FORCE

Consider a ball kept on a table, we can move it by pulling or pushing. We can increase its speed by pushing it in
the direction of motion. If we push it opposite to the direction of motion its speed will decrease. If the ball is in
motion towards east, we push it towards north, the direction of will change.
Take a soft rubber ball between your palms and push the ball from both sides, the shape of the ball is distorted.
In all the above cases we have applied the force on the ball. So force in a push or pull which can move the
object. It can change the speed of the object, it can change the direction of motion, it can change the shape of
the object. In all the above cases we have applied the force on the ball and the ball is accelerated so we can
define force as follows:
“Force is the cause which can produce acceleration in the body on which is acts”.
Effects of Force :
The force or a set of forces acting on a body, can do three things :
(i) A force or a set of forces can change the speed of the body.
(ii) A force or a set of forces can change the direction of motion.
(iii) A force can change the shape of the body.
GALILEO’S EXPERIMENTS
It was observed by Galileo that when a ball is rolled down on an inclined plane it speed increases, whereas if it
is rolled up an inclined plane its speed decreases. If it is rolled on a horizontal plane the result must be between
the cases describe above i.e. the speed should remain constant. .
Conclusion of Galileo’s Experiments :
(i) A body is at rest and no unbalanced forced acts on it, remains at rest.
(ii) A body is moving and no unbalance force acts on it, it will continue to move at constant speed in a fixed
direction.
(iii) If unbalance forces act on a body the body will accelerated. The idea was suggested by Galileo and was
later formulated into laws by Newton.

NEWTON’S FIRST LAW OF MOTION- We have learnt so far that:

(i) If a body is at rest and no unbalanced force acts on it, it remains at rest.
(ii) If a body is moving and no unbalanced force acts on it, it will continue to move at constant speed in a fixed
direction.
(iii) If an unbalanced force acts on a body, the body will accelerated.
These facts are taken together from Galileo’s law of inertia on Newton’s’ first law of motion. The idea was
suggested by Galileo and was later formulated into a law by Newton. We can state Newton’s first law motion as
follows :
(a) Statement of Newton’s First law of Motion :
A body at rest will remain at rest and a body in motion will remain in uniform motion unless acted upon by an
unbalanced force. Or
A body remain uncelebrated if and only if, the resultant force on it is zero.
In such a case the body is said to be in equilibrium.

INERTIA
Description: If follows from first law of motion that is absence of any eternal force, a body continues to be in its
state of rest or of uniform motion along a straight line. In other words, the body cannot change by itself its
position of rest or of uniform motion.
The inability of the body to change by itself its states of rest or uniform motion is a straight line is called inertia.
Newton’s’ first law of motion is also called law of inertia.
Inertia Depends upon Mass: We know that it is difficult to move a heavier body than the lighter one. Similarly it
is difficult to stop a moving heavier body that a lighter body moving with the same velocity. Thus, we conclude
that mass of the body is the measure of inertia, more the mass, more the inertia.
TYPES OF INERTIA- Inertia is of the three types :
(a) Inertia of Rest: The tendency of the body to continue is state of rest even when some external unbalance
force is applied on it, is called the inertia of rest.
Description :
(i) A person sitting in a bus falls backwards when the bus suddenly starts. The reason is the lower part of his
body begins to move along with the bus but the upper part of his body tends to remain at due to inertia of rest.
(ii) We beat a carpet with a stick to remove dust particles. When the carpet is beaten, it is suddenly set into
motion. The dust particles tend to remain at rest due to inertia of rest and hence fall off.
(iii) When a branch of tree is shaken the fruits get separated from the tree due to inertia of rest.

(b) Inertia of Motion : The tendency of the body to continue in its state of motion even when some unbalance
forces are applied on it, is called in the inertia of motion.
Description :
(i) A man carelessly getting down a moving bus falls forward, the reason being that his feet come to rest
suddenly, whereas the upper part of his body retains the forward motion.
(ii) An athlete runs a certain distance before taking a leap so that the inertia of motion of his body at the time of
leaping may help him in his muscular efforts.
(iii) We remove snow or mud from our shoes by striking them against wall. On striking the wall, the feet comes
to rest whereas the snow which is still in motion separates from the shoes.

