Vectors

A vector in the plane is a line segment with an assigned direction. We denote this by AB

Point A is the initial point and B is the terminal point.


The length of the line segment AB is called the magnitude or length of the vector and is denoted by AB

Two vectors are considered equal if they have equal magnitude and the same direction.

If a is a real number and v

 is a vector, we define a v
 as follows:

(1) If a  0 , then a v has magnitude a v
 
and has the same direction as v


(2) If a  0 , then a v has magnitude a v
 
and has the opposite direction as v

If O is the center of regular hexagon ABCDEF, let OA  a ﹐ OB  b , which of the followings are true?

(A) a  b (B) BC  a (C) DO  a (D) FA  b (E) DC  b

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Sum of the vectors:

  
If O is the center of regular hexagon ABCDEF, find OA OC  OE

  
Find AB  BC  CA

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   
Find: (1) AB  BC  CD
  
(2) AB  AD  BC
  
(3) AC  AD  CE

Let a  AB , b  AD , c  BC , write the given vector in terms of


a , b , c

(1) BD (2) AC (3) CD

Let a  AB , b  AD , c  AC , write the given vector in terms of


a , b , c

(1) BD (2) BC (3) CD

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Given regular hexagon ABCDEF, AB  a , BC  b , write the given vector in terms of a and b


(1) AC

(2) EA

(3) EC
 
(4) 3 EA  2 EC

  
If a  t b , a and b
 are parallel and denoted by a // b

   
If nonzero vectors a and b are not parallel, and s  2 a  b   t  3 a  2 b   7 a , find s,t
   

   
If nonzero vectors a and b are not parallel, and s  2 a  b   t  a  2 b   3 b , find s,t
   

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Parallelogram ABCD , AE  3 EC , F is midpoint of BC

(1) If AE  x AB  y AD , find x,y (2) If EF  r AB  s AD , find r,s

2
Parallelogram ABCD , AE  AC
3

(1) If AE  x AB  y AD , find x,y (2) If EB  r AB  s AD , find r,s

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In △OAB, P is a point on AB , and AP : PB  m : n , then
n m
OP  OA OB
mn mn

In △OAB, P is a point on AB , BP  2 AP , and C is midpoint of OB

(1) If OP  x OA y OB , find x,y (2) If CP  r OA s OB , find r,s

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In △OAB﹐C is midpoint of OB and AD : DC  2 : 3 , if OD  x OA y OB , find x,y

If P,A,B are colinear and AP  5 , BP  3 , OP  x OA y OB , find x,y

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If P,A,B are colinear and O is not on the line AB, OP  x OA y OB , then x  y  1

In △ABC, AD : DC  2 :1, AE : EB  3:1, BD and CE intersect at P , if AP  x AB  y AC ,find x,y

  
If OQ intersects AB at P, and OQ  OA 2 OB , find AP : PB and OP : PQ

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If G is the centroid of △ABC, prove that

1 1 OA OB  OC
(1) AG  AB  AC (2) GA GB  GC  0 (3) OG 
3 3 3

In △ABC , D is midpoint of AB , E is on BC , F is on AC and BE  2EC , AF  2FC , if G is the

  
centroid of △DEF and AG  x AB  y AC , find x,y

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In △ABC, AB  8 , BC  7 , AC  6 , I is the center of the inscribed circle
  
(1) AI  x AB  y AC , find x,y

(2) r IA  s IB  t IC  0 , find r,s,t

(3) OI  a OA b OB  c OC , find a,b,c

  
In △ABC, AB  2 , BC  3 , AC  4 , I is the center of the inscribed circle, if AI  x AB  y AC , find x,y

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 
If u and v
 
are nonzero vectors, then their dot product, denoted by u  v , is defined by
  
u  v  u v cos 

where  is the angle between u

 and v


If the angle between u

 and v
 is 45 and

u  2,
 
v  3 , find u  v

△ABC is an equilateral triangle with side length 6, find:


(1) AB  AC

(2) AB  BC

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Properties of dot product
2

(1) a  a  a

(2) a  b  b  a

   
(3)  r a   b  r  a  b 
   
 
(4) a   b  c   a  b  a  c
 

If the angle between u

 
and v is 60 and

u  2,
 v  3 , find:

   
(1)  u  v    u  v  (2) u  v (3) 3 u  2 v
   

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 
If the angle between u and v
 is 120 and

u  4,

v  3 , find u 2 v

Prove Parallelogram Theorem:

13
If a and b are orthogonol, and a 2, b  4 , r a  b and 2 a  b are also orthogonol,

find the value of r

If the angle between a

 and b
 is 30 , and
a  2,

b  3 , a and r a  2 b are orthogonol,

find the value of r

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Vectors in the Coordinate Plane: By placing a vector in a coordinate plane, we can describe it analytically.

