NAME………………………………………………………….. INDEX NO…………..

443/1
AGRICULTURE
PAPER I
THEORY
TIME: 2 HOURS

2012 PROJECTIONS -001

Kenya Certificate Of Secondary Education

INSTRUCTION
1) The paper consists of three sections A, B and C.
2) Answer all questions in section A and B in the spaces provided
3) Answer any TWO questions in section C in the spaces provided.

FOR EXAMINER’S USE ONLY

SECTION QUESTIONS MAXIMUM CANDIDATE’S

SCORE SCORE
A 1 – 11 30
B 12 – 16 20
C 17 20
18 20
19 20
TOTAL SCORE 90

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SECTION A ( 30 MARKS)

1) a) State four achievements that can be made with high level of education and technology
in agriculture. (2 mrks)
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b) List four benefits that Kenyan farmers can get from liberalisation of the economy.
(2 mrks)

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2. State four roles played by living organisms in the process of soil formation. (2 mrks)
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3. List three factors that determine the choice of correct implements for primary tillage.
(1 ½ mrks)
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b) State three importance of sub-soiling. (1 ½ mrks)

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4. a) Distinguish between a weir and a dam (2 mrks)

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b) State two disadvantages of using the hydram pump during irrigation. (1 mrk)
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5. a) State five characteristics of plants used as Green Manure. (2 ½ mrks)
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b) Which four factors should be considered when siting a composit pit? (2 mrks)
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6. a) State four deficiency symptoms that would be seen in crop lacking potassium. (2 mrks)
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b) Give two reasons why soil should be sampled. (1 mk)
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7. List down three types of nurseries (1 ½ mrks)
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8. a) What is a ledger in farm accounts (1 mk)

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b) Name four examples of liabilities in a balance sheet. (2 mrks)

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9. List three importances of tissue culture in crop production. (3 mrks)
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10. Mention two types of mulching materials (1 mk)
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11. State two problems that a farmer may experience for failing to cut back pyrethrum. (2 mrks)
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SECTION B (20 MRKS)

Answer all questions in this section in the spaces provided.
12. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow.

x on tomato fruit

i) Identify x ……………………………………………..…………………………….(1mk)
ii) State the most destructive stage of the organism…………….…………………….(1 mk)

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iii) How can the pest be controlled ……………………………………………...…….(1 mk)
13. The diagram below shows a type of soil structure.

a) Identify the soil structure………………………………………………………….(1 mk)

b) Describe the formation of the above soil structure…………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….. (2 mrks)
c) State two disadvantages associated with the above structure. (2 mrks)
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14. The table below shows the average spacing for some crops. Study it and answer the
questions that follow.
Crop Spacing
Beans 30cm x 15cm
Maize 90cm x 30cm
Tea 150cm x 75cm

a) What three factors determine correct spacing for crops. (3 mrks)

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b) What is the main aim of correct crop spacing (1 mk)
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c) Calculate the appropriate plant population per hectare for maize. (2 mrks)
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15. Give three advantages of cooperative land tenure system. (3 mrks)

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16. State three disadvantages of using herbicides. (3 mrks)
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SECTION C (40 MRKS)
Answer any TWO questions in the spaces provided.
17. Describe the cultural methods used in controlling crop pests. (20 mrks)
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18. Using the data below answer the questions that follow.

Fertilizer Maize Total Total Marginal Marginal Net

input output Revenue Cost Revenue Cost Revenue
(Bags) (Bags) Kshs. Kshs. Kshs. Kshs. (Kshs)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 14 28000 5600 - - -
4 39 78000 11200 - - 66800
6 61 122000 16800 42000 - -
8 78 156000 22400 - - -
10 87 174000 28000 - - -
12 88 176000 23600 - 56000 136400

a) Work out the Marginal revenue, Marginal cost and Net revenue at all levels of
production and complete the table. (7 mrks)
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b) On the graph paper provided, draw a graph of output against input. (4 mrks)

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c) From the graph, work out the maize output at the input levels 3 and 9. (2 mrks)

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d) State the level of input where maximum profit is realised and give a reason. (2 mrks)
Level ……………………………………………………………………………………
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Reason………………………………………………………………………..……………
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e) What is elaciticity of Demand? (Ed) (1 mk)
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f) Enumerate the factors that determine the elasticity of demand. (4 mrks)
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19. a) Explain 10 benefits of Agro forestry. (10 mrks)
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b) Outline problems facing Agriculture in Kenya. (5 mrks)
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c) Give reasons for carrying out minimum tillage. (5 mrks)

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Name________________________________________________ Index No: _________________

443/1
AGRICULTURE
JULY/AUGUST 2010
PAPER 1
2 HOURS

2012 PROJECTIONS -002

Kenya Certificate Of Secondary Education

INSTRUCTION TO CANDIDATES

a) Write your name and index/ Admission number in the spaces provided above
b) This paper consists of three sections A B and C
c) Answer ALL the questions in section A and B; answer any Two questions in section C

For Examiner’s use only

Section Questions Maximum score Candidate’s
score
A 1-20 30
B 21-24 20
20
C 20
Total score

This paper consists of 7printed pages

13
 Please Turn Over

SECTION A
Answer ALL the questions in this section in the spaces provided
1. State three disadvantages of row planting in crops establishments (1 ½ mks)
(i)_______________________________________________________________________
(ii)_______________________________________________________________________
(iii)______________________________________________________________________
2. What do you understand by the term “organic farming” (1mk)
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
3. State three factors that determine spacing in maize (1 ½ mks)
(i)_______________________________________________________________________
(ii)_______________________________________________________________________
(iii)______________________________________________________________________
4. Give three factors that influence soil productivity (1 ½ mks)
(i)_______________________________________________________________________
(ii)_______________________________________________________________________
(iii)______________________________________________________________________
5. Give three conditions of the land which may make it necessary to carry out
reclamation practices (1 ½ mks)
(i)_______________________________________________________________________
(ii)_______________________________________________________________________
(iii)______________________________________________________________________
6. State four practices which encourage soil erosion (2mks)
(i)_______________________________________________________________________
(ii)_______________________________________________________________________
(iii)______________________________________________________________________
(iv)______________________________________________________________________
7. State four objectives of land settlement which have been undertaken in Kenya (2mks)
(i)_______________________________________________________________________
(ii)_______________________________________________________________________
(iii)______________________________________________________________________
(iv)______________________________________________________________________
8. Give three factors that influence the supply of a commodity in a free market (3mks)
(i)_______________________________________________________________________

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 (ii)_______________________________________________________________________
(iii)______________________________________________________________________
(iv)_____________________________________________________________________
2
9. Give four benefits of using polythene sleeves in raising seedlings (2mks)
(i)_______________________________________________________________________
(ii)_______________________________________________________________________
(iii)______________________________________________________________________
(iv)______________________________________________________________________
10. Differentiate between a purchase order and a delivery note (1mk)
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11. What is the role of agriculture in Kenya’s industrial growth and development (1 ½ mks)
(i)_______________________________________________________________________
(ii)_______________________________________________________________________
(iii)______________________________________________________________________
12. List two methods of drainage used on the farm (1mk)
(i)_______________________________________________________________________
(ii)_______________________________________________________________________
13. State four disadvantages of pastoral nomadism (2mks)
(i)_______________________________________________________________________
(ii)_______________________________________________________________________
(iii)______________________________________________________________________
(iv)______________________________________________________________________
14. State two financial statements that should be drawn on a farm (1mk)
(i)_______________________________________________________________________
(ii)_______________________________________________________________________
15. Give two reasons for treating seeds (1mk)
(i)_______________________________________________________________________
(ii)_______________________________________________________________________
16. State four factors influencing mass wasting (2mks)
(i)_______________________________________________________________________
(ii)_______________________________________________________________________
(iii)______________________________________________________________________

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 (iv)______________________________________________________________________
17. Give two reasons for hardening off (1mk)
(i)_______________________________________________________________________
(ii)_______________________________________________________________________

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18. State three methods for land clearing (1 ½ mks)
(i)_______________________________________________________________________
(ii)_______________________________________________________________________
(iii)______________________________________________________________________
19. Give two advantages of silage making (1mk)
(i)_______________________________________________________________________
(ii)_______________________________________________________________________
20. Name two cropping systems that help in soil and water conservation (1mk)
(i)_______________________________________________________________________
(ii)_______________________________________________________________________

SECTION B (20MARKS)
Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided
21. The diagrams below illustrate sorghum varieties characterized by head shape. Study it carefully
and answer the questions that follow.
(i) (ii) (iii)

(a) Identify the varieties (1 ½ mks)

(i)_______________________________________________________________________
(ii)_______________________________________________________________________

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 (iii)______________________________________________________________________
(b) Apart from birds give two other pests that may attack sorghum (1mk)
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(c) State two methods of controlling the above pests (2mks)
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22. The diagrams below illustrate two types of soil structures. Study them carefully
and answer the questions that follow
A B

(a) Identify the types of soil structures (1mk)

A
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B
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(b) State two disadvantages of soil structure A over B (2mks)
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(c) Give three importance of soil structure in crop production (1 ½ mks)
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23. The diagrams below represents some weeds
A B

(a) Identify weed A and B (1mk)

Weed A
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Weed B
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(b) Name two methods used to control weed A (2mks)
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18
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(c) State two harmful effects of weed B in livestock (1mk)
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(d) Give two factors contributing to the competitive ability of weed. A over other weeds (1mk)
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24. A farmer was advised to apply 40kg/ha P2O5 in planting holes, 60kg/ha Nitrogen in top
dressing and 60kg/ha K2O in a Maize field. The available fertilizers were sulphate of
ammonia 20% N, DSP 20% P2O5 and muriate of potash 50% K2O.

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(a) Calculate how much sulphate of ammonia and muriate of potash would be required in
one hectare of land. Show your working. (3mks)
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(b) State three reasons for soil testing (1 ½ mks)
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(c) Give three methods for applying fertilizers (1 ½ mks)
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 SECTION C (40MKS)
Answer any Two questions in this section in the spaces provided at the back of question
paper.
25. (a) Describe the production of Napier grass (pennisetum purpurrum) under the following
sub-headings.
(i) Varieties grown (2mks)
(ii) Selection and preparation of planting materials (3mks)
(iii) Planting and weeding (5mks)
(b) Describe the procedure of hay making (10mks)

26. (a) Describe methods of improving labour productivity (5mks)

(b) List common problems which have led to the collapse of many
Cooperative societies in Kenya (8mks)
(c) Explain the functions of agricultural marketing boards (7mks)

27. (a) Explain factors affecting rooting of cuttings (5mks)

(b) Outline any five general post-harvesting practices carried out on crops (5mks)
(c) Describe five categories of vegetables on the basis of the part used as
Food giving relevant examples (10mks)

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NAME ……………………………………..……………….. DATE
…………………………………

INDEX NO. …………….……….……..…..… CANDIDATE’S SIGNATURE …………..

…..………..

443/1
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 1 (THEORY)
TIME: 2 HOURS

2012 PROJECTIONS -003

Kenya Certificate Of Secondary Education

443/1
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 1 (THEORY)
TIME: 2 HOURS

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
1. Write your name and index number in the spaces provided above.
2. This paper has THREE sections: A , B and C
3. Answer ALL the questions in section A and B and any TWO questions in section C
4. ALL answers MUST be written in the spaces provided.
5. Do not remove any pages from this booklet.