(c) Inertia of Direction : The tendency of a body to oppose any change in its direction of motion is known as
inertia of direction.
(i) If a car takes a turn along a curved track, the passengers experience a force acting away from the centre of
the curved track. This is the result of tendency of the passenger to continue moving along a straight path.
(ii) Tie a stone to one end of a string and holding other end of the string in hand. rotate the stone in a horizontal
circle. if during rotation, the string breaks at certain stage, the stone is found to fly off tangentially at that point
of the circle.
(iii) The water drops sticking to cycles tyre are found to fly off tangentially.
(iv) The sparks produced during sharpening of a knife or a razor against a grinding wheel, leave the rim of the
wheel tangentially.
DEFINITION OF FORCE FROM FIRST LAW OF MOTION
Description : A according to first law of motion, if there is no force, there is no change in state of rest or of
uniform motion. In other words, if a force is applied, it may change the state of rest or of uniform motion. If the
force is not sufficient, it may not produce a change but only try to do so. Hence force is that which changes or
tries to change the state of rest or of uniform motion of a body in straight line.
MOMENTUM
It is the combined effect of mass and velocity of the body. Mathematically, momentum of the body is defined as
the product of mass and the velocity of the body. If m is the mass of the body and v is its velocity then
momentum, p = mv
Momentum is a vector quantity and its direction is in the direction of velocity.
Unit of momentum :
(In C.G.S. system) p = mv =gram × cm/s = dyne × s
(In M.K.S. system) p = mv =kg × m/s = Newton × s

NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION- The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly
proportional to the applied unbalanced forces i.e.
Rate of change of momentum  Force applied
Let a body is moving with initial velocity u and after applying a force F on it, its velocity becomes v in time t.
Initial momentum of the body p1 = mu
Final momentum of the body p2 = mv
Change in momentum in time t is mv - mu
So rate of change of momentum =(mv –mu)/t
But according to Newton’s second law, (mv-mu)/t  F Or
F  ma, Here, a=(v-u)/t (acceleration)
So F  ma
or F = kma Here is proportionality constant.
if 1N force is applied on a body of mass 1 kg and the acceleration produced in the body is 1 ms/2, then 1 = k× 1
× 1 or k = 1.
So the magnitude of the resultant force acting on body is equal to the product of mass of the body and the
acceleration produced. Direction of the force is same as that of the acceleration.
UNITS OF FORCE
(a) In C.G.S. System :
F = ma =gm × cm/s2 = Dyne
Definition of one dyne : If m = 1 gm, a = 1 cm/s2, then F = 1 dyne.
When a force is applied on a body of mass 1 gram and the acceleration produced in the body in 1 cm/s 2 then the
force acting on the body will be one dyne.
(b) In S.I. System :
F = ma =kg × m/s2 = Newton
Definition of one Newton : If m = 1 kg and a = 1 m/s2 then by, F = ma
F = 1 × 1 = 1 kg m/s2 = 1 N.
If a force is applied on a body of a mass 1 kg and acceleration produced in the body in 1 m/s 2, then the force
acting on the body will be one Newton.
Other units :
There are two other units of force called gravitational units.
(c) Kilogram Force (kgf) : Kilogram force (kf) or Kilogram weight (kg. wt.) is force with which a mass of 1 kg
is attracted by the earth towards its centre. 1 kgf = 9.8 N
(d) Gram Force (gf) : Gram force or gram weight is the force with which a mass of 1 gram is attracted by the
earth towards its centre. 1 gf = 981 dyne

Relation between Newton and dyne.

