• Strategy Development: Charting assists in the formulation of trading or
investment strategies by providing valuable information on price patterns
and trends. These insights help market participants tailor their approaches
to prevailing market conditions, enhancing their chances of success.

Example of Charting

To illustrate the practical application of charting, let's consider a hypothetical

scenario involving as XYZ) has shown a consistent uptrend over the past six

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months. By analysing XYZ's price chart, a stock listed on both the American
and Singapore stock exchanges. Company XYZ's stock (traded an investor
notices a pattern known as a "cup and handle," indicating a potential
continuation of the uptrend. This pattern suggests that XYZ’s stock price may
experience a period of consolidation (the handle) before resuming its upward
movement. Armed with this insight, the investor decides to enter a long position
in XYZ, expecting further price appreciation based on the chart's indications.

EXCEL CHARTS - TYPES

Column Chart

A Column Chart typically displays the categories along the horizontal

(category) axis and values along the vertical (value) axis. To create a column
chart, arrange the data in columns or rows on the worksheet.

Line Chart

Line charts can show continuous data over time on an evenly scaled Axis.
Therefore, they are ideal for showing trends in data at equal intervals, such as
months, quarters or years.

Pie Chart

Pie charts show the size of items in one data series, proportional to the sum of
the items. The data points in a pie chart are shown as a percentage of the whole
pie. To create a Pie Chart, arrange the data in one column or row on the
worksheet.

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Doughnut Chart

A Doughnut chart shows the relationship of parts to a whole. It is similar to a

Pie Chart with the only difference that a Doughnut Chart can contain more than
one data series, whereas, a Pie Chart can contain only one data series.

Bar Chart

Bar Charts illustrate comparisons among individual items. In a Bar Chart, the
categories are organized along the vertical axis and the values are organized
along the horizontal axis. To create a Bar Chart, arrange the data in columns or
rows on the Worksheet.

Area Chart

Area Charts can he used to plot the change over time and draw attention to the
total value across a trend. By showing the sum of the plotted values, an area
chart also shows the relationship of parts to a whole. To create an Area Chart,
arrange the data in columns or rows on the worksheet.

XY (Scatter) Chart

XY (Scatter) charts are typically used for showing and comparing numeric
values, like scientific, statistical, and engineering data.

Bubble Chart

A Bubble chart is like a Scatter chart with an additional third column to specify
the size of the bubbles it shows to represent the data points in the data series.

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Stock Chart

As the name implies, Stock charts can show fluctuations in stock prices.
However, a Stock chart can also be used to show fluctuations in other data, such
as daily rainfall or annual temperatures.

Surface Chart

A Surface chart is useful when you want to find the optimum combinations
between two sets of data. As in a topographic map, colours and patterns indicate
areas that are in the same range of values.

Radar Chart

Radar charts compare the aggregate values of several data series. To create a
Radar chart, arrange the data in columns or rows on the worksheet.

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 HOW TO CREATE A COLUMN CHART?

COLUMN CHART IN EXCEL

• A column chart in Excel is a chart that is used to represent data in vertical

columns.
• The height of the column represents the value for the specific data series
in a chart.
• The column chart represents the comparison in the form of the column
from left to right.
• If there is a single data series, it is easy to see the comparison.
• For example, we need to know the sales of three top food products in
country A for a survey. Then, we can insert the output into a column
chart, a graphical representation in vertical bars or columns along a two-
axis plotted with the values indicating the measure of the particular food
product category in country A, and complete a concise survey.

What is a Column Chart?

• A column chart is a technique for data visualization where categories are

represented in the form of vertical columns.
• The column height of each category is proportional to the values plotted.
Hence, a column chart is also referred to as a vertical bar chart.
• As all columns in the chart start from the zero baseline, it becomes easier
to compare them against numerous items. The data in the column chart
format is easier to comprehend and understand.
• Users can instantly identify trends and collect crucial insights from the
data represented in the column chart.

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Different Variants- Types of Column Charts

There are multiple types of column charts. These include the following:

Traditional Column Chart

• As the name suggests, this is the basic form of a column chart where each
category data is displayed using vertical columns/bars.
• The categories are listed on the horizontal axes, while the values are
displayed on the vertical axes. The category column height is
proportional to the value.

Grouped Column Chart

• This type of column chart is also called the clustered chart. It is logically
the same as the traditional chart but uses two categorical variables instead
of one.
• Hence, it helps users to delve deeper and extract better conclusions. The
clustered column chart helps compare variables within a group and with
other groups displayed in the chart Every category has a specific colour
for easy data visualisation and comparison.