FOR EXAMINER’S USE ONLY

Questions Maximum score Candidate’s score
A 01-17 30 marks

B 18-22 20 marks

C 23-25 40 marks

Total score

21
 This paper consists of 10 printed pages.
Candidates should check to ensure that all pages are printed as indicated and no questions are missing

© 2010, Mbooni West District Joint Evaluation Test

SECTION A (30 MARKS)
Answer ALL the questions in the spaces provided.
1. Give four factors which characterise large scale farming.
(2 marks)
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2. Name four methods used for clearing land.
(2 marks)
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3. What is the importance of taking a farm inventory?
(1 mark)
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4. State two effects of aphids on plants.
(2 marks)
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5. Give four reasons why it is undesirable to carry out minimum soil tillage operations before
planting
(2 marks)
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6. Why is it advisable to apply straight nitrogeneous fertilizer to a crop of maize at a height of
30-45 cm?
(2 marks)
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7. List four different problems brought by water in the farm.
(2 marks)
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8. Give four reasons why the use of herbicides is discouraged during land clearing.
(2 marks)
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9. State four management practices carried out on Agroforestry trees from planting to ageing of
the same tree.
(2 marks)
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10. List four environmental conditions that may lead to low crop yields.
(2 marks)

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11. State two activities carried out during hardening-off of tomato plants in the nursery
(1 mark)
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12. Outline two ways through which rain drop erosion initiates the process of soil erosion
(2 marks)
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13. State two reasons for carrying out soil conservation in the farm
(1 mark)
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14. Name four factors that determine the depth of planting seeds in crop production C
(2 marks)

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15. Give four conditions that have led to fragmentation and sub-division of agricultural land in
Kenya.
(2 marks)
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16. State two advantages of organic farming.
(1 marks)
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17. State four advantages of a good crop rotational programme.
(2 marks)
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SECTION B (20MARKS)
Answer ALL questions in this section
18. Diagram X and Y represent two weeds

i) Identify weeds:
X ……………………………………………………………………………….………
Y .………………………………………………………………………………………
(1 mark)
ii) Give two economic importances of each of the weeds above
(1 mark)
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…………
iii) Name two kinds of herbicides used to control the above weeds C.
(1 mark)

27
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………
19. The diagram shows a method of conserving forage.

(a) Identify the structure shown above

(1 mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………
(b) Outline two qualities of a good quality silage
(2 marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………
(c) Briefly explain the three main categories of silage losses
(3 marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………

28
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………
20. A farmer has a piece of land on which he can produce wheat, maize, and barley.
The yields and selling prices of the three crops as shown below:
Crop Yield 90 kg bag Selling price Kshs. Per bag
Maize 2000 750
Wheat 1400 900
Barley 1500 1200
The farmer decides to produce barley. Assuming the cost of producing any of the crops is the
same.
(i) Calculate the farmer’s opportunity cost. Show your working
(1½ marks
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………
(ii) Give reasons for your answer in (i) above
(½ mark)

29
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………
21. Study the illustration below of a tomato fruit and answer the questions that follow

(a) Name the pest labelled z

(1 mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………
(b) State two characteristics symptoms of attack by the pest named in (a) above
(2 marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………
(c) State two cultural control measures of the pest named in (a) above
(2 marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………

30
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………
(d) Apart from pest Z identified above name two insect pests of tomatoes
(2 marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………
22. Describe the procedure used during harvesting of sugarcane
(2 marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………

31
SECTION C (40 MARKS)
Answer any TWO questions from this section in the spaces provided after question 25.
23. (a) What are the uses of farm records
(6 marks)
(b) Explain the problems farmers face in marketing agricultural produce
(9 marks)
(c) Describe various agencies and institutions involved in the marketing of agriculture
produce.

(5 marks)
24. (a) Describe the methods used in preparing planting materials in readiness for planting
(8 marks)
(b) Explain the factors that may determine spacing of crop in the farm
(8 marks)
(c) Explain briefly the factors that influence timely planting
(4 marks)
25. (a) Describe the establishment of grass pasture from the time the land is ploughed using a
mould board
plough to the time the pasture is ready for grazing
(10 marks
(b) What are the advantaged of a mixed grass legume pasture over a pure grass pasture?
(10 marks

32
Name…………………………………………………………….
Index No……………………………..
School……………………………………………………………
Candidate’s sign…………………….
Date………………………………….
443/1
AGRICULTURE
Paper 1
2 Hours

2012 PROJECTIONS -004

Kenya Certificate Of Secondary Education

Instructions to candidates.
1. Write your name and index number in the spaces provided above
2. This paper consists of three sections: A, B and C.
3. Answer all the questions in sections A and B.
4. Answer any two questions in section C.
5. All answers should be written in the spaces provided.
6. Candidates should check the question paper to ascertain that all the pages are
printed as indicated and that no questions are missing.

FOR EXERMINER’S USE ONLY.

SECTION QUESTION MAXIMUM CANDIDATES
SCORE SCORE
A 1 – 17 30
B 18 - 21 20
C 20
20
TOTAL SCORE 90

This paper consists of 12 printed pages. Candidates should check the question paper to
Ensure that all the pages are printed as indicated and no questions are missing.
SECTION A ( 30 Marks)

33
 Answer all the questions from this section in the spaces provided.
1. Give three importance of horticultural crops in the economy of Kenya.
(1½mks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………….
2. State four advantages of raising tomato seedlings in a nursery.
(2mks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………
3. State four benefits of a deep soil profile to crop production.
(2mks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………
4. Name two methods used to determine pH of a soil.
(1mk)

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………
5. Outline four characteristics researchers aim at developing in breeding of maize.
(2mks)

34
 ………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………
6. Distinguish between grafting and layering as used in crop production.
(1mk)

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………
7. List four cultural methods of weed control in a maize field.
(2mks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

8. State four aims of land settlement programmes in kenya.

(2mks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………

35
 ………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………
9. What is production function as used in Agricultural Economics?
(1mk)

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………
10. State four ways a farmer may use to improve production efficiency without incurring
extra cost.
(2mks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………
11. A farmer was advised to apply 200kg of CAN/ha, while top dressing the beans crop.
CAN contains 21%N. calculates the amount of CAN applied per hectare.
(2mks)

36
12. State four disadvantages of using pesticides in control of pests in farms.
(2mks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………
13. Give three methods of identifying nutrients deficient in crops.
(1½mks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

14. Outline four qualities of good silage.

(2mks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

37
 ………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………
15. State four reasons why farmers conserve forage.
(4mks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………
16. Under what conditions is a business described solvent.
(1mk)

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………
17. List four methods of layering.
(2mks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

38
 ………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………
SECTION B (20MARKS)
Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided.
18. The diagram below illustrates growth stages of a crop. Study it carefully and answer the
questions that follow.

(a) What term is used to describe the production of extra shoots in stage C.
(1mk)

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………
(b) Name four examples of crops that produce additional shoots as illustrated in diagram
C.(2mks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………
(c) State two advantages of crops that have growth characteristic of the illustration above.
(2mks)

39
 ………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

19. (a) Give three sources where farmers may get tractor hire service.
(3mks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………
(b) State two disadvantages of tractor hire service to farmers.
(2mks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

40
 ………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………
20. Study the illustration in the diagram below and answer questions that follow.

(a) Identify the practice being illustrated above.

(1mk)

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………
(b) State three activities that should be carried out for successful results in the practice
shown above.
(3mks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

41
 (c) At what stage should the practice be carried out in vegetable seedlings.
(1mk)

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

21. The diagram below represents weeds.

(a) Identify the weeds labeled J and K.

(2mks)
J…………………………………………………………………………….
K……………………………………………………………………………
(b) Why is it difficult to control the weed labeled K?
(1mk)

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………
(c) What would be the effect on animals in they feed on fodder containing weed J?
(1mk)

………………………………………………………………………………………………

42
 ………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………
(d) At what stage of growth is it recommended to control weed J mechanically?
(1mk)

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

SECTION C (40 MARKS)

Answer any two questions from this section in the spaces provided after question 24.
22. Below is a demand and supply schedule of maize production in kenya in 2005.

Demand (million bags) Supply (million bags) Price per 90kg bags (kshs)
0.85 3.70 800
1.20 3.60 750
1.70 3.45 700
2.30 3.25 650
3.00 3.00 600
3.80 2.70 550
4.70 2.35 500
5.65 1.95 450
6.75 1.50 400
7.90 1.00 350

(a) On the graph paper provided, draw demand and supply curves on the same axis. (6mks)

43
44
(b) On the graph drawn, indicate the point of equilibrium price.
(1mk)
(c) What is the quantity demand and quantity supplied when the price is Kshs. 630 per
90kg bag?
(1mk)

(d) Other than price of maize, give other factors that will affect the supply of maize in
2005.
(7mks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

45
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

46
 ………………………………………………………………………………………………
………
(e) Calculate elasticity of demand and elasticity of supply when price decreased from
Kshs. 750 to Kshs 700 per bag of maize.
(5mks)

23. (a) Explain the management practices which should be carried out to maintain pasture
productivity in a field.
(10mks)

47
(b) Explain four methods of preparing planting materials. (8mks)

(c) State two preparations that should be carried on a store before crop storage. (2mks)

24. (a) Describe the chemical process of water treatment.

(10mks)

48
(b) Give five reasons why drainage is an important land reclamation method. (5mks)

(c) Explain how trees help in soil conservation. (5mks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

49
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

50
Name………………………………………………………. Index
No…………………/…….
School……………………………………………………… Date
………………………….…
Candidate’s Signature…………………………………….

443/1
AGRICULTURE
Paper 1
2 Hours

2012 PROJECTIONS -005

Kenya Certificate Of Secondary Education

443/1
AGRICULTURE
Paper 1
2 Hours

51
 This paper consists of 12 printed pages.
Candidates should check the question paper to ensure that all pages are printed as indicated
and no questions are missing

SECTION A (30 MARKS)

Answer all questions from this section in the spaces provided after each question.
1. Define the following terms as used in Agriculture
(1mk)
(i) Olericulture
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….
(ii) Pomoculture
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….
2. State any four human factors which influence agriculture production.
(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….
3. Give four reasons for carrying out minimum tillage
(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….

52
 ………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….
4. State three ways of conveying water into the farm.
(1½mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………
5. Give four factors considered when selecting site for compost manure preparation.
(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….
6. State two deficiency symptoms of sulphur.
(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….
7. Name one crop each, propagated using the below stated vegetative parts.
(2mks)
(i) Bulbils ………………………………………………………………..
(ii) Splits ………………………………………………………………..
(iii) Crowns ………………………………………………………………..
(iv) Setts ………………………………………………………………..
8. List any four post harvest practices.
(2mks)

53
 ………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….
9. Name two types of labour records.
(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….
10. Give the reasons why a landlord may not be in a position to use his land. (1 ½
mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………
11. Use the diagram below to answer the questions that follow;

(a) What type of erosion is represented above.

( ½ mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………
(b) State three factors influencing such type of erosion mentioned in 11(a) above.

54
 (1 ½
mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………
12. Name three birds which causes damage to grains. (1 ½
mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……….
13. Name two reasons why sorghum is a drought resistant crop. (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….

14. Name three pasture legumes found in low altitude zones. (1 ½

mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……….
15. State four ways of imporoving labour productivity.
(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….

55
 ………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….
16. When is a firm said to be insolvent?
(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….
17. Give four principles of co-operatives.
(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….
18. Give four qualities of shrubs and trees to be used for agroforestry.
(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….
19. Give two factors that determine the size of a pit for silage making.
(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….

SECTION B (20MKS)
Answer all questions from this section in the spaces provided after each question.

56
20. Two garden soil samples A and B weighing 100gms each were set aside in a room for
some hours. 50gms of water was added to sample A and then weighed. The weight was
48gms.
Sample B (100gms) was heated in an oven to 1000C until a constant weight of 95gms was
achieved. When it was further heated to 4000C, a constant weight of 92gms was achieved,
i.e
Soil sample Weight after Weight after Weight after Weight after further
collection addition of water heating to 1000C heating to 4000C
A 100gms 148gms
B 100gms 95gms 92gms

(a) From the above information

(i) What was responsible for the loss of weight when 50gms of water was added to
100gms of soil.
( ½ mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….
(ii) What was the percentage loss.
(1mk)

(b) What was responsible for the loss of weight when 100gms of soil was heated to
1000C.
( ½ mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….
(c) (i) What caused the change in weight when the soil was continuously heated to
4000C

57
 From 1000C?
( ½ mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….
(ii) Calculate the percentage loss in c (i) above.
(1mk)

(d) State five useful effects of the substance that was lost in sample B when it was
heated at
4000C. (2 ½
mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….