We know : 1 N = 1kg = 1 ms-2 or 1 N = 1000 g × 100 cms
or 1 N = 105 g cms= 105 dyne
1 N = 105 dyne
FIRST LAW OF MOTION BY SECOND LAW OF MOTION
According to first law of motion, if there is no force, there is no change in state of rest or of uniform motion. In
other words, if a force is applied, it may change the state of rest or of uniform motion. If the force is not
sufficient, if may not produce a change but only try to do so. Hence force is that which changes o tries to change
the state of rest or of uniform motion of a body in straight line.
Hence we get the definition of force from Newton’s first law of motion. Newton’s first law of motion can be
deduced from Newton’s’ second law of motion.
According to second law of motion,
F = ma
if F = 0, then a = 0, Since m ≠ 0, a = 0
or v - u = 0 or v = u
or v = u [after more time]
Which means that the velocity of the body cannot change in absence of external force. If the body is initially at
rest i.e., if u = 0, v = 0 and if u = 5 ms-1, v = 5ms-1.
Thus, it follows that a body will continue to be in the state of rest or of uniform motion along a straight line if
no external force acts on it and this is the first law. thus, first law can be deduced from second law of motion.
APPLICATIONS OF SECOND LAW OF MOTION IN DAILY LIFE
(i) Catching the ball by a cricketer: While catching a fast moving cricket ball, the player moves his hands
backward after catching the ball. By moving his hands, the cricketer increases the time. As a result he has to
apply a small force on the ball. In reaction, the ball also applies lesser force and the hands of the player are not
injured.
(ii) Jumping on heap of sand: If someone jumps from a height on a heap of sand below, his feet move inside the
sand very slowly. His momentum changes slowly requiring a lesser force of action from the sand. The man is
not injured.
(iii) Jumping down of a passenger from a moving train or bus: A passenger sitting in a moving train or bus has
momentum, When the jumps down and stands on platform or road, his momentum becomes zero. If he jumps
down suddenly from the moving train or bus and tries to stand on his feet, his body will fall forward due to
inertia of motion. He will be injured. He is advised to run over some distance on the platform or road along with
(in direction f) the train or bus. This will slow down his rate of change of momentum and lesser force will be
involved.
(vi) Springs in vehicles: The vehicles are fitted with springs to reduce the hardness of the shock. When vehicles
more over an uneven road, they experience impulses exerted by the road. The springs increase the duration of
impact and hence reduce the force.
(v) Springs in seats: The seats are also fitted with springs to reduce their hardness. When we sit on them all of a
sudden, the seats are compressed. The compression increases duration of our coming to rest of the seat. They
reaction force of seats become negligible.
(vi) Soft material packing: China and glass wares are packed with soft material when transported. They collide
during transportation but soft packing material slows down their rate of change of momentum. The force of
impact is reduced and the items are not broken.
(vii) Atheists: Athletes are advised to come to stop slowly after finishing a fast race. In general, all changes of
momentum must be brought slowly to involve lesser force of action and reaction to avoid injury.
NEWTON’S THIRD LAW
Introduction: When a force is applied to stop a moving body, we ourselves experience some force from the
body being stopped. When a cricketer used his hands to stop a moving ball, his hands also experience some
force from the ball and sometimes the force is unbearable. When we jump on a cemented road from some
height, our feet get injured by the impact of the road.
From above examples we find that whenever one body exerts a force on another body, the second body exerts
an equal and opposite force on the first body. The force exerted by the first body on the second body is called
‘action’ and the force exerted by the second body on the first body is called ‘reaction’/
Statement: The law states the “To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction”. Moreover, action and
reaction act on different bodies.
Explanation: If may be noted that action and reaction occur simultaneously. Action and reaction never act on
same body. Had this been the case, there would have been no (accelerated) motion, Since action and reaction
occur in pairs and act on two different bodies, it is impossible to have single isolated force.
Examples:
(i) Swimming of a man : The man swims because he pushes water behind (action), water pushes man forward
