COMPUTER

SCIENCE

CSI141
PROGRAMMING
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PRINCIPLES
Object Oriented Programming T ALLMAN NKGAU

R EPETITION
‣ Repetition – while, do-while, for
‣ File reading and writing
‣ Comparing Strings
‣ Nesting loops

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Object Oriented Programming T ALLMAN NKGAU

A CKNOWLEDGEMENT :
S LIDES’ THEME FROM
R OBERT S EDGEWICK | K EVIN W AYNE

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 REPETITION

‣ Repetition

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 Pause…

❑ Write a Java program to compute

𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑥 3 𝑥 𝑁
1 + + + + ⋯+ , −∞ < 𝑥 < ∞
1! 2! 3! 𝑁!

❑ Write a Java program to read a number

between 1 and 100. If the user enters a
number outside the range, keep asking until
they do. (Input validation)

5
 Repetition: the while loop
▪ Repeat a block of code while a condition is true.
▪ If condition is false, continue with the next following
statement
int i = 0;
SYNTAX int v = 1;
int N = in.nextInt();
while (booleanExpression) while ( i <= N ) {
Statement_block; System.out.printf(“%d\n”, v);
i = i + 1;
Loop control variable v = 2 * v;
}

Updating the loop control variable

❑Boolean expression should eventually evaluate to false

❑Some variables are used as loop control variables – they get
updated in the code block and eventually make the Boolean
expression false
6
 Flowchart - while true do pattern
int p = 1;
int p = 1;
Int i = 0;
while( i <= N ) {
System.out.printf(“%d %d\n”, i, p);
p = p * 2;
i++;
}
p = p + 2 * i;
int i = 0; initialization

true false
i <= N?

while loop body

System.out.printf(“%d %d\n”, i, p);

p = p * 2;
i++; update Statement after
body of loop:
p = p + 2 * i;

7
 Repetition: the while loop
❑ Write a Java program to compute
2 3 𝑁
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
1 + + + + ⋯+ , −∞ < 𝑥 < ∞
1! 2! 3! 𝑁!
int i = 0;
double sum = 0.0;
int N = in.nextInt();
double x = in.nextDouble();
while ( i <= N ) {
sum = sum + Math.pow(x, i) / Math.factorial(i);
i = i + 1;
}
System.out.printf(“sum = %.2f\n”, sum);

Note: Math.factorial() DOES NOT exist! and 0! = 1

8
 Repetition: the while loop - counting
▪ Starting with an initial value v.
▪ Stop when v >= N
int i = 0;
int N = in.nextInt();
while ( i <= N ) {
counting variable
⋮
i = i + 2;
Check if <= N ⋮
int i = 0; int count = 0;
String s = “Skate Away”; }
int N = s.length();
while ( i < N ) { Increment counting variable

if (s.charAt(i) == ‘a’) {
count++;
What am I doing?
}
i = i + 1;

} 9
 Repetition: the while loop – flag controlled
▪ Used to execute code until a Boolean variable is false
▪ For example, in data validation
boolean flag = false;
Must read a value > 0 int val = in.nextInt();
flag = val > 0;
while ( !flag ) {
⋮
System.out.printf(“Input int> 0: \n”);
val = in.nextInt();
flag = val > 0;
}
boolean flag = false;
int choice = in.nextInt();
Update flag - loop control variable
flag = choice == 1 || choice == 2;
while ( !flag ) {
System.out.printf(“Input 1 or 2: \n”);
choice = in.nextInt(); What am I doing?
flag = choice == 1 || choice == 2;
}
System.out.printf(“choice = %d\n”, choice);
10
Comparing Strings
Strings are a bit ‘special’ in Java – they are objects
Do not use the == operator with Strings nor any other object
・ The following compares the locations of two strings, and not
their contents

if (string1 == string2) ...

