Topic II_Ch.

7_Ionic bonding_Classwork

Chemistry

Topic II Microscopic World I

Chapter 7
Ionic bonding - Classwork
A. You should remember:

o Definition of metallic bond

o Definition of ionic bond

o Names and formulae of cations and anions

o Colors of ions in aqueous solution

B. You should be able to

o describe, using electron diagrams, the formation of ions and ionic bonds

o draw the electron diagrams of cations and anions

o predict the ions formed by atoms of metals and non-metals by using information in the Periodic

Table

o identify polyatomic ions

o name some common cations and anions according to the chemical formulae of ions

o name ionic compounds based on the component ions

o describe the colors of some common ions in aqueous solutions

o interpret chemical formulae of ionic compounds in terms of the ions present and their ratios

o construct formulae of ionic compounds based on their names or component ions

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Summary
1. Here are tables showing the names and formulae of common positive ions (Cations).

Name of some common positive ions (Cations)

1+ 2+ 3+

Chemical Chemical Chemical Chemical Chemical Chemical

formula name formula name formula name

Li+ lithium ion Be2+ beryllium ion

Group I,II,III

Na+ sodium ion Mg2+ magnesium ion Al3+ aluminium ion

K+ potassium ion Ca2+ calcium ion

Ba2+ barium ion

Ag+ silver ion Pb2+ lead(II) ion Fe3+ iron(III) ion

Transition metals/ non-metals

Cu+ copper(I) ion Fe2+ iron(II) ion Cr3+ chromium(III) ion

Hg+ mercury(I) ion Cu2+ copper(II) ion

NH4+ ammonium ion Ni2+ nickel(II) ion

H+ hydrogen ion Zn2+ zinc ion

Co2+ cobalt(II) ion

Mn2+ manganese(II) ion

Hg2+ mercury(II) ion

1. Most transition metals can form more than one kind of positive ion.
Copper can form two kinds of positive ions, Cu+ and Cu2+.
For these ions, write a Roman numeral in brackets after the name of the metal to show the
number of positive charges.
E.g. copper(I) ion = Cu+ and copper(II) ion = Cu2+

2. Most main group elements (Group I to III) can only form one kind of positive ion.
While most transition metals form more than one kind of positive ions, silver and zinc do not.
Roman numeral in brackets are NOT needed.
E.g. zinc ion = Zn2+ (X zinc(II) ion)
E.g. silver ion = Ag+ (X silver(I) ion)

3. Hydrogen (H+) and ammonium ion (NH4+) are cations formed from atoms of non-metals.
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2. Here are tables showing the names and formulae of common negative ions (Anions).

Name of some common negative ions (Anions)

1- 2- 3-

Chemical Chemical Chemical Chemical Chemical Chemical

formula name formula name formula name

F- fluoride ion O2- oxide ion N3- nitride ion

Cl- chloride ion S2- sulphide ion P3- phosphide ion

Simple ions

Br- bromide ion

I- iodide ion

H- hydride ion

NO2- nitrite ion SO32- sulphite ion PO43- phosphate ion

NO3- nitrate ion SO42- sulphate ion

OH- hydroxide ion CO32- carbonate ion

Polyatomic ions

HCO3- hydrogencarbonate ion CrO42- chromate ion

HSO4- hydrogensulphate ion Cr2O72- dichromate ion

MnO4- permanganate ion SiO32- silicate ion

CN- cyanide ion

ClO3- chlorate ion Anion :

An Negative Ion.
ClO- hypochlorite ion

(1) –ide è Ions with one kind of atom mostly (simple ions)
E.g. S2- sulphide ion, N3- nitride ion; P3- phosphide ion

(2) With –ite or –ate è contains oxygen atoms

E.g. SO32- sulphite ion, NO3- nitrate ion

(3) –ite è with less oxygen atoms; –ate è with more oxygen atoms
E.g. NO2- nitrite ion vs NO3- nitrate ion
E.g. SO32- sulphite ion vs SO42- sulphate ion

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3. Here is a table showing the colors of some common ions in aqueous, molten or solid state.

