ICT Reviewer

Polygonal Modeling

Used for: Defining surfaces - composed of interconnected polygons to define sufaces.

Key characteristics:

 Versatile: Can be used for a wide range of objects.

 Flexible: Allows for detailed sculpting and organic processes.
 Widely supported: Used in many 3D software packages.

Applications

 Game Development
 Character development
 3D printing
 Visual Effects

Parametric Modeling

Method: Where 3D models are created and modified based on parameters.

Key characteristics:

 Control over parameters: This allows for precise control over the model's
characteristics, such as its shape, size, and position.
 Smooth and organic: Ideal for creating complex freeform designs.
 Industry standard: Widely used in industrial applications.

Applications

 Architecture
 Manufacturing
 Industrial Design

NURBS (Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines)

 Non-Uniform: Distances between control points can vary.

 Rational: Control points have weight, affecting surface precision.
 B-Spline: A type of mathematical curve defined by a set of control points

Key characteristics:

 Precise control: High precision control over curves.

 Smooth and organic: Ideal for creating complex freeform designs.
 Industry standard: Widely used in industrial applications.

Applications of Polygonal and NURBS Modeling

 Automotive Design
 Shipbuilding
 Aerospace engineering
 Industrial design
  Point Cloud Modeling

Collection of data points in 3D space. Each point represents a single spatial

measurement.

Characteristics

 High accuracy capture incredibly fine details.

 Real world representation: Provide highly accurate representations
 Versatility: Can be used in various applications.

Applications

 Architecture
 Civil Engineering
 Archeology
 Forensics
 Entertainment
 Prosthetics and orthotics
 Surveying and mapping

 Subdivision Surface Modeling

A technique in 3D modeling computer graphics that creates smooth organic shapes

from a coarse polygonal mesh

It works by iteratively subdividing each polygon into smaller polygons, increasing the
number of vertices and smoothing out the surfaces.

Key Characteristics

 Smooth surfaces: Produces highly smooth organic shapes

 Efficiency: Allows for the creation of complex shapes accurately with few control
points
 Controllability: Provides control over the smoothness and shape
 Versatility: Suitable for modeling like characters and creatures

Applications

 Character modeling
 Product design
 Industrial design
 Visual effects
 Architectural visualization

Principles of 3D Modeling
  Topology: refers to how polygons are connected and arranged. Good topology
is crucial for smooth deformations during animation.
 Form &Silhouette: Emphasizes the overall shape and outline of the character.
 Proportion & Scale: Maintains accurate size relationships between parts.
Ensures model scale throughout the modeling process.
 Symmetry: Used where appropriate for efficiency.
 Detailing: Refining shapes gradually from larger forms to smaller features.
 Cleanliness: maintain a clean and organized model with well named objects and
layers.

3D Software

A collection of computer programs designed to create and manipulate 3D objects and

environments.

Examples of 3D Software Programs

 Autodesk Maya
 3DS Max
 Cinema 4D
 ZBrush
 Blender
 SketchUp
 SolidWorks
 Revit
 AutoCAD

Digital World Measuring Tools

 Social Media Analytics

It allows users to measure reach, engagement, and performance indicators for
social media. It takes data to analyze social media.
 Bandwidth Testing Tools
Measures the maximum speed at which data can be transferred over a network
connection.
Tools (e.g., Fast) perform a test.
 Ping Tests
Time it takes for a data packet to be sent from a device to a server and back.
Indicating network latency.
 Chronometers (within software)
High-precision timers found within software applications, often used for scientific
or game purposes.
 Timers
Online within apps.
Countdown timers & stopwatches online or within tracking tools.
 Counters
For tracking and displaying the number of occurrences of an event.
 Data Loggers
Devices that automatically record data over time, such as temperature, humidity,
or other environmental factors.
 Sensors
 Devices that respond to a physical stimulus such as temperature, pressure, or
light.
 Website Analytics
Tools like Google Search Console track website traffic, user behavior, and other
metrics to understand website performance.
 Voltmeter:
Measures voltage of direct or alternating electric current on a scale (in millivolts
to kilovolts).
 Oscilloscope:
Measures current and voltage.
 Electromagnetic Models:
Uses contain waves significantly.
 Laser Distance Measures:
Uses laser beams to accurately measure distance.
 Augmented Reality (AR) Apps:
Use a smartphone camera to project virtual measurements onto the real world.