21. The diagram below represent some weeds found in Agronomic lands.

58
 (a) Identify the weeds Q, R and S. (1 ½
mks)
Q…………………………………………………….
R……………………………………………………..
S……………………………………………………..
(b) Give one economic importance each of weeds Q and R.
(2mks)
Q
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….
R
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….
(c) Name one cultural method of controlling weed S.
( ½ mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….
22. Study the illustration below and use it to answer the questions that follow:

59
 (a) Identify the grazing system.
( ½ mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….

(b) With the help of arrows, indicate the movement of livestock from one section to
the next
on the illustration above.
(2mks)
(c) What is the use of the parts labeled Y.
( ½ mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….
(d) State two advantages of the grazing system.
(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….

60
23. Outline the procedure of establishing a vegetable nursery bed.
(5mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….

61
 SECTION C (40MKS)
Answer any two questions from this section in the spaces provided after question 26.
24. (a) State four factors a farmer should consider when seting a compost pit in the farm.
(4mks)

(b) Describe the process of making compost manure using the heap/stack method.
(16mks)

62
25. (a) Name three forms of conserving forage.
(2mks)

(b) State and explain three methods through which training is achieved in crop
production.
(6mks)

(c) Discuss the production of tomatoes under the following subheadings.

63
(i) Ecological requirements (3mks)

(ii) Land preparation. (5mks)

(iii) Diseases and their control. (4mks)

64
26. Briefly explain the various factors that influence the demand of agriculture produce.
(20mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….

65
Name……………………………………………………….
Index No……………………………
School………………………………………………………
Signature……………………………
Date…………………………………

443/1
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 1
2 HOURS

2012 PROJECTIONS -006

Kenya Certificate Of Secondary Education

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

1. Write your name and index number in the spaces provided.

2. Sign and write the date of examination in the spaces provided above.
3. This paper consists of three sections A, B and C. Answer all questions in Section A and B
4. Answer two questions from Section C
5. Answer to ALL questions MUST be written in this booklet.

FOR EXAMINER’S USE ONLY

SECTION QUESTIONS MAXIMUM SCORE CANDIDATE’S SCORE

A 1 – 19 30

B 20 – 23 20
C 20
20
TOTAL SCORE 90

66
 This paper consists of 12 printed pages. Candidates should check the question paper to
ensure that all pages are printed as indicated and no questions are missing
SECTION A (30 MARKS)

Answer ALL the questions in this section in the spaces provided.

1. Name two ways of irrigating crops by overhead irrigation

(1mk)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. State four biotic factors that have negative influence on crop production
(2mks)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. State four properties of a loamy soil

(2mks)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

67
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. Name two classes of weeds based on their morphology

(1mk)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

5. List four characteristics of plants suitable for green manure preparation

(2mks)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. State four factors considered when selecting a site for a tomato nursery bed.
(2mks)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

68
7. State two precautions which are taken when harvesting cotton
(2mks)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. State one reason why too much air in the silo is undesirable in the process of silage
making (½mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

9. State four importance of secondary cultivation

(2mks)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

10. State two characteristics of high altitude pastures

(1mk)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

69
11. List three physical weathering agents in the soil formation process.
(1½mks)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

12. State four advantages of alley cupping

(2mks)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

13. State four aspects of rainfall that affect crop production

(2mks)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

70
14. State two methods of testing soil Ph
(1mk)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

15. State four advantages of individual owner operator land tenure system
(2mks)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

16. State four roles of Agricultural Development corporation

(2mks)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

71
17. State two advantages of bench terraces.
(1mk)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

18. State three advantages of using a compound fertilizer

(1½mks)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

19. Give three negative impact of high temperature as crop production

(1½mks)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

72
 SECTION B (30MARKS)
Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided.

20. The diagram below represents a type of gully erosion. Study it carefully and answer the
questions beneath

a) Identify the type of gully illustrated above.

(1mk)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

b) Briefly explain how the gulley is formed

(3mks)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

c) Name one control measure that has been used over many years to control gully

73
 erosion
(1mk)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

21. Study the illustrations P and Q below and answer the following questions

a) Which variety P or Q is prone to birds attack?

(1mk)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
b) Give a reason for your answer in 21. (a) above
(1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………
c) Give three reasons for drying grains before storage
(3mks)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

74
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

22. Study the diagram below and answer the questions beneath.

a) State two reasons for carrying out the above practice

(2mks)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

b) State two disadvantages with the above practice

(2mks)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

75
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

c) Name one crop in which the practice is carried out

(1mk)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………
23. Study the illustration below and answer the questions beneath.

a) Identify the weeds labelled

M ………………………………………………
(½mk)
N ………………………………………………
(½mk) b) Give two reasons as to why it is difficult to control weed M
(2mks)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

76
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………
c) What is the economic importance of N.
(2mks)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

SECTION C (40 MARKS)

Answer any TWO questions from this section in the spaces provided after question 26

24. a) Outline the procedure of making silage (8mks)

77
b) Explain characteristics of fertile soil (5mks)

c) Explain how soil loses fertility (7mks)

25. a) Outline services offered by co-operative societies to farmers / members

(12mks)

78
b) State and explain management practices carried out by farmers to control pest and
Diseases in a field crop (8mks)

26. a) Describe the establishment of grass pasture using seeds starting from land
preparation to the time the pasture is ready for grazing. (12mks)

79
b) State and explain factors considered when selecting materials for planting
(8mks)

80
NAME:…………………………………………..…..
INDEX NUMBER……………….
DATE …………
SCHOOL………………………………………………………..
SIGNATURE……………………….……

443/1
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 1
TIME: 2HOURS

2012 PROJECTIONS -007

Kenya Certificate Of Secondary Education

443/1
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 1

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES.
 Write your name and index number in the spaces provided above.
 This paper consists of THREE sections A, B, and C.
 Answer all questions in sections A and B and any TWO questions in section C in spaces
provided in this question paper

FOR EXAMINERS’ USE ONLY

Section Question Maximum Candidates score
Score
A 1-20 30
B 21-24 20
C 25-27 20
20

81
 Total score

SECTION A (30MARKS)
Answer ALL the questions in this section in the spaces provided
1. State two ways in which agriculture contributes to industrial development (1mk)
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
2. A part from deficiency symptoms in crops name two other methods used to detect
mineral nutrient deficiency in crops
(1mk)
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
3. A farmer went to an agricultural officer for advice on how much fertilizer to apply on his
2½ hectares of land where he intended to plant maize. He was advised to apply 80kg / ha
of P2O5 at planting time and 40kg /ha of N as top dress. The only fertilizers available in
the market were Sulphate of Ammonia (20%N) and Single Superphosphate (20% P2O5).
i) How much Single Superphosphate would the farmer need to apply? (½mk)

ii) How much Sulphate of Ammonia would the farmer need to apply? (½mk)

iii) Why did the farmer need to apply Sulphate of Ammonia as a top dress? (½mk)

82
4. Why would plucked tea leaves be delivered to the factory as soon as they are plucked?

(½mk)
................................................................................................................................................
................................
5. What are the two factors one must consider in calculating gross margin? (1mk)
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
6. Classify the following pasture legumes based on altitude: desmodium, centro, clover,
vetch, siratro, glycine (3mks)
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
7. Give two effects of overstocking on soil (1mk)
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
8. (i) Differentiate between a market and marketing (1mk)
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................

83
 (ii) State any four problems a dairy farmer is likely to face in marketing of milk (2mks)
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
9. State four objectives of land reforms. (2mks)
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
10. (i) What are terraces? (½mk)
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
(ii) Name any two types of terrace constructed in farm lands (1mk)
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................

84
11. Name four types of water pumps which can be used on a farm (2mks)
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
12. Give four reasons for seed selection in crop production (2mks)
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
13. State four advantages of mixed farming (2mks)
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................

85
 ................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
14. Give two importance of chitting in potato production (1mk)
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
15. What is a production function (½mk)
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................

16. Give four reasons for carrying out secondary cultivation (2mks)
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................

86
 ................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
17. Give four reasons for pruning in crops (2mks)
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
18. State four importance of top dressing forage crops (2mks)
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................

87
 19. Define the term farm record. (½mk)
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
20. State one method of controlling maize stalk-borers (½mks)
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................

SECTION B (20MARKS)
Answer ALL the questions in this section in the spaces provided
21. a) Below is a drawing of a young orange tree

i) Which one of the branches labeled A and B should be pruned? (½mk)

................................................................................................................................................
................................
ii) Give two reasons for your answer in (a) (i) above (2mks)
................................................................................................................................................
................................

88
 ................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
iii) Name the correct tool for pruning the branch (½mk)
................................................................................................................................................
................................
b) A plot of land measures 6.6m long and 3.6m wide. The plot is prepared for planting
cabbages at a spacing of 60cm by 60cm. The outermost rows start 30cm from the edges
all around the plot. Showing your work, calculate the:
i) Number of rows falling on the wide side of the plot (1½mks)

ii) Number of cabbage seedlings that should be planted in the plot, (1½mks)

c) The diagram below represents a weed,

i) Identify the weed. (½mk)

................................................................................................................................................
................................

89
 ii) Classify the weed according to its lifespan (½mk)
................................................................................................................................................
................................
iii) State one harmful effect of this weed to livestock (1mk)
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
22. Study the illustration of compost given and use it to answer the questions that follows

i) Identify the method of compost illustrated (1mk)

................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
ii) Explain how compost is made in the pits illustrated (2mks)
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
iii) State two factors that determine the quality of compost manure (2mks)
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................

90
 23. Study the illustration given and use it to answer the question that follow

i) Identity the storage pest illustrated (½mk)

................................................................................................................................................
................................
ii) Explain two types of damage they cause on produce. (2mks)
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
iii) Name the structural feature placed on the granary to prevent that pest (½mk)
................................................................................................................................................
................................
iv) Other than the feature named in (iii) above, state two other control measures of that
storage pest (2mks)
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
24. Study the following illustration of a financial document and use it to answer the questions
that follow
From………………….. NO…………………
P.O Box……………… Date………………..
To…………………….
P.O Box………………
Please supply the following goods on or before

Items No Units Description Unit price

1 2 bags Dairy meal Shs.2800.00
2 1 (25kg) bag Maize seed (614) Shs.3000.00
91
3 1 (50kg) bag DAP fertilizer Shs.2400.00
 Official rubber stamp
Ordered by……………….. Signature……………………….
Authorized by……………….. Signature……………………….
a) Identify the financial document illustrated. (1mk)
................................................................................................................................................
................................
b) State the use of the financial document identified in (a) above (1mk)
................................................................................................................................................
................................
SECTION C (40MARKS)
Answer any TWO questions from this section
25. a) The following is a list of financial transactions and position of Greenland farm
extracted from the farm’s financial documents on 31-12-2008.
Kshs.
Coffee sales 17000.00
Sale of sheep 10300.00
Closing valuation 15000.00
Purchase of fertilizer 2600.00
Veterinary bills 1300.00
Milk sales 3000.00
Wages 2400.00
Opening valuation 12000.00
Interest payable 650.00
Depreciation of machinery 2700.00
Purchase of panga 1000.00
Construction of crush 3500.00
Interests receivable 850.00
Purchase of dairy meal 2400.00
Sale of steers 25000.00
i) Prepare a profit and loss account for Greenland farm (12mks)

92
 ii) Did the farm a make profit or loss? Calculate the percentage profit or loss that the
farm made during the financial year. (3mks)

b) State the roles of Agricultural Society of Kenya (ASK) (5mks)

................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
26. Explain how each of the following climatic factors affect crop production:
Rainfall, Wind, Temperature, Light (20mks)

93
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................

94
 ................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
27. Describe the field production of sorghum basing on the following sub- headings;

(20mks)
i) ecological requirements,
ii) seedbed preparation,
iii) planting,
iv) harvesting,
v) disease and pest control.
................................................................................................................................................
................................

95
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................

96
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
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................................
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................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................

97
Name………………………………………………… Index No.
…………………….

School ………………………………………………...

