Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Lecture 05

Development Length, Lap Splices

and Curtailment of
Reinforcement
By:
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali
Civil Engineering Department
UET Peshawar

[email protected]
www.drqaisarali.com
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 1
 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Lecture Contents

 Development Length
⚫ Development Length of Compression Reinforcement

⚫ ACI provisions for Development of Tension Reinforcement

⚫ ACI provisions for Development of Standard Hook in Tension

 Dimensions & Bends for Standard Hooks

 Splices of Deformed Bars

 Curtailment of reinforcement

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Learning Outcomes

 At the end of this lecture, students will be able to;

⚫ Explain importance of Development Length in concrete members to
avoid bond failure

⚫ Outline location of curtailment of reinforcement

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Development Length

 Development length
⚫ Consider a steel bar embedded in concrete block; If force P is
gradually increased, depending on the embedment length, either

⚫ The bar will come out of the concrete block, or

⚫ The steel will yield.

P
ℓ

P
ℓ

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Development Length

 Development length
⚫ The minimum length of the bar to be embedded in the concrete
block so that the bar is yielded but not pulled out of the concrete
block due to bond failure is known as Development length.

⚫ If the provided embedment length 𝑙 is less than the development

length 𝑙𝑑 , the bar will be pulled out of the concrete block which is
termed as bond failure.

P
ℓ

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Development Length

 Bond failure
⚫ There are two types of bond failure

1. Direct pullout of reinforcement: Direct pullout of reinforcement

occurs in members subjected to direct tension.

2. Splitting of concrete: In members subjected to tensile flexural

stresses, the reinforcement causes splitting of concrete as shown.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Development Length

 Development length of compression members

⚫ In the case of bars in compression, a part of the total force is
transferred by bond along the embedded length, and a part is
transferred by end bearing of the bars on the concrete.

⚫ As the surrounding concrete is relatively free of cracks and

because of the beneficial effect of end bearing, shorter basic
development lengths are permissible for compression bars than for
tension bars.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Development Length

 Development length of compression members

⚫ In the next portion of the lecture we will discuss the development
length of tension reinforcement only because it is the governing
criteria in most of the cases in reinforced concrete structures.

⚫ For more details refer to section 5.8 of Design of Concrete

Structures 14th Ed. by Nilson, Darwin and Dolan.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Development Length

 Development length of tension reinforcement

⚫ Tensile force 𝑇, acting on bar 𝐴𝑏 having yield strength 𝑓𝑦 , try to

pullout bar embedded in concrete member having bond strength 𝑓𝑏

⚫ Resistance 𝑅 against the force 𝑇, offered by skin friction around

bar is given as

𝑅≥𝑇
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ × 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 × 𝑓𝑏 ≥ 𝐴𝑏 𝑓𝑦
2
𝜋 𝑑𝑏
𝑙𝑑 × 𝜋𝑑𝑏 × α 𝑓𝑐 ′ ≥ 𝑓𝑦
4
ℓ
P
𝑓𝑦
𝑙𝑑 = 𝑑𝑏
4α 𝑓𝑐 ′

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Development Length

 ACI 318 Code Provisions for Development of tension

reinforcement
⚫ As per ACI 318, section 25.4.2.4, for deformed bars or deformed
wires, 𝑙𝑑 shall be calculated by:

3 𝑓𝑦 Ψ𝑡 Ψ𝑒 Ψ𝑠 Ψ𝑔
𝑙𝑑 = 𝑑𝑏
40 𝜆 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑐𝑏 + 𝐾𝑡𝑟
𝑑𝑏

Where
• 𝜆 ,Ψ𝑡 ,Ψ𝑒 ,Ψ𝑠 , Ψ𝑔 are called modification factors
• 𝐶𝑏 is a factor that represents the least of the side cover, the concrete cover to the bar.
• 𝐾𝑡𝑟 is a factor that represents the contribution of confinement reinforcement across
potential splitting planes. It shall be permitted to take 𝐾𝑡𝑟 = 0 for design simplification.

𝑐𝑏 +𝐾𝑡𝑟
• The term shall not exceed 2.5
𝑑𝑏

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Development Length

 ACI 318 Code Provisions for Development of tension

reinforcement

Table 25.4.2.5 —Modification factors for development of deformed bars in tension

Modification Value of
Condition
factor factor
Lightweight concrete 0.75
Lightweight 𝜆
Normal weight concrete 1
Grade 40 or Grade 60 1
Reinforcement grade
Grade 80 1.15
Ψ𝑔
Grade 100 1.3
Epoxy-coated or zinc and epoxy dual-coated reinforcement with clear cover less than 3db
1.5
or clear spacing less than 6db
Epoxy Ψ𝑒
Epoxy-coated or zinc and epoxy dual-coated reinforcement for all other conditions 1.2
Uncoated or zinc-coated (galvanized) reinforcement 1
No. 7 and larger bars 1
Size Ψ𝑠
No. 6 and smaller bars and deformed wires 0.8