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Stacked Column Chart

• Similar to the group column chart, the only difference is that the stacked
column chart represents data stacked on top of each other to complete the
total value.
• For example, it can be the total sales of a product category or a specific
year. This type of column chart is your best option when comparing parts
of a whole.
• For example, you can create a stacked column chart to display the age of
new clients per quarter. Hence, every column in the chart will represent
the total number of clients for every quarter, while the subgroups will
display the percentage of each age range. The displayed information will
enable you to understand the changes in different age groups during every
quarter of the year and extract quality insights. These insights are
valuable for making real-time decisions and implementing new strategies
to achieve targeted results

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Column Line Chart

• A column line chart, or a combination chart, combines column and line

chart elements in a single visualization to generate advanced visuals for
deeper insights.
• The chart features a dual axis for value comparison with different units of
measure.
• This allows you to display two types of data on the same chart, providing
a comprehensive view of your data.
• For instance, you can represent one data set using columns and another
data set using lines on the same chart.
• This is particularly useful when showing relationships or trends between
variables, such as comparing sales (columns) and profit margins (line)
over time.

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 CREATE A COLUMN CHART IN EXCEL
Step 1: Launch the Application and Enter Required Data in the Excel

Open MS Excel to launch the application, and enter the required data in the
Excel sheet.

Step 2: Insert Column Chart

First, select the data to insert the chart. After that, go to the Insert tab, Charts
section, and click the Insert Column Chart option. Select the option of vertical
graphs there.

Step 3: Selecting the Desired Column Chart

Click on the drop-down arrow, and select the type of column chart you want. On
choosing the More Column Charts option, a pop-up window will surface. Click
the Column option in the pane, and choose the chart type. The selected column
type will appear on the Excel

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Step 4: Customize the Chart

Adjust the size, format text, add images, change colours, and customize the
column chart. On altering the data, your chart will get adjusted automatically.

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Step 5: Save Your File

To save the file, click on the File tab. click the Save option and enter the details,
such as file location and file name. Save your Excel sheet by clicking the Save
button.

A column chart can be of any type, for example, Stacked Column Chart,
Clustered Column, 3-D Column, and others. But, the primary purpose of these
is similar, creating a simple graphical representation of large amounts of data.

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 HOW TO CREATE A BAR CHART?

BAR CHART IN EXCEL -

Bar charts in Excel are one of the options found in the Charts group used to
display the values in the bar-chart format They represent the values in horizontal
bars. Categories are displayed on the Y-axis in these charts, and values are
shown on the X-axis.

Explanation And Usage

Before using bar chart in excel, let us learn the three types of bar charts in
Excel.

1. Stacked Bar Chart: It is also referred the segmented chart. It represents

all the dependent variables by stacking them together and on top of other
variables.
2. Clustered Bar Chart: This chart groups all the dependent variables to
display in a graph format. A clustered chart with two dependent variables
is the double graph.
3. 3D Bar Chart: This chart represents all the dependent variables in 3D
representation.

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 To create a bar chart in Excel you need to
1. Insert your data into a worksheet
2. Select your data
3. Click on the insert tab
4. Select 2D bar chart from the various chart options

The chart will appear on the same worksheet as the data ready for further styling
and adjustment.

If you have to edit any of the data, there is no need to create a new chart, you
can just change the data and your chart will update automatically.

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 HOW TO CREATE A LINE CHART?

Line Charts

• Line charts show the data as a continuous line.

• Line charts are typically used for showing trends over time.
• In Line charts, the horizontal axis typically represents time.
• Line charts are used with data which can be placed in an order, from low
to high.

Excel has six types of line charts:

 Line ( )

 Line with Markers ( )

 Stacked Line ( )

 Stacked Line with Markers ( )

 100% Stacked Line ( )

 100% Stacked Line with Markers ( )

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 CREATE A LINE CHART
1. Set up your data

• A line graph requires two axes, so your table should contain at least two
columns: the time intervals in the leftmost column and the dependent
values in the right column(s).
• In this example, we are going to do a single line graph, so our sample
data set has the following columns:

2. Select the data to be included in the chart

In most situations, it is sufficient to select just one cell for Excel to pick the
whole table automatically. If you'd like to plot only part of your data, select that
part and be sure to include the column headers in the selection.

3. Insert a line graph

With the source data selected, go to the Insert tab > Charts group, click the
Insert Line or Area Chart icon and choose one of the available graph types.

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As you hover the mouse pointer over a chart template, Excel will show you a
description of that chart as well as its preview. To inset the chosen chart type in
your worksheet, simply click its template.

In the screenshot below, we are inserting the 2D line graph: -

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 HOW TO CREATE A PIE CHART?
WHAT IS PIE CHART?

