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6 Spanning Subgraphs 89: II Basic Model Extensions 149

The document outlines various topics related to graph theory, including spanning subgraphs, extreme characteristics, inhomogeneous graphs, and intersection graphs. It contains sections on specific concepts such as perfect matchings, Hamilton cycles, and connectivity in different types of graphs. Additionally, the document includes exercises and notes for further understanding of the material.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
9 views4 pages

6 Spanning Subgraphs 89: II Basic Model Extensions 149

The document outlines various topics related to graph theory, including spanning subgraphs, extreme characteristics, inhomogeneous graphs, and intersection graphs. It contains sections on specific concepts such as perfect matchings, Hamilton cycles, and connectivity in different types of graphs. Additionally, the document includes exercises and notes for further understanding of the material.

Uploaded by

vsftharegister
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ii Contents

5.4 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

6 Spanning Subgraphs 89
6.1 Perfect Matchings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
6.2 Hamilton Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
6.3 Long Paths and Cycles in Sparse Random Graphs . . . . . . . . . 101
6.4 Greedy Matching Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
6.5 Random Subgraphs of Graphs with Large Minimum Degree . . . 107
6.6 Spanning Subgraphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
6.7 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
6.8 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

7 Extreme Characteristics 119


7.1 Diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
7.2 Largest Independent Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
7.3 Interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
7.4 Chromatic Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
7.5 Eigenvalues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
7.6 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
7.7 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

II Basic Model Extensions 149


8 Inhomogeneous Graphs 151
8.1 Generalized Binomial Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
8.2 Expected Degree Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
8.3 Kronecker Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
8.4 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
8.5 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

9 Fixed Degree Sequence 175


9.1 Configuration Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
9.2 Connectivity of Regular Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
9.3 Existence of a giant component . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
9.4 Gn,r is asymmetric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
9.5 Gn,r versus Gn,p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
9.6 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
9.7 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Contents iii

10 Intersection Graphs 213


10.1 Binomial Random Intersection Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
10.2 Random Geometric Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
10.3 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
10.4 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

11 Digraphs 239
11.1 Strong Connectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
11.2 Hamilton Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
11.3 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
11.4 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

12 Hypergraphs 253
12.1 Component Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
12.2 Hamilton Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
12.3 Perfect matchings in r-regular s-uniform hypergraphs . . . . . . . 262
12.4 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
12.5 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

13 Random Subgraphs of the Hypercube 273


13.1 The Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
13.2 Connectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
13.3 Perfect Matching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
13.4 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
13.5 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288

14 Randomly Perturbed Dense Graphs 291


14.1 Subgraphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
14.2 Hamiltonicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
14.3 Vertex Connectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
14.4 Ramsey Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
14.5 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
14.6 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306

III Other models 311


15 Trees 313
15.1 Labeled Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
15.2 Recursive Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
15.3 Inhomogeneous Recursive Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
15.4 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
iv Contents

15.5 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341

16 Mappings 347
16.1 Permutations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
16.2 Mappings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
16.3 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
16.4 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358

17 k-out 361
17.1 Connectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
17.2 Perfect Matchings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
17.3 Hamilton Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
17.4 Nearest Neighbor Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
17.5 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
17.6 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380

18 Real World Networks 383


18.1 Preferential Attachment Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
18.2 Spatial Preferential Attachment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
18.3 Preferential Attachment with Deletion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
18.4 Bootstrap Percolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
18.5 A General Model of Web Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
18.6 Small World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
18.7 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
18.8 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422

19 Weighted Graphs 425


19.1 Minimum Spanning Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
19.2 Shortest Paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
19.3 Minimum Weight Assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
19.4 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
19.5 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439

IV Further topics 441


20 Resilience 443
20.1 Connectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
20.2 Perfect Matchings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
20.3 Hamilton Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
20.4 The chromatic number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
20.5 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
Contents v

20.6 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457

21 Extremal Properties 459


21.1 Containers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
21.2 Ramsey Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
21.3 Turán Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
21.4 Containers and the proof of Theorem 21.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
21.5 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
21.6 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470

22 Thresholds 471
22.1 The Kahn-Kalai conjecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474
22.2 Proof of the Kahn-Kalai conjecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
22.3 Constructing a cover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
22.4 Iteration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476
22.5 Square of a Hamilton cycle and a little more . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
22.6 Embedding a factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
22.7 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
22.8 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484

23 Contiguity 487
23.1 Small subgraph conditioning for proving contiguity . . . . . . . . 488
23.2 Contiguity of random regular graphs and multigraphs . . . . . . . 493
23.3 Contiguity of superposition models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
23.4 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
23.5 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500

24 Random Walk on Random Graphs 503


24.1 Mixing time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504
24.2 Cover time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506
24.3 Walker-Deletor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514
24.4 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
24.5 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517

25 Brief notes on uncovered topics 521

V Tools and Methods 531


26 Moments 533
26.1 First and Second Moment Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
26.2 Convergence of Moments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536

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