Instead use the String’s equals method:

if (string1.equals(string2)) ...
Lexicographical Order
To compare Strings in ‘dictionary’ order
・When compared using compareTo, string1 comes:
– Before string2 if
string1.compareTo(string2) < 0

– After string2 if
string1.compareTo(string2) > 0

– Equal to string2 if
string1.compareTo(string2) == 0

・Notes
– string1 and string2 are string objects
– All UPPERCASE letters come before lowercase – ASCII code
– ‘space’ comes before all other printable characters
– Digits (0-9) come before all letters
– See Appendix A for the Basic Latin Unicode (ASCII) table
 Repetition: the while loop – sentinel controlled
▪ Used to “read data” continuously until a specified value is read.
▪ The specified value is called the sentinel Sentinel value

final int SENTINEL = -1;

Must read first value outside
loop
int val = in.nextInt();
while ( val != SENTINEL ) {

⋮
val = in.nextInt();
Check if = SENTINEL ⋮
int count = 0;
}
final String SENTINEL = “END”;
String s = in.next();
while ( !s.equals(SENTINEL) ) { Update val - loop control variable

if (s.length() % 2 == 1) {
count++;
What am I doing?
}
s = in.next();

} 13
Pause
Write a Java application, called NumberStats.java,
that reads 8000 integers and computes the
average, maximum, and minimum of the
numbers.

Hint. Do this with a while loop like the following

int N = 10, i = 1;
while (i <= N) {
prompt for a number;
read number;
process number;
i++;
}
 File Input
❑ MUST first open a file for reading:
FileReader varName1 = new FileReader(fName);

then Scannerize the file:

String

Scanner varName2 = new Scanner(varName1);

❑ The above two can be done in one step as follows:

Scanner varName = new Scanner(new FileReader(fName));
Useful methods for file input
❑ For reading from the file:

▪ The usual nextInt(), nextDouble(), next(), nextLine() (from the Scanner class)
❑ For checking if there is data to read in the file:

▪ hasNext(), hasNextInt(), hasNextDouble(), hasNextLine() (all boolean methods)

❑ Note:
▪ Ensure that the file you want to read from exists!
▪ Always close the file. 15
 File Input
Required imports for file input

import java.util.Scanner;

import java.io.FileReader;

import java.io.IOException;

16
 File Input – Sentinel controlled loop
❑ Write a Java program segment to read positive integers from a file
whose name is read from the keyboard and display their average to
standard output. Use -1 to indicate end of data.
import java.util.Scanner;
import java.io.FileReader;
import java.io.IOException;
public class Average {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
String fileName;
int sum=0 , counter=0 , number, sentinel = -1;
double average;
Scanner kBoard = new Scanner (System.in);
System.out.printf("Enter name of input file: ");
fileName = kBoard.next(); Data in File
Scanner input = new Scanner (new FileReader(filename)); 12
number = input.nextInt();
3
while (number != sentinel){
counter++; 7 15
sum = sum + number; 25
number = input.nextInt(); 16 30 50
} 101
average = (1.0 * sum) / counter; -1
System.out.printf("Average = %.2f\n “, average );
17
input.close(); }}
 File Input – end-of-file controlled loop
❑ Write a Java program segment to read positive integers from a file
whose name is read from the keyboard and display their average to
standard output.
import java.util.Scanner;
import java.io.FileReader;
import java.io.IOException;
public class Average {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
String fileName;
int sum=0 , counter=0 , number;
double average;
Scanner kBoard = new Scanner (System.in);
System.out.printf("Enter name of input file: ");
fileName = kBoard.next(); Data in File
Scanner input = new Scanner (new FileReader(filename)); 12
//number = input.nextInt();
3
while (input.hasNextInt()){
number = input.nextInt(); 7 15
counter++; 25
sum = sum + number; 16 30 50
} 101
average = (1.0 * sum) / counter;
System.out.printf("Average = %.2f\n “, average );
18
input.close(); }}
 File Output
File Output
❑ MUST first open a file for writing:

PrintWriter varName1 = new PrintWriter(fName);

String
Useful methods for file output
❑ For writing the file:

▪ The usual printf, print, println, close(), flush() (from the Scanner class)
❑ Note:
▪ If the file exists, it will be over-written. Otherwise it is created
▪ Always close the file.