Name of ions Formulae of ions Colors of ions

Copper(II) ion Cu2+ Blue

*Copper(II) carbonate = CuCO3(s) = green *Copper(II) oxide = CuO(s) = black

Iron(II) ion Fe2+ Pale green

Iron(III) ion Fe3+ Yellow or brown

Cobalt(II) ion Co2+ Pink

Nickel(II) ion Ni2+ Green

Chromium(III) ion Cr3+ Green

Chromate ion CrO42- Yellow

Dichromate ion Cr2O72- Orange

Manganese(II) ion Mn2+ Colorless or Very pale pink

Permanganate ion MnO4- Purple

4. Many ions are colorless in aqueous state

(a) Ions formed from main group elements (Group I, II, III, V, VI, VII) are colorless.
E.g. K+(aq), Na+(aq), Al3+(aq), Cl-(aq) and Br-(aq) are colorless.
(b) Most ions not mentioned above are also colorless.
E.g. NO3-(aq), SO42-(aq), HCO3-(aq), CO32-(aq) are colorless.
(c) The solution they form are colorless.
E.g. NaCl(aq), KBr(aq), Al2(SO4)3(aq) are colorless.

5. A solid formed from colorless ions is mostly white.

(a) E.g. Potassium oxide K2O(s) = white
Magnesium chloride MgCl2(s) = white
(b) Some exception: lead(II) oxide PbO(s) at 25oC = yellow
at high temperature = orange

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Topic II_Ch. 7_Ionic bonding_Classwork

Classwork 7.4
1. (a) A beryllium atom can lose ________________________________________to obtain a

stable electronic arrangement of a ____________ atom.

When a beryllium atom loses two outermost shell electrons, it forms a beryllium ion.

The ________________________ carries ________________________ charges.

(b) Draw electron diagrams to show how a beryllium atom becomes stable.

An electron diagram that shows how a beryllium atom becomes stable

Chemical name Beryllium atom Beryllium ion Electron

Chemical formula

Electronic arrangement

No. of protons (+)

No. of electrons (-)

Charge

Ionic half-equation

An electron diagram that shows how a beryllium atom becomes stable

(Showing outermost shell electrons only)

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2. (a) Draw electron diagrams to show the formation of aluminium ion.

(b) (i) What is the chemical formula of an aluminium atom.

____________________________________________________________

(ii) What is the chemical formula of an aluminium ion.

____________________________________________________________

(iii) What is the electronic arrangement of an aluminium ion.

____________________________________________________________

(c) Write an ionic half-equation for the formation of aluminium ion from aluminium atom.

_______________________________________________________________________

(d) Draw an electron diagram of aluminium atom.

(Showing outermost shell electrons only)

(e) Draw an electron diagram of aluminium ion.

(Showing outermost shell electrons only)

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3. (a) Draw electron diagrams to show the formation of calcium ion.

(Showing outermost shell electrons only)

(b) (i) What is the chemical formula of a calcium atom.

____________________________________________________________

(ii) What is the chemical formula of a calcium ion.

____________________________________________________________

(iii) What is the electronic arrangement of a calcium ion.

____________________________________________________________

(c) Write an ionic half-equation for the formation of calcium ion from calcium atom.

_______________________________________________________________________

(d) Draw an electron diagram of calcium atom.

(Showing outermost shell electrons only)

(e) Draw an electron diagram of calcium ion.

(Showing outermost shell electrons only)

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Classwork 7.5
1. (a) A phosphorus atom can gain ________________________________________________

to obtain a stable electronic configuration of an ____________ atom.

When a phosphorus atom gains three outermost shell electrons, it forms a phosphide ion.

A phosphide ion carries ________________________ charges.

(b) Draw electron diagrams to show how a phosphorus atom becomes stable.

An electron diagram that shows how a phosphorus atom becomes stable

Chemical name Phosphorus atom Electron Phosphide ion

Chemical formula

Electronic arrangement

No. of protons (+)

No. of electrons (-)

Charge

Ionic half-equation

An electron diagram that shows how a phosphorus atom becomes stable

(Showing outermost shell electrons only)

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Topic II_Ch. 7_Ionic bonding_Classwork

2. (a) Draw electron diagrams to show the formation of nitride ion.

(b) (i) What is the chemical formula of a nitrogen atom. ____________

(ii) What is the chemical formula of a nitride ion. ____________

(iii) What is the electronic arrangement of a nitride ion. ____________

(c) Write an ionic half-equation for the formation of nitride ion from nitrogen atom.

____________________________________________________________

(d) Draw an electron diagram for a nitrogen atom.

(Showing electrons in the outermost shell)

(e) Draw an electron diagram for a nitride ion.

(Showing electrons in the outermost shell)

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3. Draw electron diagrams to show the formation of chloride ion.