443/1
AGRICULTURE
Paper 1
Time: 2 Hours

2012 PROJECTIONS -008

Kenya Certificate Of Secondary Education

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

 Write your Name and index numbers in the spaces provided above.
 This paper consists of three sections A, B & C.
 Answer all the questions in section A and B and any TWO questions in section C.
 All answers must be written in the spaces provided in this booklet
 Do not remove any pages in this booklet

FOR EXAMINER’S USE ONLY

SECTION QUESTION SCORE
A 1 – 20
B 21 – 24
C 25 - 27

TOTAL SCORE

This paper consists of 12 printed pages.

Candidates should check the question paper to ensure that all pages are printed as indicated
and no questions are missing

98
 SECTION A – 30MKS
Answer all Questions in this section

1. Give three types of a product – product relationship in production economics (1

½mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………….…………...

2. State four farming practices that improve soil structure

(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………

3. Give four reasons for practising minimum tillage

(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………
4. State three biotic factors that influence agriculture positively
(1 ½mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………….…………...

99
5. At what stage of growth should paddy rice be transplanted?
(½mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

6. State four factors that determine the type of irrigation that can be used in a given area
(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………

7. Distinguish between pinching out and copping

(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………

8. State any three cultural pest control measures in crop production (1

½mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

9. State two practices used to control maize streak in the field

(1mk)

100
 ………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………
10. Outline four factors that affect the quality of silage
(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………
11. List four materials that may be used for constructing gabions
(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………
12. State any three factors considered when selecting materials for crop propagation (1
½mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………
13. State two symptoms of sulphur deficiency in plants
(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………
14. Give two economic importances of crop diseases to a farmer
(1mk)

101
 ………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………
15. State four reasons why grafting is considered an aspect of crop improvement
(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………
16. What is agro forestry
(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………
17. Define elasticity of demand
(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………
18. Outline the importance of sub-soiling in crop production
(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………
19. State the objectives of land reform
(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

102
 ………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………
20. List three uses of a farm inventory (1
½mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………

SECTION B (20MKS)
Answer all questions in this section

21. a) Give any two advantages of a mixed grass legume over a pure grass pasture
(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………
b) State two methods of conserving pasture in the farm
(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………
c) Calculate the amount of K2O contained in a 200kg of a compound fertilizer
20:20:10

(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

103
 ………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………
d) The diagram below shows a physiological condition in tomatoes. Use it to answer
the Questions that follow

i) Identify the condition

(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………
………
ii) Give three causes of the condition identified in (i) above
(3mks)
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………

104
 ………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………

iii) Apart from the condition above, state one disease which affects tomatoes (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………
Diagrams G and H show weeds

a) Identify the weeds G and H

(1mk)

105
 G
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………
H
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………
b) State any economic importance of the weed shown in diagram G
(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………

c) Why is it difficult to control the weed in diagram G

(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………

d) Give two adaptive abilities of weeds to propagation

(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………

24. Below is a graphical representation of an economics law

106
a) Name the law illustrated by the graph above
(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………
b) Explain what happening in each of the Zones marked I, II, and III
(3mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………

107
 c) Which of the three is a rational zone of production?
(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………

SECTION C (40 MARKS)

Answer any two questions in this section on the spaces provided at the end of the
section
25. Discuss the field production of maize under the following sub - headings
a) Land preparation
(5mks)
b) Planting
(6mks)
c) Field practices
(5mks)
d) Harvesting
(4mks)
26. a) The information below was obtained from Mr. Mogaka’s farm for the year ending
31st Dec 2009. Use the information to prepare a profit and loss account for the
farm
During the year the farm made the following transactions, maize seeds
Ksh.10,000, D.A.P fertilizer Ksh.25000, tractor disc plough Ksh.50,000, fuel for
tractor Ksh 12,000, Dairy meal Ksh 20,000, Milking cans Ksh.2000, Knapsack
sprayer Ksh.6,500, Herbicides Ksh.18000.
The farm also made the following sales maize to N.C.B.P worth Ksh.210,000,
milk to K.C.C Ksh.500,000 and weaners Ksh 35,000
Other information from the books of records showed that the farm had an opening
valuation of Ksh.300, 000 and closing valuation of Ksh 600,000. Other extra
information given were debts receivable for tractor services were Ksh.28, 000.

108
 Interest payable to the bank Ksh.3000 and Depreciation of machinery worth Ksh.
7,500 (12mks)
b) How can labour productivity be improved in the farm
(5mks)
c) State three factors that may determine the demand of a commodity
(3mks)
27. a) Outline problems associated with credit facilities to farmers
(4mks)
b) Explain the basic principles that govern co- operatives
(8mks)
c) Explain the functions of the Kenya Dairy Board as a marketing board
(8mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………….……………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………….……………….
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………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………….………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………
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109
………………………………………………………………………………………………
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…………………….……………….
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…………………….………………..

110
NAME:…………………………………………………INDEX ………………..
…..DATE……..…

SCHOOL:………………………………………………
SIGNATURE………………………………

443/1
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 1
TIME: 2HOURS

2012 PROJECTIONS -001

Kenya Certificate Of Secondary Education

443/1
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 1

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES.
1. Write your name and index number in the spaces provided above
2. Sign and write the date of examination in the spaces provided.
3. This paper consists of THREE sections; A, B, and C.
4. Answer all questions in sections A and B.
5. Answer any TWO questions in section C.
6. All the questions should be answered in the spaces provided

For Examiners’ Use Only

Section Questions Maximum Candidates score

Score
A 1-20 30
B 21-24 20
C 20
20
Total score 90

111
SECTION A (30MKS)
Answer ALL the questions in this section.
1. List four environmental factors that affect crop distribution in a given
area.
(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………
2. Mention two methods of storing water on a farm
(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………
3. Give one reason why too much air in the silo is undesirable in the
process of making silage.
(½mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………
4. State two advantages of a grass-legume pasture over a pure grass
pasture
(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………

112
5. State two characteristics of a large scale farming system.
(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………
6. Give four reasons why farmers are encouraged to practice organic
farming.
(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……

7. (a) What is meant by the term land reform?

(½mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………
(b) State four steps followed in land adjudication.
(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………
(c) Mention any four pieces of information contained in a land title
deed. (2mks)

113
 ………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
...………………….
8. State two ways how ridging controls soil erosion
(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………
9. List down two determinants of national income
(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………
10. State two possible causes of a hard pan.
(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………
11. Differentiate between chitting and seed inoculation.
(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………
12. Mention four management practices that are carried out on
agro forestry trees from transplanting to maturity
(2mks)

114
 ………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………

13. Give four possible causes of seed dormancy.

(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………
14. State four reasons for planting cereals early in the planting
season. (2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………
15. Give four functions of Young Farmers Clubs in Kenyan secondary
schools and colleges.
(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

115
 ………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………
16. Give one term used to explain a market condition where there is
a:
(i) Sole seller
(½mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……
(ii) Sole buyer
(½mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…..
17. Distinguish between the terms hybrid and composite as used in
maize breeding
(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………
18. State two characteristics of green manure plants
(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………
19. Give four farming practices that may help in achieving minimum
tillage (2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

116
 ………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………
20. What is biological weed control
(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

SECTION B (20MKS)
Answer ALL the questions in this section in the spaces provided.
21. (a) A farmer can combine dairy meal and home made feeds in
order to obtain 40kg of milk from a lactating cow as shown in the table
below.

Dairy meal(kg) Home-made Marginal rate of

feed(kg) subsistitution
1 48 0
2 39 V
3 32 7
4 27 W
5 23 4
6 21 X
7 20 1
8 19 Y

(i) Given the above information, calculate the Marginal Rate of

Substitution and give the value of V, W, X and Y.
(4mks)

117
 (ii) Given that the price of dairy meal is Kshs.8.00 per kilogram and
that of home-made feeds is Kshs.2.00 per kilogram, calculate the
least cost combination.
(1mk)

b) Given that the price of Kshs 1000 per bag, 20bags of maize are
demanded, but when the price changes to Kshs 800 per bag, 22
bags are demanded, calculate the elasticity of demand. Show your
working (3mks)

22. The diagram below illustrates one of the arable field crops. Study
it carefully and answer the questions that follow.

118
 G

a) Identify the field crop.

(1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
……..
b) State two common diseases that attack the parts labeled G and H
(2mks) G…………………………………
H……………………………………
c) Explain four cultural methods of controlling the disease named H
in (b) above
(2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………….

23. Name the deficient nutrient element in plants showing the

following symptoms;

119
 i. Stunted growth, die back of plant tips, leaves roll up and chlorosis
along margins of younger leaves
(½mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…….
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…….

ii. Yellowing of leaves appears first on lower leaves; leaves turn brown
and fall prematurely, stunted growth.
(½mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
……
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…….

iii. Leaf curling, yellowing of leaves tips and edges of leaves scorched
and has small mottles.
(½mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…….
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…….

iv. Purpling of leaves, stunted growth, slender stalks and lateral buds
remain dormant.
(½mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
……
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…….

120
24. The figure below is a diagram illustrating a method of crop
propagation. Study it carefully then answer the questions that follow.

a) Name the method of propagation illustrated above

(1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
……
b) Give two ways of initiating faster root development in the
propagation method shown above
(2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………
c) What would make it necessary for a farmer to choose the above
method of propagation instead of using cuttings?
(2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………

121
SECTION C (40MKS)
Answer any TWO questions in this section in the spaces provided.
25. Describe the establishment of kales under the following sub-
headings:
a) Nursery preparation
(4mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………
b) Establishment in the nursery
(3mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………….
c) Management of seedlings in the nursery
(5mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

122
 …………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………
d) Transplanting of seedlings
(8mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
……..
…………………………………………………………………………………………
……..
…………………………………………………………………………………………
……..
…………………………………………………………………………………………
……..
…………………………………………………………………………………………
……..
…………………………………………………………………………………………
……..
…………………………………………………………………………………………
……..
…………………………………………………………………………………………
……..
…………………………………………………………………………………………
……..
…………………………………………………………………………………………
……..
…………………………………………………………………………………………
……..
…………………………………………………………………………………………
……..

26. Study the information provided carefully and use it to prepare a

profit and loss account for Mr. Khafafa’s farm for the year ending
2009.His purchases and expenses were as follows:

123
 Goats 4,000
Poultry 15,000
Dairy meal 25,000
Pasture seeds 50,000
Transportation of farm produces 15,000
Casual workers 12,000
Ox-plough 10,000
Opening Valuation 150,000

His sales and Receipts.

Mohair 75,000
Rabbits 36,000
Pigs 70,000
Groundnuts 100,000
Orange 20,000
Eggs 15,000
Closing valuation 200,000

a) Prepare profit and loss account

(15mks)

124
 b) Did Mr. Khafafa make a profit or loss?
(1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
……..
c) How much was the profit or loss?
(1mk)

d) Calculate the percentage profit or loss. (Show your working)

(3mks)

27. (a) Describe five factors considered before choosing the type of
irrigation system to use on the farm.
(10mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
..
………………………………………………………………………………………………
..
………………………………………………………………………………………………
..
………………………………………………………………………………………………
..
………………………………………………………………………………………………
..

125
………………………………………………………………………………………………
..
………………………………………………………………………………………………
..
………………………………………………………………………………………………
..
………………………………………………………………………………………………
..
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..
………………………………………………………………………………………………
..
………………………………………………………………………………………………
..
………………………………………………………………………………………………
..
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………..
b) Give the advantages of sprinkler irrigation
(5mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
..
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………
..
………………………………………………………………………………………………
..
………………………………………………………………………………………………
..
………………………………………………………………………………………………
..

126
………………………………………………………………………………………………
..
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..
………………………………………………………………………………………………
..
………………………………………………………………………………………………
..
………………………………………………………………………………………………
..…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…….
(c) Mention and describe five factors considered when choosing water
pipes for irrigation
(5mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………
..
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..
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..
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..
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..
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..

