NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CALICUT

Department of Mathematics
Winter
Monsoon Semester
Semester 2022-23
2024-25
MA2001E
MA2003D:Mathematics
Mathematics III Tutorial Sheet1(Module
IV-Tutorial I(Module I)
III)

1 Complex di↵erentiability, Cauchy-Riemann equations, Laplace’s equation

⇥ ⇤
1. Show that lim xy/ x2 + y 2 does not exist.
x+iy!0
⇥ ⇤
2. Show that lim x2 y/ x4 + y 2 does not exist even though this function approaches the
x+iy!0
same limit along every straight line through the origin.

3. If ( ⇣ ⌘
1
x sin y
y 6= 0
f (x, y) =
0 y=0
show that lim [limx!0 f (x, y)] and lim f (x, y) exist and are equal, but that lim [limy!0 f (x, y)]
y!0 x!0 x!0
does not exist.

4. Show that the various values approached by the di↵erence quotient of f (z) = z̄ as z ! 0
along the lines y = mx all lie on a circle.

5. Check whether the following functions analytic?

(a) f (z) = Im z 2 (e) f (z) = Re z + Im z

(b) f (x + iy) = e2x (cos y + i sin y) (f ) f (z) = ln |z| + i Arg z
(c) f (x + iy) = e x (cos y i sin y) (g) f (z) = i/z 8
(d) f (z) = Arg z (h) f (z) = z 2 + 1/z 2
p
6. Prove that the function f (x + iy) = |x||y| satisfies the Cauchy-Riemann equations at the
origin, but f is not holomorphic at origin.

7. Find the set points on which each of the following functions satisfies the Cauchy-Riemann
equations. Also check whether the function is holomorphic and if so find its derivative.

(a) f (x + iy) = x (c) f (x + iy) = x3 + i(y 1)3 (e) f (z) = z̄ 2 .

(b) f (x + iy) = x2 + iy 2 (d) f (z) = z̄. (f ) f (z) = |z|2 .

8. Determine a, b, c such that given the functions are harmonic and find a harmonic conjugate.

(a) u = e3x cos ay (b) u = sin x cosh cy (c) u = ax3 + by 3

9. Are the following functions harmonic? If yes, find a corresponding analytic function f (z) =
u(x, y) + iv(x, y)

(a) u = xy (c) v = y/ x2 + y 2 (e) u = x3 3xy 2

(b) v = xy (d) v = ln |z| (f ) u = e x sin 2y
10. Let f be a holomorphic function in an open set ⌦. Prove that f reduces to a constant if any
of the following is true:

(a) Re(f ) is a constant (c) |f | is a constant (e) f 0 = 0.

(b) Im(f ) is a constant (d) Arg(f ) is a constant (f ) f¯ is analytic.

11. Let u be a real valued harmonic function in an open disc D. Prove that any two harmonic
conjugates of u di↵er by a constant.

12. Let u be a real valued harmonic function in an open disc D. If u2 is also harmonic, prove that
u is a constant.

13. Let u be a real valued harmonic function in an open disc D and v its harmonic conjugate.
Prove that u is a harmonic conjugate of v.

14. Let u be a real valued harmonic function in an open set ⌦ and v its harmonic conjugate. Prove
that uv and u2 v 2 are also harmonic.
@u
15. Let u be a real valued harmonic function in an open set ⌦ . Prove that @z
is holomorphic in
⌦.

16. Check whether the following functions u are harmonic in some domain and if so find their
harmonic conjugates . Also find the holomorphic function f (z) such that u = Re(f ).

(a) u(x, y) = c (c) u(x, y) = 2x(1 y) (e) u(x, y) = sinh x sin y

y
(b) u(x, y) = y 3 3x2 y (d) u(x, y) = x2 +y 2

17. If f is holomorphic on a region ⌦, prove that f is harmonic there. When is |f |2 harmonic?

18. Let f be a complex function on a region ⌦ and both f and f 2 are harmonic in ⌦. Prove that
either f or f¯ is harmonic in ⌦.