• Pie charts, or circular graphs as they are also known, are a popular way to
show how much individual amounts or percentages contribute to the total.
In such graphs, the entire pie represents 100% of the whole, while the pie
slices represent portions of the whole.
• People love pie charts, while visualization expert hates them, and the
main scientific reason for this is that a human eye is unable to compare
angles accurately.

36
 CREATE A PIE CHART IN EXCEL

1. Prepare the source data for the pie chart.

1) Unlike data in one other graphs, Excel pie charts require organizing the
source column or one row. This is because only one data series can be
plotted in a pie graph.
2) You can also include a column or row with category names. which should be
the first column or row in the selection. The category names will appear in
the pie chart legend and/or data labels.
3) In general, an Excel pie chart looks best when:
• Only one data series is plotted in the chart.
• All data values are greater than zero.
• There are no empty rows or columns.
• There are no more than 7 - 9 data categories, because too many pie slices can
clutter your chart and make it difficult to understand.
• For this Excel chart pie tutorial, we are going to make a pie graph from the
following data:

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2.Insert a pie chart in the current worksheet.

• As soon as you've arranged your source data properly, select it, go to the
Insert tab and choose the chart type you want (we will elaborate of various
pie chart types a bit later).
• In this example, we are creating the most common 2-D pie chart:

3. Choose the pie chart style (optional).

When the new pie chart is inserted in your worksheet, you may want to go to
the Design tab > Charts group, and try different pie chart styles to choose the
one that works best for your data.

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 HOW TO CREATE A COMBINED CHART?

Sometimes while decline with hierarchical data we need to combine two or

more various chart. types into a single chart for better visualization and analysis.
These are known as "Combination charts" in Excel.

What is a Combo Chart in Excel?

• Combination charts in Excel is a tool that allows you to display multiple

types of data on the same chart.
• These are also called Combo Charts. Combination charts are combinations
of two or more different charts in Excel.
• To combine two charts, we should have two datasets but one common field
combined.
• By combining different chart types, you can present complex datasets in a
visually appealing and easy-to-understand manner.

How To Create a Combo Chart in Excel?

• We can create Excel Combination Charts using the inbuilt charts available in
the Excel Charts group.

• For example, we can use Bar charts and Line chart, Column charts and a Line
chart, etc.

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HOW TO CREATE A LINE COLUMN COMBINATION
CHART IN EXCEL?

You can create a combination chart in Excel but its cumbersome and takes
several steps.

1. Select your data and then click on the Insert Tab, Column Chart, 2-D
Column. Note: Make sure your labels are formatted as text or they will be added
to the chart as a third set of bars.

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2. Next, right click on one of the data series and select Change Series Chart
Type. Change the type to Line.

Then, right click on the data series that does not have its values shown on the Y
axis and select Format Data Series, Series Options, Plot on Secondary axis.

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A secondary Y axis will be added on the right side of the chart and the data
series will be plotted against it.

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 HOW TO MAKE AN AREA CHART IN EXCEL?
• An area chart is like a line chart in which the area between the x-axis and the
line is coloured to show the volume.

• Data Trends, Comparison of Multiple data Series, Emphasis on cumulative

Data, and Time-Based or Categorized data are some key features of the Area
chart.

Area Chart in Excel

In an area chart, the data points are connected with a line, and the area below
the line is fitted to show the data's cumulative effect.

It is a variation of the line Chart. Area charts can be used to plot change over
time and draw attention to the total value across a trend.

By showing the sum of the plotted values, an area chart also shows the
relationship of parts to a whole.

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 SHOW QUOTED TEXT
 As the number of conversations keeps on increasing in an email thread,
the earlier conversations that are older than the last five
conversations/emails will be left out, and the most recent five
conversations will be shown only while replying to an email.
 while customers can refer back to the original email thread to access all
the emails, this is not always feasible, especially when the original email
is not included in subsequent replies and a new email chain is created.
 As a result, emails can be scattered across multiple threads, making it
difficult to centralise them in a single chain.
• Having all emails included in the quoted text can help address this issue.
Instead of quoting only the last 5 email interactions, customers will be
able to view all email conversations in the quoted text.
 This feature will enable customers to refer to the entire conversation that
occurred in the email exchange.

The benefits of using quoted text in email include:

• Easy to read: By including the quoted text, the agent can easily
distinguish between the original message and the new message which
helps it easier for the agent to follow the conversation.
• Saves time: Quoting the previous message can save time for agents as
they don't have to scroll through long messages to find the relevant
information speeding up the communication process
• Provides context: It provides context for the new message being added,
which can be particularly useful in longer email chains ensuring the
agents follow the message easily.

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