127
………………………………………………………………………………………………
..……………………

128
NAME………………………………………………….INDEX…………….DATE…………
……
SCHOOL…………………………………………………..SIGNATURE……………………
……

443/1
AGRICULTURE
PAPER ONE
2 ½ HOURS

2012 PROJECTIONS -010

Kenya Certificate Of Secondary Education

443/1

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
 This paper consists of sections A, B, and C.
 Answer ALL the questions in section A and B
 Answer any TWO questions from section C.
 Answers to should be written in the spaces provided after each question
For examiner’s use only

Section Question Max. score Candidate’s

score
A 1- 20 30
B 21 – 25 20
C 26 20
27 20
28 20
Total Score

129
SECTION A (30 MARKS)
Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided
1. Give three conditions which make it necessary to use a nursery in crop
establishment
(1 ½ mks)
……………………………….
…………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………….
…………………………………………………………………………………….
……..
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Explain the following terms as used in pasture establishment
(a) Seed inoculation (½
mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Over sowing (½
mk)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………...
3. Name four sources of agricultural credit in Kenya (2
mks)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………...

130
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. Differentiate between a cashbook and a ledger book
(1 mk)

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. State three factors that determine the harvesting stage of a crop
(1½ mks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………..
6. State four effects of over application of nitrogenous fertilizer in tomatoes
(2 mks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

131
……………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………….
7. Outline two ways through which rain drops initiate the process of erosion
(2
mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………..
8. State two biological methods of weed control
(1 mk)

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. List four types of pumps used to pump water from a source to the farm
(2 mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

132
……………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………….
10. State two factors that would influence the quality of hay
(1 mk)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………….
11. State four effects of date defoliation of forages
(2 mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………….
12. State four qualities of a good farm manager
(2 mks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………..
13. State two functions o national cereals and produce board (N.C.P.B)
(1 mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………….

133
14. List two non-chemical methods of pest control in a bean store
(1 mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………..
…………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………..
………………………..
15. List two advantages of tenancy system of land tenure
(1 mk)

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………..
16. State three causes of seed dormancy
(1½ mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………….
17. Give four reasons why farmers are advised to raise tea in polythene
sleeves
(2
mks)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

134
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………….
18. Give two ways through which pruning helps in the control of diseases in
crops
(1
mk)

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………..
19. State three factors that influences the carrying capacity in pasture
management
(1½
mks)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………….

135
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

20. List six agricultural support services available to farmers

(3 mks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………….

SECTION B (20 MARKS)

Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided
21. The recommended rate of top dressing maize is 200kg per hectare. If
CAN contains 25% N, how many 50 kg bags of CAN should a farmer apply

136
 to 0.25ha of maize crop to achieve the above rate
(3 mks)

22. The following diagrams show weeds with different leaf morphological
characteristics

(a) Arrange plants A, B and C in order of herbicide susceptible

………………………………………………………………………………………….

137
 …………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(b)Give a reason for your answers in (a) in reference to A and B above

(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
(c) Identify weed D
(1 mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
(d)Classify weed D according to growth cycle
(1 mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
23. (a) State the Law of substitution as used in agricultural economics

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………….
24. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow

138
 a) Identify the pest in the diagram above
(1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) Give two damages caused by the pest identified in (a) above
(2mks)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

c) Give two control measures for the above pest

(2mks)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………...
25. Name the method of propagation illustrated in the diagrams S and T
(2mks)

139
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………….....

SECTION C (40 marks)

Answer any two questions in this section
26. Explain field production of onions under the following sub headings.
i) Nursery preparation and establishment.
(7mks)
ii) Transplanting
(5mks)
iii) Field operations
(5mks)
iv) Harvesting
(3mks)
27. (a) (i) Describe the steps followed in land adjudication
(5mks)
(ii) Explain the effects of land preparation
(5mks)
(b) Prepare a partial budget for Moi Mengich’s farm using the information
given below. Mr. Mengich has 10 hectares of which 4
hectares is planted with permanent cash crop (tea) , of the remaining
six hectares , at least one half must be rested at any one time . This
year he intends opening 3 hectares for cotton production. With
previous cotton crops hired casual labour at the rate of 100 man – days
per hectare at ksh 10 per man- day. He is considering replacing
casual labour with hired tractor doing the work for ksh 275 per hectare.

140
 The farmer anticipates using the tractors will cause an increase in
average cotton field from 800kg to 900kg seed cotton per hectare
worth 1.10 per kg from better cultivation and more timely planting.
Harvesting costs are shs.22 per kg seed cotton. Prepare a partial
budget and advice the farmer whether the change is worth while
or not.
(5mks)

c) Prepare five ways of increasing labour efficiency in the farm.

(5mks)

28. (a) Explain the benefits of Agro forestry.

(8mks)
(b) Outline the procedure of transplanting the seedlings
(6mks)

141
 (c) State management practices, which should be carried out in tree
nurseries

(6mks)

Name……………………………………………………………. Index
No……………………………..
School…………………………………………………………… Candidate’s
sign…………………….

Date………………………………….

443/1
AGRICULTURE

142
PAPER 1
Time: 2 Hours

2012 PROJECTIONS -011

Kenya Certificate Of Secondary Education

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

1. Write your name and index number in the spaces provided above.
2. Sign and write the date of examination in the spaces provided above.
3. This paper consists of 3 Sections: A, B and C.
4. Answer ALL questions in Section A and B.
5. Answer any two questions in Section C.
6. All answers should be written in the spaces provided.

FOR EXAMINER’S USE.

SECTION Question Maximum Score Candidates Score
A 1 – 20 30
B 21 – 24 20
C 25-27 20
20
TOTAL SCORE 90

This paper consists of 12 printed pages.

Candidates should check the question paper to ensure that all pages are printed as indicated
and no questions are missing.
SECTION A. (30 MARKS)
Answer ALL Questions in this Section.
1. State two economic effects of HIV/Aids on agriculture.
(1mk)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….

143
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….
2. State three guidelines used in coming up with a crop rotation programme.
(1 ½ mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….
3. Give four factors to consider when planning a farm.
(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….

4. Outline four functions of trees in soil conservation.

(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………

144
5. List three factors that affect the selectivity and effectiveness of herbicides.
(1½mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………
6. Distinguish between the terms below as used in pasture utilization. (2mks)
(i) carrying capacity
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………
(ii) stocking rate
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………
7. Why is it not advisable to use manure in carrot production.
(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………
8. State two methods of frame formation in tea.
(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….

145
9. Give two reasons why processing of raw materials is important.
(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….
10. State two ways in which agriculture contributes to the development of industries.
(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….
11. State three biological factors that influence the weathering process.
(1½mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………

12. Give three qualities of trees used in agro forestry.

(1½mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………

146
13. List three common risks and uncertainties in most farms.
(1 ½ mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………
14. Give two financial statements a farmer may prepare on a well organized farm.
(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….
15. List two liming elements in agriculture.
(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….

16. State three causes of fragmentation and land sub-division.

(1 ½ mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….

147
17. Give two disadvantages of feeding livestock on lush pasture.
(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………

18. Give two examples of working capital in a poultry enterprise.

(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….

19. (a) Give three advantages of drip irrigation.

(3mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………
(b) State two surface water sources on the farm
(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………

20. State two ways of increasing labour efficiency in the farm.

(1mk)

148
 ………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….

SECTION B (20 MARKS)

Answer ALL questions in this section.

21. The diagram below shows an illustration of a method of crop propagation. Use it to
answer the questions that follow.

a) Identify the method

(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….

149
 b) Name two ways of inducing the rooting in plantlets.
(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….

c) Outline two disadvantages of the method shown above.

(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….

22. The diagram below shows a method of silage preparation. Use it to answer the Questions
that follow.

150
 a) Identify the structure.
(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………

b) State one way of improving the palatability of silage.

(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………

c) What is the importance of chopping silage material before ensiling.

(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………

d) Give two ensiling losses in silage making.

(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………

23. Study the illustration below and answer the questions that follow.

151
 a) What do the figures labeled on the diagram stand for.
(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….

b) A farmer was advised to apply 20kg of N, 30kg of phosphorus and 10kg of potassium.
The fertilizers available are CAN (20%N), SSP (10%P 2O5) and KCl (20%K2O). Calculate
the amount of each fertilizer the farmer needs to apply on his farm. Show your working.
(4mks)

24. The diagram below is of a tea cutting. Study it carefully and answer the questions that
follow.

152
 a) Which part of the branch is the most appropriate for raising a new seedling.
( ½ mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….

b) Give reasons for your answer in (a) above.

(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….

153
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….

c) Give four reasons why farmers are advised to raise tea in polythene sleeves.
(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….

d) State two factors that promote rooting in cuttings.

(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….

154
 e) What is the name given to a stem cutting used to propagate sugarcane.
( ½ mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….

SECTION C (40 MARKS)

Answer any TWO questions from this section in the spaces provided after the question.
25. a) Discuss the production of Napier grass (pennisetum perpureum) under the following
headings.
i) Ecological requirement
(3mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………

ii) Land preparation.

(3mks)

155
 ………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………

iii) Establishment and management.

(3mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….

iv) Utilization
(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………

b) i) Explain the benefits of a mixed grass-legume pasture over pure grass pasture.
(5mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………

156
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….

ii) State four effects of late defoliation.

(4mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….

26. Use the data from the table below to answer the questions that follow.
Unit of labour input Maize in kgs Marginal product Average product.
yields
0 0
1 600

157
 2 1800
3 3000
4 3600
5 3700
6 3600
7 3400

a) Calculate and fill the columns for:-

i) Marginal product.
(7mks)

ii) Average product.

(7mks)

b) Assume the cost of labour in (i) above is Kshs.200 per day and the price of maize to be
Kshs.20 per unit.

i) Calculate the value of the maize yield produced against the corresponding units of
labour inputs.
(2mks)

158
 ii) Calculate the cost of labour for producing various quantities of maize given in the
table.
(2mks)

c) Determine from (b) above the most profitable level of production.

(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………

27. a) Discuss the factors that determine the spacing of crops.

(10mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………

159
 b) Explain the importance of the following practices in crop production.
i) Chitting
(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….

ii) Seed dressing

(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….

iii) Seed innoculation

(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….

iv) Earthing up
(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………

160
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….

v) Roguing
(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………

c) Reasons for raising seedlings in nursery.

(5mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….

161
END
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….
END

NAME:…………………………………………………INDEX ………………..
…..DATE……..…
SCHOOL:…………………………………………CANDIDATES
SIGNATURE………………

443/1
AGRICULTURE (THEORY)
PAPER 1
2 HOURS

2012 PROJECTIONS -012

Kenya Certificate Of Secondary Education

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
 Write your name and index number in the spaces provided above. Sign and write the date
of the examination in the spaces provided above
 This paper consists of three sections :A, B and C
 Answer ALL questions in section A and B
 Answer TWO questions in section C in the spaces provided

162
SECTION A (30 MARKS)
Answer ALL questions from this section in the spaces Provided
1. Give two reasons why farmers are advised to use certified seeds for planting
(1 mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………
2. List four methods of drainage used in Kenya
(2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………
3. Give three methods of practicing rotational grazing
(1½mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………
4. State four ways of modifying soil pH
(2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

163
 …………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………
5. State four measures a farmer may employ in order to adjust to uncertainty
(2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……..
6. List four cultural methods of pest control in crop production
(2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………
7. Name four human factors that influence the efficiency of agricultural
production
(2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……..

164
8. State four ways through which one would acquire land
(2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………
9. Give four benefits of correct plant population in annual crops
(2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………
..................................................................................................................................
..............................
10. State 2 advantages of propagating tea using cuttings
(1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………
11. Give four reasons why we treat water for use in the farm
(2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………

165
12. Differentiate between over sowing and under sowing as used in pasture
establishment.
(1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………
13. Give three advantages of tissue culture
(1½mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………
14. List any four financial documents as used in agricultural economics.
(2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………

15. State four disadvantages of overhead irrigation

(2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………
16. List four characteristics of clay soils
(2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

166
 …………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………
17. Mention four factors that influence spacing in a pure sorghum stand
(2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………..