Casting position More than 12 in. of fresh concrete placed below horizontal reinforcement 1.3
Ψ𝑡 Other 1

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Development Length

 ACI 318 Code Provisions for Development of tension

reinforcement

⚫ If the values of 𝜆 ,Ψ𝑡 ,Ψ𝑒 , Ψ𝑔 are taken equal to 1, then the

previous equation reduces to;

𝑓𝑦
𝑙𝑑 (𝑖𝑛) = 𝑑𝑏 ( for No. 7 and larger bars, Ψs = 1 )
20 𝑓𝑐 ′

and

𝑓𝑦
𝑙𝑑 (𝑖𝑛) = 𝑑𝑏 ( for No.6 and smaller bars, Ψs = 0.8 )
25 𝑓𝑐 ′

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Development Length

 ACI 318 Code Provisions for Development of tension

reinforcement

Development Length for normalweight concrete of 3000psi

Development length 𝒍𝒅
Bar No. Equation
Grade 40 Grade 60
#3 11′′ 17′′
#4 𝑓𝑦 15′′ 22′′
𝑙𝑑 (𝑖𝑛) = 𝑑𝑏
#5 25 𝑓𝑐 ′ 19′′ 28′′
#6 22′′ 33′′
#7 32′′ 48′′
𝑓𝑦
#8 𝑙𝑑 (𝑖𝑛) = 𝑑𝑏 37′′ 55′′
20 𝑓𝑐 ′
#9 41′′ 62′′

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Development Length

 ACI 318 Code Provisions for Development of Standard hook

in Tension
⚫ If a hook is provided at the end of the embedded bar, the
requirement on the straight length portion of embedded bar is
reduced.

ℓdh
P

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Development Length

 ACI 318 Code Provisions for Development of Standard hook

in Tension
⚫ As per ACI 318 -19, section 18.8.5.1, for bar sizes No. 3 through
No. 11 terminating in a standard hook, 𝑙𝑑ℎ shall be calculated as
follows;

Concrete type Standard hook length 𝒍𝒅𝒉 (in)

𝑓𝑦
Normalweight concrete 𝐿𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑏 , 8𝑑𝑏 , 6"
65 𝑓𝑐 ′

𝑓𝑦
𝐿𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑏 , 10𝑑𝑏 , 7.5"
Lightweight concrete 48.75 𝑓𝑐 ′

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Development Length

 ACI 318 Code Provisions for Development of Standard hook

in Tension

Standard hook in tension for normalweight concrete of 3000psi

Development length 𝒍𝒅
Bar No.
Grade 40 Grade 60
#3 5′′ 7′′
#4 6′′ 9′′
#5 7′′ 11′′
#6 9′′ 13′′
#7 10′′ 15′′
#8 12′′ 17′′
#9 13′′ 19′′

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Development Length

 ACI 318 Code Provisions for Development of Standard hook

in Tension

Comparison between 𝒍𝒅 and 𝒍𝒅𝒉 for normalweight concrete of 3000psi

Grade 40 Grade 60
Bar No.
𝒍𝒅 𝒍𝒅𝒉 𝒍𝒅 𝒍𝒅𝒉
#3 11′′ 5′′ 17′′ 7′′

#4 15′′ 6′′ 22′′ 9′′

#5 19′′ 7′′ 28′′ 11′′

#6 22′′ 9′′ 33′′ 13′′

#7 32′′ 10′′ 48′′ 15′′

#8 37′′ 12′′ 55′′ 17′′

#9 41′′ 13′′ 62′′ 19′′

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Development Length

 Dimensions and bends for standard hooks

⚫ Standard bends in reinforcing bars are described in terms of the
inside diameter of bend since this is easier to measure than the
radius of bend.
Type of standard hook Bar size
Minimum inside bend Straight extension[1] Type of standard hook
diameter (in.) 𝒍𝒆𝒙𝒕 , in.

#3 through #8 6𝑑𝑏

90-degree hook #9 through #11 8𝑑𝑏 10𝑑𝑏

#14 and #18 10𝑑𝑏

#3 through #8 6𝑑𝑏

180-degree hook #9 through #11 8𝑑𝑏 𝐺𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 4𝑑𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2.5"

#14 and #18 10𝑑𝑏

[1]Astandard hook for deformed bars in tension includes the specific inside bend diameter and straight extension length. It
shall be permitted to use a longer straight extension at the end of a hook. A longer extension shall not be considered to
increase the anchorage capacity of the hook.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Development Length

 Various scenarios where 𝒍𝒅𝒉 must be satisfied

1. Beam Column Joint

Development of beam reinforcement

in column shall be > 𝑙𝑑ℎ

Development of column
reinforcement in beam shall be > 𝑙𝑑ℎ

Column
Beam

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Development Length

 Various scenarios where 𝒍𝒅𝒉 must be satisfied

2. Development of column reinforcement in foundation

Development of column
reinforcement in foundation

P.C.C 1:4:8

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Splices of Deformed bars

 Introduction
⚫ Splice means “to join”.