(Showing outermost shell electrons only)

(b) (i) What is the chemical formula of a chlorine atom. ____________

(ii) What is the chemical formula of a chloride ion. ____________

(iii) What is the electronic arrangement of a chloride ion. ____________

(c) Write an ionic half-equation for the formation of chloride ion from chlorine atom.

____________________________________________________________

(d) Draw an electron diagram for a chlorine atom.

(Showing electrons in the outermost shell)

(e) Draw an electron diagram for a chloride ion.

(Showing electrons in the outermost shell)

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4. You are given two species, fluorine atom and fluoride ion.

(a) Draw an electron diagram for a fluorine atom.

(Showing electrons in the outermost shell)

(b) Draw an electron diagram for a fluoride ion.

(Showing electrons in the outermost shell)

(c) Which one is more stable, fluorine atom or fluoride ion?

A ________________________ is more stable.

This is because it has a stable ____________ structure in its _____________________

_____________________.

(d) Write a chemical formula of a fluoride ion.

____________________________________________________________

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5. Fill in the following blanks.

Chemical
Chemical name Electron diagram
formula

Lithium

Lithium ion Li+

Sulphide ion

6. Fill in the following blanks.

Chemical Electron diagram

Chemical name
formula (Showing outermost shell electrons only)

Sulphur S

Calcium ion

Phosphide ion

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7. Answer the following short questions.

(a) State the electronic arrangement of an oxide ion.

____________________________________________________________

(b) State the electronic arrangement of an oxygen atom.

____________________________________________________________

(c) State the electronic arrangement of a neon atom.

____________________________________________________________

(d) Oxide ion and a neon atom have the same electronic arrangement.

Explain why they have different chemical properties.

An oxide ion and a neon atom have the same electronic arrangement.

But, they have different chemical properties.

This is because they have different number of _____________.

(e) Do an oxide ion and an oxygen atom have similar chemical properties?

An oxide ion and an oxygen atom have different number of _____________ and hence different

_______________________________________.

Thus, they have different chemical properties.

Thus, they do not have similar chemical properties.

(f) P3- is called phosphide ion.

Name the species S2-.

_________________________________________________________________

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Topic II_Ch. 7_Ionic bonding_Classwork
Classwork 7.6
1. (a) Fill in the electronic arrangements of atoms.

Electronic arrangements and chemical formulae of atoms of elements

Group I Group II Group III Group IV Group V Group VI Group VII Group 0

Li Be B C N O F Ne
Period 2
2,4 2,6

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Period 3
2,8,4

K Ca Br
Period 4
2,8,18,7

(b) Fill in the electronic arrangements and chemical formulae of ions.

Electronic arrangements and chemical formulae of ions

Group I Group II Group III Group IV Group V Group VI Group VII Group 0

Li+ Be2+ F-
Period 2
2 2 2,8

No ions formed
No simple ions

S2-
Period 3
2,8,8

Period 4

(c) Write the charges of the ions formed from the elements in each group of the Periodic table.

Group I II III V VI VII

Charge of ions +3

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2. The electronic arrangements of three chemical species are shown below.

W：2,1 X2+：2,8 Y-：2, 8, 8

Which of the elements (W, X and Y) are in the same period of the Periodic Table?

A. W and X only

B. W and Y only

C. X and Y only

D. X, Y and W

3. In which of the following atoms or ions is the outermost shell an octet?

(1) Li+ (2) Ne (3) S2-

A. (1) only

B. (2) only

C. (1) and (3) only

D. (2) and (3) only

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4. 26Fe is an isotope of iron.

Which of the following correctly describes the number of subatomic particles in an Fe3+ ion formed

from this isotope?

No. of electrons No. of neutrons

A. 23 26

B. 23 30

C. 24 26

D. 26 30

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Classwork 7.7 – 7.8

1. Draw an electron diagram to show the formation of sodium oxide.

An electron diagram that shows the formation of sodium oxide

Chemical name Sodium Oxygen Sodium oxide

Step 1: Symbol Na O

Step 2: Electronic

arrangement

Step 3: Group no.

Chemical formula Na O Step 4: Charge

Step 5: Cross

Step 6: Ratio

Step 7: Omit “1”

Electronic Sodium atom (Na) Oxygen atom (O) Sodium ion (Na+) Oxide ion (O2-)

arrangement

An electron diagram that shows the formation of sodium oxide

(Showing outermost shell electrons only)

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2. Draw an electron diagram to show the formation of lithium fluoride.