SECTION B (20 MARKS) Answer ALL the Questions in this section in

the spaces provided
18. The diagram below shows an equipment used in crop production.
Study it and answer the questions that follow

167
 (i) Identify the equipment (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……

(ii) State the functions of the parts labelled P and Q

(2mks)
Part Functions
P
Q

(iii) State one use of the equipment illustrated above.

(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…….
(iv) Give one routine maintenance practice that should be carried out
on the equipment above
(1mk)

168
 ………………………………………………………………………………………………
……
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……..
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……..
19. Calculate the elasticity of supply if the price of wheat changes from
ksh.10.00 to ksh 12.00 per kg resulting in a change of supply from 400kg
to 600kg. (show your working)
(5mks)

169
 20. Below are diagrams K and L showing coffee plants established using
two different formative prunning systems. Study them and then answer

the questions that follow

K L
a) Name the system of pruning illustrated in the diagram labeled
K..........................................
(1mk)
L…………………………..
(1mk)
b) Describe the procedure of carrying out the pruning system labeled K
(3mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………
21. The illustration below depicts a method of making compost.

> > > >

PIT PIT PIT PIT PIT 170

1 2 3 4 5
 (i) Identify the method of making the compost illustrated above
(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……

(ii) Describe the process of filling the first pit

(4mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

171
SECTION C (40 MARKS) Answer any two questions from this section
in the spaces provided after question 24
22. a) Identify the two main categories of land tenure systems
(2mks)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………..
b) Describe the effects of fragmentation and subdivision of land
(14mks)
c) What advantages does a farmer holding a title deed have over one
who doesn't have
(4mks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………
…
………………………………………………………………………………………………
….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…..
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…..

172
 ………………………………………………………………………………………………
……
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……

………………………………………………………………………………………………

…...
23. Discuss the factors that influence soil erosion
(20mks)

24 Describe the cultural methods a farmer would employ to control

crop pests
(20mks)

173
Name:_________________________ Index Number______________

443/1
Agriculture Candidate’s
Signature……………………….
Paper 1 Date………………………………

2012 PROJECTIONS -013

Kenya Certificate Of Secondary Education

Instructions to candidates
Write your name and index number in the spaces provided above.
Sign and write the date of examination in the spaces provided above.
This paper consists of three sections: A, B and C.
Answer all the questions in sections A and B and any two questions from
section C.
Answers should be written in the spaces provided.

For examiner’s use only

Sectio Questio Maximum Candidate’

n n Score s Score
A 1 – 18 30
B 19 – 22 20
C 20
20
Total 90
Score

Candidates should check the questions paper to ascertain that all

the pages are printed as indicated and no questions are missing.

SECTION A (30 MKS)

Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided.

1. State two ways in which agriculture contributes to industrial growth. (1mk)

………………………………………………………………………………………

174
 ………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

2. Give two factors which characterize intensive farming. (1mk)

………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

3. State two effects of high level of education on agricultural production

(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

4. State two ways through which micro-catchment conserve soil and water.
(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

5. Give two reasons for sowing annual crops early in the planting season
(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

6. Give two advantages of biological method of controlling pests over chemical control.
(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

175
 ………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

7. State three sources of nutrients to soils (1 ½ mks)

………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

8. State four methods of harvesting trees in agro-forestry (2mks)

………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

9. Give four ways by which farmers minimize grain losses in stores. (2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

10. State four sources of agricultural credit to farmers. (2mks)

………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

176
 ………………………………………………………………………………………

11. Distinguish between the terms variable costs and fixed costs as used in production
economics. (2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

12. State four effects of adding organic manures to a sandy soils. (2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

13. Give four farming practices that may help in achieving minimum tillage. (2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

14. List four factors which determine the depth of planting seeds. (2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

177
15. Give four advantages of concession tenure system farming .(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

16. State three ways by which mixed cropping maintains soil fertility. (1 ½ mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

17. State three advantages of planning in farm business. (3mks)

………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

18. State two methods used to collect soil samples in the field. (2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

SECTION B (20MKS)
Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided.
19. The diagram below shows a weed.

178
a) Identify the weed (½mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………

b) Why is it difficult to control the weed? (½mk)

………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
c) State two methods by which weed are classified. (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
d) State two disadvantages of chemical weed control. (2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

20. The diagrams below labeled J, G, H and K show different staged of pyrethrum flower
development.

179
a) Re-arrange the labels J, G, H and K to show the correct sequence in which the pyrethrum
flower develops. (1mk)

b) State two precautions that a farmer should take when harvesting to ensure flowers picked
are of high quality. (2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
21(a) Give the measurement of a vegetable nursery. (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) State two damages caused by animals on tree seedlings in the field. (2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

(c) State three advantages of raising seedlings in a nursery bed. (3mks)

………………………………………………………………………………………

180
 ………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

22. The following is a farm record Mr. Kamau had kept as at 30th June 2008. study it
carefully and answer the questions that follow.
Kshs.
Salaries to labour 25,000
Cattle sales 125,000
Cattle feeds 42,000
Debts recorded 250,000
Opening valuation 246,000
Veterinary costs 12,000
Closing valuation 278,400
Milk sales 30,000

(a) Prepare a profit and loss account from the above information for Mr. Kamau’s farm.
(6mks)

(b) Did Mr. Kamau make a profit or a loss during the financial year? (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………

181
 ………………………………………………………………………………………

SECTION C (40MKS)
Answer any TWO questions from this section in the spaces provided after question 25.

23(a) Describe the establishment of grass pasture from seedbed preparation to the time the
pasture is ready for grazing. (12mks)

(b) What are the advantages of a mixed grass-legume pasture over a pure grass pasture.
(8mks)

24(a) Outline four methods used in draining water logged soils (4mks)

(b) Describe four uses of water in the farm (4mks)

(c) Describe the process involved in water treatment using a chemical treatment system.
(12mks)

25(a) Give two benefits of keeping farm records. (10mks)

(b) Describe five functions of agricultural society of Kenya (ASK) (5mks)

(c) Describe land preparation and planting of bulb onion (Alium cepa) (5mks)

182
NAME: ___________________________________________________________
INDEX NUMBER____________________
CANDIDATE’S SIGN ________________
DATE: _____________________________

443/1

AGRICULTURE PAPER 1

2 HRS

2012 PROJECTIONS -001

Kenya Certificate Of Secondary Education

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
a. Write your name and index number in the spaces provided
b. This paper has three sections A, B and C.
c. Answer ALL the questions in sections A and B and any two questions from section C.
d. Answers must be written in the spaces provided.

FOR EXAMINERS USE ONLY.

Section Questions Maximum score Candidates score

A 1 – 20 30

B 21 - 22 20

20
C
20

Total score

183
SECTION A (30 MARKS)

Answer ALL questions in this section in the spaces provided

1. State two ways in which agriculture contributes directly to the development of

industries. (1 mk)
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. State two characteristics of extensive farming system. (1 mk)
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. State three aspects of light that affects crop growth. (1 ½ mks)
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. List three biotic factors influencing agriculture negatively. (1 ½ mks).
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
5. State four factors which determine the depth of ploughing. (2 mks)
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
6. Give two factors that influences the quantity of water used in the farm. (1 mk)
_____________________________________________________________________

184
 _____________________________________________________________________
7. List four characteristics of a productive soil. (2 mks)
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
8. State two advantages of carrying out chitting in preparation of Irish potatoes for
planting. (1 mk)
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
9. State four qualities of a mother plant that should be considered when selecting
vegetative material for planting. (2 mks)
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
10. (a) What is training in crop production? (1 mk)
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
(b) Name two crops which require training. (1 mk)
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
11. Name three diseases that affect tomatoes in the field. (1 ½ mks)
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
12. Give two examples of root vegetables. (1 mk)
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

185
13. Outline two pieces of information likely to be found in a filed operation record. (1
mk)
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
14. State four advantages of land consolidation. (2 mks)
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
15. Give four benefits of possessing a land title deed to a farmer. (2 mks)
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
16. Give four natural factors that encourage soil erosion. (2 mks)
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
17. State two criteria of weed classification. (1 mk)
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
18. State two common symptoms of viral infection in crops. (1 mk)
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

186
19. State three ways of improving labour productivity in a farm. (1 ½ mks)
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
20. List four examples of variable inputs in maize production. (2 mks)
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

187
 SECTION B (20 MARKS)
Answer ALL the questions in this section in the spaces provided.
21. The diagrams below illustrate some methods of draining water fields.

Diagram 1

Diagram 2

(a) Identify the methods illustrated in the diagrams 1 and 2 above. (2 mks)

1 _________________________________

2_________________________________

(b) Name the materials used in diagram (i) labeled x and y. (2 mks)
X_________________________________

Y_________________________________

(c) State four sources of water pollution in the farm. (2 mks)

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

188
 _____________________________________________________________________
22. a farmer is to apply a compound fertilizer 20:35;5 on a maize plot measuring 4
meters long by 3 metres wide, at a rate of 200 kg per hectare.

a. (i) Calculate the amount of fertilizer the farmer would require for the plot
(show your working) (2 mks)

(ii) What do the figures 35 and 5 in the fertilizer stand for? (2 mks)
35 - _________________________________

5 – _________________________________

b. State two methods of applying phosphatic fertilizer. (1 mk)

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

189
23. Below are diagrams of common weeds on the farm. Use them to answer the
questions that follows.

A B

C D

(a) Identify the weeds A, B, C, D. (2 mks)

A - _______________________________

B- _______________________________

C- _______________________________

190
 D- _______________________________
(b) Give the negative effect of weed labelled B in livestock
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
(c) Suggest the most appropriate method of controlling weed labeled D. (1 mk)
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
24. Below is a graphical representation of the law of diminishing returns. Use it to
answer the questions that follow.
Output of potatoes

Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3

Fertilizer in 50 kg bags

Explain what happens in each of the three zones marked I, II, III in relation to output. (3
mks)
I–
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

191
_____________________________________________________________________

192
 II -
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
III -
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
25. The diagram below shows a method of crop propagation.

(a) Identify the method of propagation illustrated above. (1 mk)

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
(b) List four sites on which agroforestry trees can be established on a farm (2 mks)
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

193
 SECTION C – 40 MARKS

Answer any two questions in this section in the spaces at the back.
26. (a) State and explain five reasons for pruning. (10 mks)
(b) State and explain five physical methods of Pest control. (10 mks)

27. (a) Discuss desmodium production under the following subheadings

i. varieties (2 mks)

ii. land preparation (3 mks)

iii. utilization (3 mks)

(b) (i) Explain the advantages of grass legume pasture(5 mks)

(ii) List the methods of sowing pasture seeds (3 mks)

(c) State four precautions undertaken while harvesting pyrethrum. (4 mks)

28. (a) Use the following information to prepare a profit and loss account for Mr.
Macharia’s farm the financial position at the end of the year 2009 was as follows.
(11 mks)

Sales of milk 18,000

Sales of beans 10,000
Sale of cabbages 5000
Wages 5000
Tractor depreciation 7000
Opening valuation 10,000
Sale of heifers 15,000
Purchase of tools and equipments 10,000
Closing valuation 8,000
Seeds bought 4,000

a. Did the farm make profit or loss? (1 mk)

_____________________________________________________________________

b. What is the percentage loss or profit? (2 mks)

_____________________________________________________________________
c. State six ways in which a farmer can adjust to risks and uncertainties. (6
mks)
_____________________________________________________________________

194
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

195
Name……………………………………………………….
Index No…………………/…….
School………………………………………………………
Date ………………………….…
Candidate’s Signature………………………

443/1
AGRICULTURE
Paper 1
Time: 2 Hours

2012 PROJECTIONS -015

Kenya Certificate Of Secondary Education

443/1
AGRICULTURE
Paper 1
Time: 2 Hours

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

 Write your name and index No. in the spaces provided above.
 This paper consists of THREE sections A, B & C.
 Answer ALL the questions in section A and B and TWO questions in
section C in the spaces provided.
 Candidates should check the question paper to ascertain that all pages are
printed as illustrated and no questions are missing
FOR EXAMINER’S USE ONLY
SECTION QUESTION MAXIMUM CANDIDATE’S SCORE
MARKS
A 1 – 22 30
B 23 - 26 20
C 20
20
Total score 90