(reaction).
(ii) Walking of man : man pushes the earth behind from right foot (action). Earth pushes the man forward
(reaction). Then the man walks.
(iii) Flight of jet or rocket :The burnt gases are exhausted from behind with high speed giving the gases
backward momentum (action). The exhausted gages impart the jet or rocket a forward momentum (reaction).
Then jet or rocket moves.
(iv) Gun and bullet : A loaded gun has a bullet inside it. When the gun’s trigger is pressed, the powder inside
cartridge explodes. A force of action acts on the bullet and makes the light bullet come out of the barrel with a
high velocity. The heavy gun moves behind (recoils) with a small velocity due to force of reaction. This is also
an example of law of conservation of linear momentum.
(v) Man and boat : A man is boat near river bank is at rest. To reach the bank, the man pushes the boat behind
(action), the boat pushes the man forward (reaction). The man lands on the bank.
(vi) Hose pipe : Water rushes out of the hose pipe with a large velocity due to force of action of the compressor
from behind. The rushing out jet of water pushes the hose pipe behind due to force of reaction. Then pipe has to
be held tightly.
NO ACTION IS POSSIBLE WITHOUT REACTION Examples :
(i) A nail cannot be fixed on a suspended wooden ball.
(ii) A paper cannot be cut by scissors of single blade.
(iii) A hanging piece of paper cannot be cut by blade.
(iv) Writing on a hanging page is impossible.
(v) Hitting on a piece of sponge does not produce reaction. You do not enjoy hitting.
PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM
By Newton’s second law, the rate of change of momentum is equal to the applied force.
Change in momentum/time=Force
Change is momentum = F × t
If F = 0 then, Change is momentum = 0
If the force applied on the body is zero then its momentum will be conserved, this law is also applicable on the
system. If in a system the momentum of the objects present in the system are P1 , P2, P3 ........... and external
force on the system is zero, then -
P1 + P2 + P3 + .............. = Constant
NOTE : If only internal forces are acting on the system then its linear momentum will be conserved.
(a) The Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum by Third Law of Motion :
Suppose A and B are two objects of masses m1 and m2 are moving in the same direction with velocity u1 and u2
respectively (u1 > u2). Object A collides with object B and after time t both move in their original direction with
velocity v1 and v2 respectively.
The change in momentum of object A = m1v1 - m1u1
The force on B by A is F1 = Change in momentum/ time
F1=(m1 v1- m1 u1)/t …….(1)
The change is momentum of object B = m2 v2 - m2u2
The force on A by B is F2 = Change in momentum/ time = (m2 v2- m2 u2)/t …..(2)
By Newton third law, F1 = - F2 after collision
(m1 v1- m1 u1)/t = (m2 v2- m2 u2)/t
or m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2
or Initial momentum = Final momentum
SOME ILLUSTRATION ON CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
(a) Recoil of Gun: A loaded gun (rifle) having bullet inside it forming one system is initially at rest. The system
has zero initial momentum.
When the trigger (T) is pressed, the bullet is fired due to internal force of explosion of powder in cartridge
inside.
The bullet moves forward with a high velocity and the gun move behind (recoils) with a lesser velocity. Let the
bullet and the gun have masses m and M respectively. Let the bullet move forward with velocity v and the gun
recoils with velocity V.
Then final momentum of the gun and bullet is MV + mv
By the law of conservation of momentum :
Initial momentum of the system = Final momentum of the system.
0 = MV + mv or
V= -mv/M
Hence the recoil velocity of gun = mv/M
and the velocity of the gun is = -mv/M
(a) Flight of Jet Rocket :
Jet planes and rockets are provided with chemical fuels. Combustion of these fuels produces a high velocity
blast of hot gases. These gases move outward and escape through nozzle (a narrow opening) with very high
velocity and large momentum. (they escape horizontally backward in case of jet planes and vertically
downwards in case of rocket). The escaping gases impart their momentum to the jet plane and the rocket. They
move forward or upward with a high velocity.
In general, all cases involving action and reaction, are examples of law of conservation of momentum. Action
and reaction being equal and acting simultaneously for same duration, have equal and opposite
impulses. They produce equal and opposite changes of momentum in the pair of bodies involved. It keeps the
total momentum of the two body system constant (conserved).