3. Draw an electron diagram to show the formation of beryllium oxide.

4. Draw an electron diagram to show the formation of aluminium oxide.

(Showing outermost shell electrons only)

5. Draw an electron diagram to show the formation of calcium bromide.

(Showing outermost shell electrons only) (Bromine is group VII)

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6. Draw the electron diagrams for the following ionic compounds.

Chemical name: Beryllium chloride Chemical name: Magnesium nitride

Chemical formula: BeCl2 Chemical formula:

Electron diagram for beryllium chloride: Electron diagram for magnesium nitride:

Chemical name: Potassium phosphide Chemical name: Calcium sulphide

Chemical formula: K3P Chemical formula:

Electron diagram for potassium phosphide: Electron diagram for calcium sulphide:

(Showing outermost shell electrons only) (Showing outermost shell electrons only)

Chemical name: Lithium oxide Chemical name: Beryllium oxide

Chemical formula: Chemical formula:

Electron diagram for lithium oxide: Electron diagram for beryllium oxide:

(Showing outermost shell electrons only) (Showing outermost shell electrons only)

Chemical name: aluminium iodide (Iodine = VII) Chemical name: sodium nitride

Chemical formula: Chemical formula:

Electron diagram for aluminium iodide: Electron diagram for sodium nitride:

(Showing outermost shell electrons only) (Showing outermost shell electrons only)

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7. The following table shows the atomic numbers of four elements.

Element a b c d

Atomic number 12 17 6 18

(a) (i) Which TWO elements would form an ionic compound?

___________________________________________________________________

(ii) Name the compound formed by two elements in (a)(i).

___________________________________________________________________

(b) Draw an electron diagram for the compound formed in (a).

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Classwork 7.9 – 7.10

1. Fill in the following blanks.

Chemical Name Chemical formula

Magnesium chloride

Iron(III) oxide

Calcium hydroxide

Sodium sulphate

Potassium dichromate

Lead(II) hydroxide

2. M is an element in the third period of the periodic table.

It forms a hydroxide which has the chemical formula M(OH)2.

What is the chemical formula of the sulphate of M?

__________________________________________________________________________

3. Fill in the following blanks.

Chemical Name Chemical formula

MgF2

Al2O3

KMnO4

CaSO3

4. Give the names of the following ionic compounds.

Chemical formula Chemical name

NaCl

KOH

Al2(SO4)3

Na2CO3

K2CrO4

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5. Give the names of the following ionic compounds.

Chemical formula Chemical name

MgSO3

Na2Cr2O7

(NH4)2SO4

Fe(OH)3

ZnSO4ž7H2O

6. Give the chemical formulae of the ionic compounds given below.

Chemical Name Chemical Formula

Ammonium nitrate

Calcium carbonate

Silver nitrate

Calcium hydroxide

7. Give the chemical formulae of the ionic compounds given below.

Chemical Name Chemical Formula

Aluminium chloride

Ammonium carbonate

Calcium hydrogencarbonate

Potassium permanganate

8. What kind of element do positive ions belong to? Are there any exceptions?

Nearly all cations are formed from metal atoms, e.g. K+, Cu2+, Pb2+.

Exception: _____________________________________________

9. What kind of element do negative ions belong to? Are there any exceptions?

Nearly all anions are formed from non-metal atoms, e.g. F-, Cl-, P3-, O2-.

Exception: ______________________________________________________

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Classwork 7.11
1. Fill in the following blanks.

Substance Color Substance Color

Mg(NO3)2(aq) KMnO4(s)

Al2O3(s) (NH4)2Cr2O7(aq)

FeSO4(aq) Cobalt(II) chloride solution

Dry cobalt(II) chloride solid Anhydrous copper(II) sulphate

CuSO4(aq) CrCl3(aq)

2. The table below shows the colour of the aqueous solutions of three ionic compounds.

Compound Colour of aqueous solution

QT Green

XZ Yellow

XT Colourless

Which of the following combinations about the colour of the ions involved is most likely to be correct?

Q2+ (aq) X2+ (aq) T2- (aq) Z2- (aq)

A. colourless colourless colourless colourless

B. green yellow green yellow

C. colourless yellow green colourless

D. green colourless colourless yellow

3. Which of the following ions is responsible for the green colour of emerald (翡翠)?

A. Mn3+

B. Mn2+

C. Cr3+

D. Fe3+

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Classwork 7.12 – 7.13

1. Topaz is yellow-brown in color. Suggest the ion responsible for the color.

_______________________________________________________________

2. A student used the following set-up to study the movement of ions.

The student placed a drop of copper(II) sulphate solution at A and a drop of orange solution at C. The

two solutions would not react.