196
 This paper consists of 8 printed pages.
Candidates should check the question paper to ensure that all
pages are printed as indicated and no questions are missing
SECTION A (30MKS)
Answer ALL questions in this section in the spaces provided.
1. State TWO characteristics of an extensive farming system.
(1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
….……………………
2. State FOUR conditions under which shifting cultivation is practicable.
(2mks)
……………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
….……………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………
3. Give any THREE conditions which make land clearing necessary.
(1½ mks)
……………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
….……………………
………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………
4. Give TWO economic activities in Kenya that have affected agriculture.
(1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
….……………………
5. List TWO farming practices that can be carried out to increase the amount of light
harnessed by crops.
(1mk)

197
 ……………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
….……………………
6. Name TWO types of labour records.
(1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
….……………………
7. State THREE importance of sub – soiling.
(1½ mks)
……………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
….……………………
………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………
8. Give TWO limitations which face a large scale farmer wishing to use organic manure on
the
farm.
(1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
….……………………

9. State three functions of plastic material when used as mulch in crop production.
(1½ mks)
……………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
….……………………
10. Give any THREE qualities of a good grain store.
(1½ mks)
……………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
….……………………
………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………

198
11. List THREE crops that may be propagated by means of splits.
(1½ mks)
……………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
….……………………
12. State FOUR factors to consider is choosing seed rates.
(2mks)
……………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
….……………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………
13. A green house is an example of a controlled environment .
Outline any THREE environment factors which are controlled by the use of a green
house.
(1½mk
s)
……………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
….……………………
………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………
14. State TWO factors to be considered when choosing the tyre of irrigation in a given area.
(1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
….……………………
15. Give FOUR reasons why a farmer should diversify his farm enterprise.
(2mks)
……………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
….……………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………

199
 …………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………
16. Give any TWO specific areas which involve experimentation and application of
scientific knowledge in solving problems in Agriculture.
(1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
….……………………
17. Name the FOUR textural classes of soil.
(2mks)
……………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
….……………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………
18. State TWO factors that will determine the economic performance of a lease hold land
tenure
system.
(1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
….……………………
19. Outline the properties of clean and safe water.
(2mks)
……………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
….……………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………
20. Name TWO form of agroforesty
(1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
….……………………

200
21. Give TWO indicators of well – decomposed manure.
(1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
….……………………
22. State TWO classification of weeds based on plant morphology. (2
x ½ mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
….……………………

SECTIONB (20MARKS)
Answer ALL questions in this section in the spaces provided.

23. Study the illustrations below and answer the questions that follow.

a) What name is given to the materials

S
(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………
.
………………………………………………………………………………………
………….……

201
 b) If the seedling is tea, name the ingredients used to make materials S.
(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………
.
………………………………………………………………………………………
………….
………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….
………………………………………………………………………………………
……
c) State two advantages of using polythene sleeves instead of raising seedlings
directly on the ground.
(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………
.
………………………………………………………………………………………
………….……
24. a) What is earthing up?
(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………
.
………………………………………………………………………………………
………….……
b) Name any TWO crops managed through earthing up.
(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………
.
………………………………………………………………………………………
………….……
c) Give TWO importance of earthing up.
( 2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………
………….……
25. a) What do you understand by micro – catchments in soil and water conservation.
(1mk)

202
 ………………………………………………………………………………………
.
………………………………………………………………………………………
………….……
b) State TWO benefits of micro – catchments.
(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………
.
………………………………………………………………………………………
………….
………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….
………………………………………………………………………………………
……
c) Differentiate between a weir and a dam.
(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………
.
………………………………………………………………………………………
………….
………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….
………………………………………………………………………………………
……
26. a) Give any FOUR basis of classifying crop pests.
( 4mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………
.
………………………………………………………………………………………
………….
………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….
………………………………………………………………………………………
……

203
 b) Name TWO species of parasitic nematodes which attack crops.
(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………
.
………………………………………………………………………………………
………….
………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….
………………………………………………………………………………………
……

SECTION C (40 MARKS)

Answer any two questions from this section.

27. (i) Describe the marketing function .

(10mks)
(ii) Explain FIVE marketing problems faced by the agricultural industry and give
ways
of solving these problems.
(10mks)
28. Describe the establishment of grass pasture under the following sub- headings.
(i) Land preparation
(5mks)
(ii) Planting
(5mks)
(iii) Field management practices
(6mks)
(iv) Utilization
( 4mks)

29. (i) State the FOUR questions a farm manager formulates in preparing a partial
budget (4mks)
(ii) Under what conditions is partial an appropriate tool for planning.
(4mks)
(iii) A farmer has 160 hectares of arable land, 60 ha of which is under wheat,
32 ha under maize, 12 ha under fodder crops and the rest under pasture . He
wishes to know whether replacing 12 ha of maize with Irish potatoes the
following year would be worth while .The fertilizer rate would have to be
increased from 5 bags per ha for maize to 7 bags per ha for Irish potatoes.

204
 An extra 100 man – days of casual labour per ha will be necessary as a result of
the change. The average yield of maize and Irish potatoes is 45 and 115 bags / ha
respectively. The prices are 1400/= per bag for maize and 1200/= per bag for
Irish potatoes. Seed costs are 2500/= per ha for maize and 30,000/= per ha for
Irish potatoes .
Fertilizer costs are 1300/= per bag . Labour is paid at 150/= per man day.
Draw up a partial budget and indicate the effects of the change.
(12mks)

…………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………

Name……………………………………………………………. Index
No……………………………..
School…………………………………………………………… Candidate’s
sign…………………….

Date………………………………….

443/1
AGRICULTURE
Paper 1
TIME: 2 Hours

205
2012 PROJECTIONS -016
Kenya Certificate Of Secondary Education

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
1. Write your name and index number in the spaces provided above
2. Sign and write the date of examination in the spaces provided above
3. This paper consists of THREE sections: A, B and C
4. Answer ALL the questions in section A and B in the spaces provided.
5. Answer any two questions in section C in the spaces provided in this booklet
6. Answers to ALL questions must be written in the spaces provided.

FOR EXAMINER’S USE ONLY.

SECTION QUESTION MAXIMUM SCORE CANDIDATES SCORE
A 1 – 17 30
B 18 – 21 20
C 20
20
TOTAL SCORE 90

This paper consists of 12 printed pages. Candidates should check the question paper to
Ensure that all the pages are printed as indicated and no questions are missing.

SECTION A (30 MARKS)

Answer ALL the questions in this section in the spaces provided.
1. State two ways by which agriculture promotes the growth of industries in a country.
(1mk)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...

206
2. Give four conditions that lead to small scale farming.
(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
3. State four ways in which HIV victims affect agricultural production.
(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
4. State three benefits of a good soil structure to crop production.
(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...

207
 ………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
5. Distinguish between candinal and optimum temperatures in crop production.
(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
6. Name two implements used to carry out secondary operations.
(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
7. Give four objectives of secondary cultivation.
(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...

208
 ………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
8. Give three reasons for discouraging the use of fire in clearing land during seedbed
preparation.
(3mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
9. Give four types of product – product relationships in production economics.
(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

209
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
10. Name two diseases of beans that affect beans production.
(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
11. Outline four main problems associated with silage making.
(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
12. Write down two forms in which element phosphorus is available to crops.
(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
13. List four methods used to drain farmland.
(2mks)

210
 ………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
14. What are perishable crops.
(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...

15. State three factors considered when grading tomatoes for fresh market.
(3mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...

211
 ………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
16. List four advantages of using green manure in a farm.
(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
17. State four features of breeding records in cattle.
(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
SECTION B. (20 MARKS)
Answer ALL the questions in this section in the spaces provided.
18. Study the following type of soil structures and answer the questions that follow:

212
a) Identify the type of soil structures labeled.
(2mks)
A

………………………………………………………………………………………….
B

………………………………………………………………………………………….
C

…………………………………………………………………………………………..
D

…………………………………………………………………………………………..
b) Which type of soil structure is best suited for farming.
(1mk)

213
 ………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
c) Identify four characteristics which make the soil structure named in (b) above
suitable for
farming.
(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
19. The diagram drawn below shows parts of a pineapple fruit. Study it and answer questions
that follow.

a) Name the parts labeled:

214
 A
…………………………………………………………………………………
B
………………………………………………………………………………….
C
………………………………………………………………………………….
D
…………………………………………………………………………………
(2mks)
b) i) Which part is commonly used for planting pineapple crop.
(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...

ii) Give one advantage and one disadvantage of using planting material
mentioned in (b)
(i) above.
(2mks)
Advantage
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
Disadvantage
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

215
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
20. The diagram below illustrate a field crop pest. Study it and answer the questions that
follow:

a) Identify the bird.

(½ mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

b) Name two crops attacked by the pest.

(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
c) Give two ways in which the bird causes loses in field crops.
(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

216
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
d) State three methods of controlling the pest.
(1½ mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

21. a) Give two roles of a household and a firm in economic growth of a country.
(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
b) Use the following information on the table below and answer the questions that
follow.
The cost of fertilizer is Kshs.2000 per unit – bag and price of maize is Kshs.1500
per 90kg bag.
Fertilizer unit Maize yield Marginal

217
 (in bags) (in 90kg bag) Product
(90kg bag)
0 20 ___
1 32 12
2 36 4
3 38 2
4 39 1
5 39 0
i) At what unit of fertilizer input should the farmer be advised to stop
applying more
fertilizer?
(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………
………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………….....
ii) Give a reason for your answer in b (i) above.
(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………
iii) Calculate the marginal return at the point of optimum production.
(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………
…………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………...
SECTION C (40 MARKS)
Answer any TWO questions from this section in the spaces provided.
22. a) Discuss the production of nappier grass under the following sub-heading:

218
 i) Land preparation
(3mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………
…………

………………………………………………………………………………………………
…
………………………………………………………………………………………
…………

………………………………………………………………………………………………
…
………………………………………………………………………………………
………….
ii) Crop establishment
(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………
iii) Routine management practices
(3mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………..

219
………………………………………………………………………………………………...
………………………………………………………………………………………
…………

………………………………………………………………………………………………
…
………………………………………………………………………………………
…………

………………………………………………………………………………………………
…
iv) Harvesting
(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………
…………

………………………………………………………………………………………………
…
………………………………………………………………………………………
…………

………………………………………………………………………………………………...
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………

b) Explain the various ways agricultural production contributes to water pollution.

(5mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

220
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..
c) Discuss the factors that make weeds more competitive than crops in the farm.
(5mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...

221
 ………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
23. The tables below give information on the supply and demand schedules of tomatoes in
Nyahururu
market.
Table 1: Prices and quantities of tomatoes supplied.
Tomatoes supplied (kg) Price per kg (shs.)
200 7.00
180 5.20
175 4.80
162 4.00
156 3.70
135 2.80
100 1.60
92 1.40
80 1.20
75 1.10

Table 2: Prices and quantities of tomatoes demanded.

Tomatoes bought (kg) Price per kg (shs.)

75 8.00
82 6.70
96 5.50

222
114 4.10
130 3.20
150 2.40
166 1.80
180 1.30
186 1.10
200 0.80

a) Using the above data, draw and label the supply and demand curves on a graph
paper. The
two curves should be drawn on the same axis using the same scale.
(7mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...

223
 ………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
b) i) What would be the price if 150kg of tomatoes were supplied.
(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
ii) If the price per kg was Kshs.3.70, how many kilograms of tomatoes would
be bought.
(1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
c) What is the equilibrium price.
(1mk)

224
 ………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
d) Discuss the various management practices carried out in a tomato nursery bed.
(10mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...

225
 ………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
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………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
24. a) Explain ten importance of agroforestry in Kenya.
(10mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...

226
 ………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
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………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

227
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

b) Describe ten cultural methods of controlling soil erosion.

(10mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

228
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
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………..

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...
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………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..

Name………………………………………………… Index No.

…………………….

School ………………………………………………... Date…….

…………………….

Sign…….
…………………….