⚫ In general, reinforcing bars are stocked by supplier in lengths up to

60ft.

⚫ For this reason, and because it is often more convenient to work

with shorter bar lengths, it is frequently necessary to splice bars.

⚫ Splices in the reinforcement at points of maximum stress should be

avoided.

⚫ Splices should be staggered.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Splices of Deformed bars

 Various Types of splices

⚫ Bar splicing can be done in three ways:

1. Lap Splice 2. Mechanical Splice 3. Weld Splice

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Splices of Deformed bars

 Various Types of splices

1. Lap splice

⚫ Splices for #11 bars and smaller are usually made simply lapping
the bars by a sufficient distance to transfer stress by bond from
one bar to the other.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Splices of Deformed bars

 Various Types of splices

1. Lap splice

⚫ The lapped bars are usually placed in contact and lightly wired
so that they stay in position as the concrete is placed.

⚫ According to ACI 318-19, Section 25.5.1.3, bars spliced by

noncontact lap splices in flexural members shall not be spaced
transversely farther apart than one-fifth the required lap splice
length, nor 6 inches.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Splices of Deformed bars

 Various Types of splices

1. Lap splice

⚫ According to ACI 318-19, Section 25.5.2.1, minimum length of

lap for tension lap splices shall be as required for Class A or B
splice, but not less than 12 inches, where:
⚫ Class A splice ................................................... 1.0 𝑙𝑑

⚫ Class B splice ...................................................1.3 𝑙𝑑

Where 𝑙𝑑 as per ACI 25.4 (discussed earlier).

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Splices of Deformed bars

 Various Types of splices

1. Lap splice

⚫ Lap splices in general must be class B splices according to ACI

318-19, Section25.5.2.1, except that class A splice is allowed
when the area of the reinforcement provided is at least twice that
required by analysis over the entire length of the splice and when
½ or less of the total reinforcement is spliced within the required
lap length.

⚫ The effect of these requirements is to encourage designers to

locate splices away from regions of maximum stress to a
location where the actual steel area is at least twice that required
by analysis and to stagger splices.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Splices of Deformed bars

 Various Types of splices

1. Lap splice

⚫ According to ACI 318-19, Section 25.5.5.2, compression lap

splices shall not be used for bars larger than #11 (Because of
lack of adequate experimental data on lap splices of No. 14 and
No. 18 bars).

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Splices of Deformed bars

 Various Types of splices

2. Mechanical splice

⚫ In this method of splicing, the bars in direct contact are

mechanically connected through sleeves or other similar devices.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Splices of Deformed bars

 Various Types of splices

2. Mechanical splice

⚫ According to ACI 318-19, Section

25.5.7.1, a full mechanical splice shall
develop in tension or compression, as
required, at least 125 percent of
specified yield strength 𝑓𝑦 of the bar.

⚫ This ensures that the overloaded

spliced bar would fail by ductile
yielding in the region away from the
splice, rather than at the splice where
brittle failure is likely.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Splices of Deformed bars

 Various Types of splices

3. Welded splice

⚫ Splicing may be accomplished by

welding in which bars in direct
contact are welded so that the
stresses are transferred by weld
rather than bond.

⚫ According to ACI 25.5.7.1, a full

welded splice shall develop at least
125% of the specified yield
strength 𝑓𝑦 of the bar.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Splices of Deformed bars

 Splice Location
⚫ The splicing should be avoided in the critical locations, such as at
the maximum bending moment locations and at the shear critical
locations.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Curtailment of reinforcement

 Introduction
⚫ It is common practice to cut off bars where they are no longer
needed to resist stress.

⚫ In the case of simply supported beams, the figure on the next

slide shows cut off locations for various percentages of
reinforcement curtailment.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Curtailment of reinforcement

 Cut off locations for various percentages of reinforcement

curtailment. 0

10
𝑤𝑢
20

Percent of steel that may be bent up or cut off

30
𝑙/2 𝑙/2
40

𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑀𝑢 50

60

BMD
70

80

90

100
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Decimals of span length

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Curtailment of reinforcement

 Cut off locations for various a typical continuous beam

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Curtailment of reinforcement

 Cut off locations for various a typical continuous beam

⚫ For nearly equal spans, uniformly loaded, in which not more than
about one-half the tensile steel is to be cut off, the locations shown
in figure are satisfactory.

⚫ Note, in Figure that the beam at the exterior support at the left is
shown to be simply supported.

⚫ If the beam is monolithic with exterior columns or with a concrete

wall at that end, details for a typical interior span could be used for
the end span as well.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

References

 Design of Concrete Structures 14th / 15th edition by Nilson, Darwin and

Dolan.

 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-19)

Figure 9

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