LECTURE 9

KINETICS: WORK &

ENERGY

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DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES
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CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
• To develop the principle of work and energy and apply it to solve
problems that involve force, velocity and displacement..

• To study problems that involve power and efficiency

• To introduce the concept of a conservative force and apply the

theorem of conservation of energy to solve kinetic problems.

Lecture 9
Kinetics: Work & Energy
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WORK OF A FORCE
In mechanics a force F does work on a particle only when the particle
undergoes a displacement in the direction of the force.

• Work of a Variable Force. If a particle undergoes a finite displacement

along its path from r1 to r2 or s1 to s2 the work done is given by:

• Work of a Constant Force Moving Along a Straight Line. Since both F

and θ are constant (straight line path)

Lecture 9
Kinetics: Work & Energy
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 WORK OF A FORCE
• Work of a Weight W. Where the vertical displacement y is measured
positive upward. The work of the weight is positive if the particle is
displaced downward and negative if displaced upward.

Lecture 9
Kinetics: Work & Energy
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 WORK OF A FORCE
• Work of a Spring Force.
(a) Work of a Spring. The work of a spring is of the form

1
𝑈𝑠 = 𝑘𝑠2
2

(b) Work Done on a Body (or Particle) Attached to a Spring. In this case, the
force Fs exerted on the body is opposite to that exerted on the spring. Hence,
the force Fs will do negative work on the body (particle):.

Lecture 9
Kinetics: Work & Energy
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PROBLEM 1
The 10-kg block shown rests on the smooth incline. If the spring is
originally stretched 0.5 m, determine the total work done by all the
forces acting on the block when a horizontal force P = 400 N pushes the
block up the plane s = 2 m.

Lecture 9
Kinetics: Work & Energy
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PRINCIPLE OF WORK & ENERGY
The principle of work and energy for a particle is described by the
equation

1 1
Where 𝑇1 = 𝑚𝑣12 and 𝑇2 = 𝑚𝑣22 represents kinetic energy of the
2 2
particle at point 1 and point2, respectively while σ 𝑈1 − 2 represents the
work done by all the forces as the particle moves from point 1 to point
2.

The principle of work and energy is used to solve kinetic problems that
involve velocity, force and displacement.

Lecture 9
Kinetics: Work & Energy
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PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS
• Free Body-Diagram. Establish the inertial coordinate system and draw a
free-body diagram of the particle in order to account for all the forces that do
work on the particle as it moves along its path.

• Apply the principle of work and energy

- The kinetic energy at the initial and final points is always positive.
- A force does work when it moves through a displacement in the direction
of the force.
- Work is positive when the force component is in the same direction as its
displacement, otherwise it is negative.
- Forces that are functions of displacement must be integrated to obtain the
work
-The work of a weight is the product of the weight magnitude and the
vertical displacement
1
- The work of a spring is of the form 𝑈 = 𝑘𝑠2
2

Lecture 9
Kinetics: Work & Energy
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PRINCIPLE OF WORK & ENERGY FOR A SYSTEM OF PARTICLES
The principle of work and energy can be extended to include a system of
particles isolated within an enclosed region of space. Symbolically, the
principle looks like:

Note that although the internal forces on adjacent particles occur in

equal but opposite collinear pairs, the total work done by each of these
forces will, in general, not cancel out since the paths over which
corresponding particles travel will be different. There are two important
exceptions to this rule which often occur in practice:

– When Particles are Contained Within the Boundary of a Translating

Rigid Body.
– When Particles are Connected by Inextensible Cables.

Lecture 9
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WORK OF A FORCE
Work of Friction Caused by Sliding

it should be realized that the work of the resultant frictional force is not
represented by μkNs; instead, this term represents both the external
work of friction (μkNs') and internal work (μkN(s − s')) which is
converted into various forms of internal energy, such as heat.

Lecture 9
Kinetics: Work & Energy
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PROBLEM 2
The 3500-lb automobile shown, travels down the 10° inclined road at a
speed of 20 ft/s. If the driver jams on the brakes, causing his wheels to
lock, determine how far s the tires skid on the road. The coefficient of
kinetic friction between the wheels and the road is μk = 0.5.

Lecture 9
Kinetics: Work & Energy
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PROBLEM 3
If the coefficient of kinetic friction between the 100-kg crate and the
plane is μk = 0.25, determine the speed of the crate at the instant the
compression of the spring is x = 1.5 m. Initially, the spring is
unstretched and the crate is at rest.

Lecture 9
Kinetics: Work & Energy
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PROBLEM 4
For a short time the crane lifts the 2.50-Mg beam with a force of F = (28
+ 3s2) kN. Determine the speed of the beam when it has risen s = 3 m.
Also, how much time does it take to attain this height starting from rest?

Lecture 9
Kinetics: Work & Energy
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POWER & EFFICIENCY
Power is defined as the amount of work performed per unit of time.
Hence, the power P generated by a machine or engine which performs
an amount of work dU within a time interval dt , is given by:

Lecture 9
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POWER & EFFICIENCY
The mechanical efficiency of a machine is defined by:

, or

Since machines consist of a series of moving parts, frictional forces will

always be developed within the machine. As a result, extra energy or
power is needed to overcome these forces. Consequently, the efficiency
of a machine is always less than one.

Lecture 9
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PROBLEM 5
The motor M of the hoist shown, lifts the 75-lb crate C so that the
acceleration of point P is 4 ft/s2. Determine the power that must be
supplied to the motor at the instant P has a velocity of 2 ft/s. Neglect the
mass of the pulley and cable and take e = 0.85.

Lecture 9
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CONSERVATIVE FORCES & POTENTIAL ENERGY
Conservative Force. When the work done by a force in moving a
particle from one point to another is independent of the path followed by
the particle, then this force is called a conservative force. (work of a
weight, work of a spring)

In contrast, we note that the force of friction exerted on a moving object

by a fixed surface depends on the path of the object. Consequently,
frictional forces are nonconservative. The work is dissipated from the
body in the form of heat.

Lecture 9
Kinetics: Work & Energy
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POTENTIAL ENERGY
Gravitational Potential Energy. The gravitational potential energy of
a particle of weight W is
𝑉𝑔 = 𝑊𝑦

Elastic Potential Energy. The elastic potential energy due to a spring’s

configuration (stretched or compressed
a distance s from its unstretched position) is
1 2
𝑉𝑒 = 𝑘𝑠
2

Potential Function. In general, if a particle is subjected to both

gravitational and elastic forces, the particle’s
potential energy can be expressed as a potential function, which is the
algebraic sum
𝑉 = 𝑉𝑔 + 𝑉𝑒

Lecture 9
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CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
When a particle is acted upon by a system of both conservative and
nonconservative forces, the portion of the work done by the conservative
forces can be written in terms of the difference in their potential
energies using.

𝑇1 + 𝑉1 + ෍ 𝑈1−2 = 𝑇2 + 𝑉2
𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠.

If only conservative forces do work then we have

𝑇1 + 𝑉1 += 𝑇2 + 𝑉2

Lecture 9
Kinetics: Work & Energy
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PROBLEM 6
A smooth 2-kg collar shown, fits loosely on the vertical shaft. If the
spring is unstretched when the collar is in the position A, determine the
speed at which the collar is moving when y = 1 m,
A. If it is released from rest at A.
B. If it is released at A with an upward velocity vA = 2 m/s.

Lecture 9
Kinetics: Work & Energy
Prepared by: AGL
Lecture 9
Kinetics: Work & Energy