(a) The orange color of the solution at C is due to the anion present.

Name the ion responsible for the color.

_______________________________________________________________

(b) Electricity was passed through for some time.

(i) What would be the color change at A? Explain your answer.

It changes from _________________ to _____________________ gradually at A.

/ The blue color fades gradually at A.

This is because the blue positive _______________________________________ move

towards the negative electrode.

(ii) What would be the color change at B? Explain your answer.

A _____________________ color appeared at B.

The orange negative _________________________ move towards the positive electrode

while the blue positive _________________________ move towards the negative electrode.

They mix to give a _____________________ color.

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3. Refer to the experiment in section 7.12:

(a) Sodium sulphate solution is used to moisten the filter paper. Explain why Na2SO4(aq) is

preferred rather than tap water.

Sodium sulphate solution can provide __________________ to increase

_____________________________.

Thus, sodium sulphate solution is used instead of tap water.

(b) Explain why the migration of potassium ion K+ cannot be observed.

Potassium ion (K+) is _______________. Thus, we cannot see its movement.

4. Refer to the experiment in section 7.13:

(a) Why the bottom of the U-tube is filled with a gel, instead of a solution of ions?

The gel is used to __________________ the mixing of the bottom layer with the top layer.

It allows us to observe the movement of ions.

(b) Dilute hydrochloric acid is used to fill the tops of the gel. Explain why HCl(aq) is preferred

rather than tap water.

Dilute hydrochloric acid can provide ________________________________________

______________________________________.

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More practices
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

1. Which of the following pairs of elements would combine to form an ionic compound?

A Calcium and oxygen

B Carbon and sulphur

C Nitrogen and fluorine

D Potassium and sodium

2. The compound formed between two elements X and Y has the following electronic structure:

How many electrons are there in the outermost shell of an atom of X and that of Y?

X Y

A 1 6

B 1 8

C 3 6

D 3 8

3. An atom of element X has 20 protons while an atom of element Y has 7 electrons.

What is the formula of the compound formed from X and Y?

A XY2 B X2 Y3 C X2 Y5 D X3 Y2

4. How many elements does ammonium dichromate consist of?

A 2 B 3 C 4 D 5

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5. X, Y and Z are three consecutive elements in the periodic table. X forms a stable anion X–, while Z

forms a stable cation Z+. Which of the following statements about X, Y and Z is correct?

A X, Y and Z are elements in the same period of the periodic table.

B Both X and Z are electrical conductors under room temperature and pressure.

C Y reacts with Z readily.

D X– and Z+ have the same electronic arrangement.

6. M is an element in the third period of the periodic table.

M forms a sulphate which has the chemical formula M2SO4.

The chemical formula of the chloride of M is

A MCl B MCl2

C M2Cl D M2Cl3

7. Element X (atomic number 11) combines with element Y (atomic number 16) to form a compound Z.

Which of the following statements are correct?

(1) Z is an ionic compound.

(2) The chemical formula of Z is XY2.

(3) When X combines with Y, each atom of X loses one electron.

A (1) and (2) only B (1) and (3) only

C (2) and (3) only D (1), (2) and (3)

8. The atomic number of element X is 20. Which of the following statements concerning X are correct?

(1) X can combine with oxygen to form an ionic compound.

(2) X is in Group II of the periodic table.

(3) X is stored in paraffin oil in the laboratory.

A (1) and (2) only

B (1) and (3) only

C (2) and (3) only

D (1), (2) and (3)

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9. M is an element in the third period of the periodic table. M forms a carbonate which has the chemical

formula M2CO3. The chemical formula of the phosphate of M is likely to be

A M2PO4.

B M3PO4.

C M2(PO4)3.

D M3(PO4)2.

10. Caesium (Cs) is a Group I element and its relative atomic mass is greater than that of potassium. Which

of the following statements concerning caesium is INCORRECT?

A It is a soft metal.

B It reacts with water to give an alkaline solution.

C It reacts with chlorine to form an ionic compound.

D All of its compounds are coloured.

11. Both strontium (Sr) and calcium (Ca) belong to the same group of the periodic table. Which of the

following statements is INCORRECT?

A Both strontium and calcium become tarnished after having exposed to air for some time.

B Both strontium and calcium are stored in water.

C Strontium is more reactive than calcium.

D The chemical formula of strontium bromide is SrBr2.

END

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