Real World Measuring Tools

Measuring Tools: Used to take out a quantity like weight, length, time, etc. Weighing
scales and ruler are common types.

 Steel ruler: another term for steel rule a mechanism for determining the length of
a line. Most basic and widely used inspection measuring equipment
 Calipers: Determines the distance between two sides of an object.
 Micrometers: Measures the size of objects in small increments.
 Protractor: Measures angles, often made of plastic or glass.
 Try square (T-Square): Used in manufacturing to check if a workpiece is
square.

 Analog-to-Digital & Digital-to-Analog Converters (ADC & DAC)

Converts between analog and digital signals. Found in measuring equipment and
laboratory devices.

 Virtual Instruments

Allows for automated data collection, making systems more efficient.

3D DIGITAL TOOLS MODULE

1. Extrude

• Concept: Creates a 3D object by pulling a 2D shape along a path (usually a straight

line).

• Example:

 Shape: A square.
 Path: A straight line perpendicular to the square's plane.
 Result: A cube.

• Process:
 1. Create Shape: Draw a square in the 2D plane of your 3D software.
2. Select Shape: Select the square.
3. Extrude Tool: Use the "Extrude" tool.
4. Specify Depth: Define the distance to extrude the shape along the path.
5. Result: The software will create a 3D cube.

2. Lathe

Concept: Rotates a 2D shape around an axis to create a 3D object with rotational

symmetry.

• Example:

 Shape: A line segment.

 Axis: A line perpendicular to the line segment.
 Result: A cylinder.

• Process:

1. Create Shape: Draw a line segment in the 2D plane.

2. Select Shape: Select the line segment.
3. Lathe Tool: Use the "Lathe" tool.
4. Specify Axis: Define the axis of rotation.
5. Result: The software will rotate the line segment around the axis, creating a
cylinder.

3. Loft

• Concept: Creates a smooth, organic shape by interpolating between two or more cross

sectional shapes.

• Example:

 Shapes: A circle and a square.

 Result: A smoothly transitioning shape that starts as a circle and ends as a
square.

• Process:

1. Create Shapes: Create two or more 2D shapes in the 3D space.

2. Select Shapes: Select the shapes.
3. Loft Tool: Use the "Loft" tool.
4. Control Points (Optional): Add control points to influence the shape of the loft.
5. Result: The software will create a 3D object that smoothly transitions between
the input shapes.

4. Booleans

• Concept: Combines or subtracts volumes of different 3D objects.

• Examples:

 Union: Combine two objects into a single object.

 Difference: Subtract the volume of one object from another.
 Intersection: Create a new object that contains only the overlapping volume of
 two objects.

• Process:

1. Create Objects: Create two or more 3D objects.

2. Select Objects: Select the objects involved in the Boolean operation.
3. Boolean Operation: Choose the desired Boolean operation (Union,
Difference, Intersection).
4. Result: The software will perform the Boolean operation and create the
resulting
5. 3D object.

5. Welds

• Concept: Joins two or more separate edges or faces of 3D objects into a single,

continuous surface.

• Example:

 Objects: Two cubes.

 Weld: Join the faces of the two cubes together.
 Result: A single, larger object formed from the two cubes.

• Process:

1. Create Objects: Create the 3D objects to be welded.

2. Select Edges/Faces: Select the edges or faces to be welded.
3. Weld Tool: Use the "Weld" tool.
4. Result: The software will join the selected edges or faces into a single,
5. continuous surface.

6. Spline Contours

• Concept: Creates a 3D object by extruding a 2D shape along a spline (a curved path).

• Example:

 Shape: A circle.
 Spline: A curved path.
 Result: A 3D object with a circular cross-section that follows the curved path of
the spline.
• Process:
1. Create Shape: Create the 2D shape.
2. Create Spline: Create a spline in the 3D space.
3. Select Shape and Spline: Select the shape and the spline.
4. Spline Contour Tool: Use the "Spline Contour" tool.
5. Result: The software will extrude the shape along the spline, creating a 3D object

with the shape's profile.