In the figure below, to go from the initial point of the vector


v to the terminal point, we move a units to

the right and b units upward. We represent


v as an ordered pair of real numbers.

v  ( a , b)

If a vector

v is represented in the plane with initial point P( x1 , y1 ) and terminal point Q( x2 , y2 ) , then


PQ  ( x2  x1 , y2  y1 )

The magnitude or length of a vector


v  (a, b) is
v  a 2  b2


Given P(1,3) , Q(6,1) , express PQ in component form and find the magnitude of PQ


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  
If u  (a1 , b1 ) , v  (a2 , b2 ) , then

u  v  (a1  a2 , b1  b2 )

u  v  (a1  a2 , b1  b2 )

c u  (ca1 , cb1 ) for c  R

Given u   2, 3 ﹐ v   2,3 , w   1, 3

(1) Find u 3 v and its magnitude (2) Find 2 u  v  2 w and its

magnitude

Given P(2,5) , u   2, 1 ﹐ v  1,3 and PQ  3 u  2 v , find the coordinate of Q

Given u   2, 6  ﹐ v  1,1 , find the minimum of u t v

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  
Given nonzero vector u  (a1 , b1 ) , v  (a2 , b2 ) , if u // v , then u  t v
a1 b1
It can be expressed as a1b2  a2b1 or  when a2b2  0
a2 b2

Given u  1, 2  ﹐ v   2,3 ﹐ w   3, 4  , if  u  t v  // w , find the value of t

 

Given u  1, 2  , find an unit vector that is parallel to u

In trapezoid ABCD, AB // CD and A(4,5) , B(1,1) , C (1,4) , CD  2 , find the coordinate of D

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Given A  2,5  ﹐ B  3, 0  , and P is a point on the line AB, AP : PB  2 : 3

(1) If P is on AB , find the coordinate of P

(2) If P is not on AB , find the coordinate of P

Given A  3, 2  ﹐ B  2,1 , C  5, 6  , if G is the centroid of △ABC, find the coordinate of G

Given A  2,1 ﹐ B 17,9  , C  4,9  , if I is the center of the inscribed circler of △ABC, find the coordinate

of I

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If u   x1 , y1  ﹐ v   x2 , y2  are two vectors, then the dot product of u and v is

u  v  x1 x2  y1 y2

Given u   7,1 ﹐ v   3, 4  , find the angle between u and v

Given A  2,3  ﹐ B  2, 2  ﹐ C  3, 7  , find BAC

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Given regular hexagon ABCDEF with side length 2, find:

(1) AB  AB (2) AB  AC (3) AB  AD (4) AB  AE (5) AB  AF

Given u  1, 3 ﹐ v   2, 1 ﹐ w   3, s 

(1) If u  w , find s (2) If ( u  t v )  v , find t

If ABCD is a square with A(3,1), B(1,4) find the coordinates of C,D

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If a vector n is orthogonol to a line, then n is called a normal vetor of the line

Given the equation ax  by  c  0 of a line L, then n   a, b  is a normal vector of L

Find the equations of the line passing through (1,3) and (4,2)

Find the angles between L1 : 3x  y  3  0 and L2 : 2 x  y  1  0

21
The Projection of u Onto v : The projection of u onto v , denoted by projv u , is the vector

parallel to v and whose length is the component of u along v as shown in the figure

 
 
u v 
projv u   v
 2

 v 
 

Given u   2,9  ﹐ v   1, 2 

(1) Find the projection of u onto v

(2) If u  a  b , where a is parallel to u and b is orthogonal to u

Given A(1,2) 、 B(4,6) 、 C (3,3) , find the coordinate of the projection of B onto the line AC

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Cauchy–Schwarz Inequality
If x1 , x2 , y1 , y 2 are real numbers

x1
2
 y1
2
 x
2
2
 y2
2
  x x
1 2  y1 y2 
2

x  y12  x2 2  y2 2    x1 x2  y1 y2  if and only if x1 y2  x2 y1

2 2
and 1

If 3x  y  24 , find the minimum of 9 x 2  y 2 and the values of x,y when the minimum occurs

If 8x  9 y  25 , find the minimum of 4 x 2  9 y 2 and the values of x,y when the minimum occurs

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If x 2  y 2  25 , find the maximum of 3x  4 y and the values of x,y when the maximum occurs

If x 2  4 y 2  2 , find the minimum of x  y and the values of x,y when the minimum occurs

If x 2  ( y  1) 2  10 , find the maximum of 3x  y and the values of x,y when the maximum occurs

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If 2 x  y  5 , find the minimum of ( x  1) 2  ( y  1) 2

4 9
If x , y  0 and x  y  5 , find the minimum of  and the values of x,y when the minimum occurs
x y

Find the maximum of 2 sin x  3 cos x

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Determinant:
A determinant of order two is defined by

a b
 ad  bc
c d

1 2 0 2 2 1
  
3 4 1 1 3 4

If u   x1 , y1  , v   x2 , y2  are two vectors, then the area of parallelogram determined by u and v

x1 y1
is | |
x2 y2

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If u   5, 2  , v   k , 4  and the area of parallelogram determined by u and v is 24, find k

Given A 1, 0  ﹐ B  3, 2  ﹐ C  0, 4 

(1) Find the area of △ ABC

(2) If AP  x AB  y AC and 0  x  2 , 1  y  1 , find the area of the region formed by P

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