19
 File Output
Required imports for file output

import java.io.PrintWriter;

import java.io.IOException;

20
 File Output
❑ Write a Java program segment to roll two dice 1000 times and write
to a file called gamble.dat the result of each roll – per line. Name of
output file is read from the keyboard.
import java.util.Scanner;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Random;
public class RollDice {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
String fileName; final int N = 1000;
int die1, die2, int i = 0;
Scanner in = new Scanner (System.in);
System.out.printf("Enter name of output file: ");
fileName = in.next(); Data in File
PrintWriter pw = new PrintWriter(fileName); 2 5
Random ran = new Random(12345);
4 1
while (i <= N){
die1 = ran.nextInt(6) + 1; die2 = ran.nextInt(6) + 1; 2 5
pw.printf(“%d %d\n”, die1, die2); 2 1
} 2 4
pw.close(); . . .
}
}
21
 Input validation – Take 1
❑ Write a Java program to read a number
between 1 and 100. If the user enters a
number outside the range, keep asking until
they do. (Input validation)
System.out.printf(“Enter an int [1-100]: ”);
int N = in.nextInt();
while ( !((N >= 1) && (N <= 100))) {
System.out.printf(“Enter an int [1-100]: ”);
N = in.nextInt();
}
System.out.printf(“N = %d\n”, N);

22
 Input validation – Take 2
❑ Write a Java program to read a number
between 1 and 100. If the user enters a
number outside the range, keep asking until
they do. (Input validation)
do {
System.out.printf(“Enter an int [1-100]: ”);
N = in.nextInt();
}
while (( !((N >= 1) && (N <= 100))) );
System.out.printf(“N = %d\n”, N);

Note: loop body is executed at least once

23
 Flowchart - do while true pattern
do {
System.out.printf(“Enter an int [1-100]:
”);
N = in.nextInt();
}
while (( !((N >= 1) && (N <= 100))) );
System.out.printf(“N = %d\n”, N);

System.out.printf(“%d %d\n”, i, p);

p = p * 2;
i++;

true

!((N >= 1) &&

(N <= 100)))
false

System.out.printf(“N = %d\n”, N);

24
 Repetition – for loops
• Alternative repetition statement
• Syntactic sugar – its just a while loop!

int p = 1;
for ( int i = 0; i <= N; i++ ) {
System.out.printf(“%d %d\n”, i, p);
p = p * 2;
}

initialization Boolean expression Update statement

25
 Flowchart

int p = 1;
int p = 1;
for ( int i = 0; i <= N; i++) {
System.out.printf(“%d %d\n”, i, p);
p = p * 2;
}

int i = 0; initialization

true false
i <= N?

For loop body

System.out.printf(“%d %d\n”, i, p);

p = p * 2;

Statement
i++; update after body
of loop
26
 Every for loop is a while loop
Use a for loop when
• Counting integrally
• Increment/decrement steps are constant
• Counting limits are known

int p = 1;
for ( int i = 0; i <= N; i++) {
System.out.printf(“%d %d\n”, i, p);
p = p * 2;
}

int p = 1;
int i = 0; // initialization come before while
while ( i <= N ) { // Boolean expression here
System.out.printf(“%d %d\n”, i, p);
p = p * 2;
i++; // update at the end of for loop body
}

27
 Pop quiz
Question. What is displayed by the following code?

public class Loop {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int sum = 0;
int count = 0;
int N = 10;
for (int i = 1; i < N; i++) {
if (i % 2 == 1) { sum = sum + i; count++; }
}
System.out.printf(“i = %d, count = %d\n”, i, count);
}
}

Answer. Compile time error. Variable i not in scope.

28
 Nested loops

Q. What is the output of this code?

int N = 3;
int sum = 0;
for (int i = 1; i < N; i++) {
int j = 0;
while ( j <= i) {
sum = sum + j;
j++;
}
}
System.out.printf(“sum = %d\n”, sum);

A. sum = 4
29
 Your turn

Q. Write a Java program to read an integer N (between

1 and 15, inclusive) from the keyboard and display a
pattern like this.

N = 5

1 2 3 4 5
2 3 4 5 6
3 4 5 6 7
4 5 6 7 8
5 6 7 8 9

30
 Your turn

Q. Write a Java program to read an integer N (between

1 and 10, inclusive) from the keyboard and display a
pattern like this.

N = 5

*****
****
***
**
*

31
 Your turn

Q. Write a Java program to read an integer N (between

1 and 10, inclusive) from the keyboard and display a
pattern like this.

N = 5

*****
****
***
**
*

32
Summary

❑Repetition statements are used to execute a block of

statements based on the value of a Boolean expression

❑ Be familiar with the different while-loop patterns for solving

problems

❑Know when to use do-while, while-do, and for loops

❑ Watch out for infinite loops and borderline cases

.

33
Object Oriented Programming T ALLMAN NKGAU

JAVA REVIEW

‣ Nested while loops

‣ Repetition – for loops

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