443/1
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 1
Time: 2 Hours

2012 PROJECTIONS -017

Kenya Certificate Of Secondary Education

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

 This paper consist of Section A, B and C

 Answer ALL questions in Section A and B and two questions from Section C

229
 Answers to all the questions must be written in the answer booklet provided.

EXAMINER’S USE.

Section Question Maximum Score Candidates Score

A 1 – 16 30
B 17 – 21 20
C 20
20
TOTAL SCORE 90

This paper consists of 12 printed pages.

Candidates should check the question paper to ensure that all pages are printed as indicated
and no questions are missing

SECTION A (30 MARKS)

Attempt these questions

1. Outline THREE ways in which soil is important in crops (1 ½

mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

230
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. List FOUR practices aimed at maximizing the use of Nitrogenous fertilizers in a
Maize field (2mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. State four harmful effects of weeds in pasture production and livestock nutrition (2mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. a) Give FOUR reasons why it is necessary to process Agricultural products
before marketing (2mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

231
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) State the law of demand (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5. Differenciate between “chitting and pricking out” in crop production

(1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. a) Define “Agricultural Economics” (1mk)

232
……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) Name three types of farmers co-operative society (1 ½
mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. State FOUR managerial practices carried out on agroforestry trees from planting to
ageing of the same tree (2mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

233
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. State four ways in which organic mulch material conserves soil and water (2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……...

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. a) What is ledger in Farm accounts (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) Name FOUR examples of liabilities in a balanced sheet (2mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

234
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

10. State four advantages of weeds in Agricultural production (2mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
11. State TWO effects of PH on crop production (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
12. State FOUR disadvantages of communial land tenure system (2mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

235
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
13. State FOUR factors determining the efficiency of pesticides (2mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
14. State THREE objectives of Agricultural Research (1 ½
mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

15. Give FOUR examples of fixed cost in coffee farming (2mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

236
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
16. State TWO characteristics of a mother plant where stem cuttings should be
obtained (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……...

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

SECTION B (20 MARKS)

Answer the questions in this Section in the spaces provided.

17. Study the diagram of the Silo below and answer the questions that follow

a) Identify the method of ensiling shown in the diagram above (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...
b) State three precautions taken when ensiling high quantity silage (3mks)

237
……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
c) State an advantage of this method of forage conservation over the other
methods (1mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
18. Study the diagram below and answer questions that follow

238
 i) Name the type of erosion (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...
ii) Describe the formation of the type of erosion named in (a) above (3mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
iii) State the effect of this type of erosion in the farm (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

239
19. The diagram below labeled A and B below are illustrations of coffee plants
Established using two different methods. Examine the diagrams and answer the
questions that follow

i) Name the system illustrated in diagram A (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...
ii) Name the system illustrated in diagram B (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...
iii) Outline how the pruning systems in diagram B is carried out (2mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

240
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
iv) Give two advantages of the system in diagram A over the pruning
system illustrated in diagram B

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

20. Study carefully the diagram below of a maize pest then answer the questions that follow

241
 a) Identify the pest shown in the diagram (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...
b) How is the pest controlled (3mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
c) Classify the pest on the basis of its mouthparts (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

242
 SECTION C (40 MARKS)
Answer any TWO questions from this Section in the spaces provided.

21. a) Discuss the procedure for harvesting the following crops

i) Tea (3mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
ii) Sugar cane (3mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
iii) Cotton (3mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

243
 b) Discuss the following
i) Alley cropping /hedge row/ intercropping (2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
ii) Multistorey cropping (2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
iii) Woodlots farm forests (2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

c) State the characteristics of ideal agro-forestry trees (5mks)

………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
22. a) Differentiate between Erodibility and erosivity (2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
b) State two factors which influence solifluction (3mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

244
 ………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
c) State the advantages of drip irrigation (4mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
d) Discuss Beane production under the following sub headings;
i) Seedbed preparation (3mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
ii) Field operation (6mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

iii) Harvesting (2mks)

………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
23. The inventory of Jomatek Farm as at 31st December 2008 was as follows
Items Kshs
Cash at hand 10,000
Land 400,000

245
Buildings 100,000
Machinery 500,000
Mature cows 200,000
Calves 20,000
Layers 30,000
Maize in store 6,000
Potatoes 10,000
Also in the farmer’s record book was the following information;
Co-operative loan 200,000
Delayed milk payment 9,000
Eggs supplied to Safari lodge 6,000
Vegetables sale on credit 5,000
Fertilizer brought on credit 8,000
Pesticides 2.500
Interest payable 2,500
Interest receivable 1,000
Wages payable 4,000
Tax payable 500
Cash in the bank 25,000

a) Prepare a balanced sheet for the farm

(17mks)

246
b) State whether the farm is solvent or insolvent (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
c) State the importance of a journal as a Financial book of accounting (2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

247
END
248
Name…………………………………………… Index No…………………/…….
School………………………………………… Candidates Signature……………
Date…………………………….
443/1
AGRICULTURE
THEORY
Paper 1
2 ½ Hours

2012 PROJECTIONS -018

Kenya Certificate Of Secondary Education

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

 Write your name and Index Number in the spaces provided above.
 Sign and write date of examination in the spaces provided above.
 Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided.
 Mathematical tables and silent electronic calculators may be used.
 All workings MUST be clearly shown where necessary.

For Examiners use only.

Question Maximum Score Candidates Score

This paper consists of12 printed pages

Candidates should check the question paper to ensure that all the
Papers are printed as indicated and no questions are missing

SECTION A (30 MARKS)

249
Answer all questions in this section in the spaces provided

1. Differentiate between:
(a) Extensive and Intensive farming system
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(b) Aqua culture and apiculture

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2. State two disadvantages of pastoral nomadism system of farming. (1 marks)

(a)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…..

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……..
b)
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…….

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3. State two ways in which soil depth influences crop production (1marks)
(a)
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…..

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 …………………………………………………………………………………………………
….

(b) ……………………………………………………………………………………………
……….
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…….

4. Give two ways of increasing light intensity in crop production (1mks)

(a)
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…...

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…….

(b)
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……..

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….

5. Name two types of micro-catchment commonly used in water conservation

(a)………………………………………… (b)
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6. State four factors that influence mass wasting (2mks)

(a)
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…..

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 (b)
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…..

©………………………………………………………………………………………………
………

(d)
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…..

7. Give three ways in which mulch help in soil and water conservation (11/2)
(a)
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…...

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….

(b) ……………………………………………………………………………………………
………
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©
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8. Give four importance of drainage as a land reclamation method (2mks)

(a)
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…

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 (b) ……………………………………………………………………………………………
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(c) ……………………………………………………………………………………………
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….

(d) ……………………………………………………………………………………………
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…….

9. Give four limitations of using organic manures on the farm (2mks)

(a)
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…

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…

(b) ………………………………………………………………………………………………
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………….
(c) ………………………………………………………………………………………………
…….
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….

(d) ………………………………………………………………………………………………
…….

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 ………………………………………………………………………………………………
……

10. Give three characteristics of plants used in the preparation of green manure (1 ½ marks)
(a)
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(b)
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….

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(c)
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…

(e) ………………………………………………………………………………………………
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11. State two functions of zinc in crop development (1mk)

(a)
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…

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…

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 (b)
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….

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…
12. Give four importance of sub-soiling (2mks)
(b)
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…

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(b)
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…….

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©
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…

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….

(e) ……………………………………………………………………………………………
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13. State four practices involved in minimum tillage (2mks)

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 (a)
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(b)
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©
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…...

(d)
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….

14. What is meant by the term integrated past management (1mk)

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(b) List three factors that affect efficiency of a pesticide (1 ½ Marks)

(a) ………………………………………………………………………………………………
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(b) ………………………………………………………………………………………………
…….

(c) ………………………………………………………………………………………………
……..

15. State any three factors to consider in timing of planting (1 ½ marks)

(a)
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….
(b)
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©
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16. Differentiate between a seedbed and a seedling bed (1mark)

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 …………………………………………………………………………………………………
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17. State two types of labour records (1mark)

(a)
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…..

(b)
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….

18. Identify the following parameters of National development (1mark)

(a) Total output from resources owned by the nationals of a country wherever their resources
happen to be: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------( 1/2
mk)

(b) Total of goods and services produced by a country within a period of one year

……………………………………………………………………………………(1/2 mk)

19. Mention three sources of capital (1 ½ marks)

(a)
……………………………………………………………………………………………….

(b)
……………………………………………………………………………………………….

c) ………………………………………………………………………………………………

20. State three methods of harvesting trees in agro-forestry (1 ½ marks)

(a)
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…

(b)
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….

©
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…...

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 SECTION B(20 MARKS)
Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided

21. The diagram below represents a crop pest, study it carefully and answer questions that
follow:-

(i) Identify the pest shown above ? (1mark)

…………………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) Name two crops attacked by the crop pest above (1mark)

a) ……………………………………………… b)
………………………………………..

(iii) Mention any two control measures (2marks)

(a) …………………………………………………………………………………………
…….

(b) …………………………………………………………………………………………
……...

22. Below is a diagram illustrating a soil and water conservation method

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(a) Identify the method (1mark)………………………………………………………………

(b) Explain how the method controls soil erosion (2mks)

(i)
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……………

(ii)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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………….

(c ) How can part B be stabilized after construction (1mark)

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…………….

(d) State two factors that will determine depth of part A (2marks)

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………………………………………………………………………………………………………
.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
..

23. Below is a graphical representation of the law of diminishing returns.

Fertilizer in 50kg bags

(a) Explain what happens in each of the three zones marked I, II and III in relation to output
(3mks)
I……………………………………………………………………………………………
………

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…

II………………………………………………………………………………………………
…

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…

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 III………………………………………………………………………………………………
…

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….

(b) Which of the three is a rational zone of production (1mark)

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…..

24. (a) Calculate the amount of P2 O5 in 400kg of the fertilizer mono-ammonium phosphate
(MAP)
(11: 48: 0) (1marks)
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(b) Mr.Kamau owns 12 acres of land. He has been advised to apply 84kg of Nitrogen. How
much should it cost him to provide sulphate of ammonium 21%N, each 50kg bag cost
shs.1800/=
Show all your working (2marks)
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 …………………………………………………………………………………………………
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..

25 Diagrams C and D show weeds

i) Identify the weeds the weeds labeled C and D (1 mark)

C………………………………………………….
D…………………………………………

ii) Why is it difficulty to control each of the above weeds (2mks)

C
………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

D
……………………………………………………………………………………………….

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 SECTION C. (40 MARKS)
Answer any two questions from this section in the spaces
provided.

26 Describe the production of a pasture grass from the time land is prepared using a
mouldboard
plough to the time it is ready for grazing (12marks)
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…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
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(b) Outline any five uses of water in the farm (5mks)

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© State any three advantages of sub-surface irrigation. (3mks)

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27 Describe the establishment of tomatoes under the following sub-headings
(a) Nursery preparation (4mks)

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……………………………………………………………………………………………………

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(b) Establishment in the nursery (3mks)
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© Management of seedlings in the nursery (5mks)

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(d) Transplanting of seedlings (8 mks)

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……........................................................................................................................................
......................

28 Using the data below answer questions that follow:-

Fertilizer Maize Total Marginal Marginal Net

inputs in outputs in Revenue Revenue cost Revenue
bags bags
0 0 0

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 2 14 28000
4 39 78000
6 60 120000
8 77 154000
10 86 172000
12 85 170000

(a) Workout the marginal cost, marginal Revenue and Net Revenue at all production
level.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
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………………………….
(9mks)

(b) On the graph paper provided draw a graph for output against in put (4mks)

266
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© Work our marginal revenue and marginal cost using the information on the graph at input
level 8
and 9 . (2mks)
….
…………………………………………………………………………................................
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................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
............................................

(d) State the level of input where maximum profit is realized. Give a reason. (2 mks)

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……………………………

(e) What is elasticity of demand(1mk)

………………………………………………………………………………………………
……

………………………………………………………………………………………………
……

(ii) Enumerate factors that determine elasticity of demand. (3mks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………
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