19. If u and v are harmonic in a region ⌦ ⇢ C, show that

✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
@u @v @u @v
+i +
@y @x @x @y
is analytic in ⌦.

20. If f (z) is an analytic function, show that

h i2 h i2
(a) @x @
|f (z)| + @y @
|f (z)| = |f 0 (z)|2
⇣ 2 ⌘
@2
(b) @x @
2 + @y 2 |f (z)|2 = 4 |f 0 (z)|2

21. If u and v are respectively the real and imaginary parts of a holomorphic function f , prove
that the level curves u(x, y) = k and v(x, y) = c are orthogonal to each other at all points
(x, y) where f 0 (x + iy) 6= 0.

2 Geometry of analytic functions

1. What is the image of the circle x2 + y 2 = a2 under the mapping w = z 2 ?

2. Discuss the transformation between the z plane and the w plane defined by w = x iy :

3. Discuss the transformation defined by w = z 3 . Plot the image of the line u = 1. What is the
equation of the image of the line x = 1 ?
 4. Find the equations of the transformation defined by the function w = (z i)/z, and show
that every circle through the origin in the z plane is transformed into a straight line. 11 If
w = (2 + i)z (1 + 3i), what are the equations of the mapping of the w plane onto the z plane?

5. If w = ez , (a) What are the images of the lines x = c ? What are the images of the lines
y = k ? (b) Show that the strip ⇡ < y  ⇡ is mapped onto the entire w plane. What is
the preimage of the line r = 0 ? (c) What are the images of the positive halves of the strips
⇡ < y  ⇡/2. ⇡/2 < y  0, 0 < y  ⇡/2, ⇡/2 < y  ⇡ ?

6. Show that if a transformation of the form w = (az + b)/(cz + d) maps z1 into w1 and z2 into
w1 , then either z1 = z2 or else ad bc = 0.

7. What is the cross ratio of the four fourth roots of 1?

8. What is the cross ratio of the four complex sixth roots of 1 ?

9. Show that in general there are two points which are left invariant by a bilinear transformation.
thought of as a mapping of the z plane onto itself. Are there any bilinear transformations which
leave only one point invariant? No points invariant?

10. Find the invariant points of the transformation z 0 = (2z + 4i)(iz + 1), and prove that these
two points, together with an arbitrary point z and its image z 0 , form a set of four points whose
cross ratio is independent of z.

11. Find the invariant points of the transformation

2iz + 1
T (z) =
( 3 + 4i)z + 4

12. What is the bilinear transformation which sends the points z = 0, 1, 1 into the points w =
1, 2 i, i. respectively? What is the image of the circle |z| = 1 under this transformation?

13. What is the bilinear transformation which sends the points z = 0, i, 2i into the points w =
5i, ↵, i/3, respectively? What are the invariant points of this transformation?

14. Find the equations of the transformation of inversion in the circle x2 + y 2 = 1, and show that
under this transformation a circle is mapped into itself if and only if it is perpendicular to the
circle defining the inversion.

15. What is the most general bilinear transformation which maps the upper half of the z plane
onto the lower half of the w plane?

16. Prove that w = z/(1 z) maps the upper half of the z plane onto the upper half of the w
plane. What is the image of the circle |z| = 1 under this transformation?

17. Find a Schwarz-Christo↵el transformation that maps the upper half-plane onto the sector
{w 2 C : 0 < Arg(w) < ↵} for some ↵ < ⇡.

18. Derive a Schwarz-Christo↵el transformation mapping the upper half-plane onto the triangle
with vertices 0, 1, i.

19. Determine a Schwarz-Christo↵el transformation that maps the upper half-plane onto the semi-
infinite strip {w 2 C : | Re(w)| < 1; Im(w) > 0}.

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