VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

JNANA SANGAMA, BELAGAVI -590018

PROJECT REPORT (21ECP76)

ON

“WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER FOR ELECTRIC

VEHICLE”
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

Submitted by

SANJAY G 1MV21EC086
SUJAN H V 1MV21EC106
PRAVEEN KUMAR N 1MV22EC406
VINAYAK HIPPARGI 1MV22EC411

Under the Guidance of

Ms. Krishnapriya S Sharma
Associate Professor / Dept. of ECE

SIR M. VISVESVARAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Bengaluru-562157
2024-25
 SRI KRISHNADEVARAYA EDUCATIONAL TRUST
SIR M VISVESVARAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to VTU-Belagavi, Recognized by AICTE and Accredited by NBA & NAAC)
Krishnadevarayanagar, Off Kempegowda International Airport Road, Hunasamaranahalli, Bengaluru – 562 157

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
Certified that the project work entitled “WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER FOR
ELECTRIC VEHICLE” carried out by Sanjay G (1MV21EC086), Sujan H V
(1MV21EC106), Praveen Kumar N (1MV22EC406), Vinayak Hippargi (1MV22EC411)
the bonafide students of Sir M. Visvesvaraya Institute of Technology in partial fulfillment for
the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and Communication by Visvesvaraya
Technological University, Belagavi-590018, during the year 2024-25. It is certified that all
corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the
Report deposited in the departmental library. The project report has been approved as it
satisfies the academic requirements for Project work prescribed for the said Degree.

Ms. Krishnapriya S Sharma Dr. Sasmita Mohapatra Prof. Rakesh S.G

Associate Professor Professor and Head Principal
Dept. of ECE, Sir MVIT Dept. of ECE, Sir MVIT Sir MVIT

External Examination Viva

Name of the Examiner Signature with Date

1.

2.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany completing any task would be incomplete
without the mention of the people who made it possible, whose constant guidance and
encouragement ground our efforts with success.

We consider it a privilege to express our gratitude and respect to all those who guided us in
completing the project work.

It’s a great privilege to place on record our deep sense of gratitude to the Management and
Prof. Rakesh S.G., Principal, who patronized throughout our career & for the facilities
provided to carry out this work successfully.

It’s a great privilege to place on record our deep sense of gratitude to Dr. Sasmita
Mohapatra, Professor and Head, Dept. of ECE, who patronized throughout our career & for
the facilities provided to carry out this work successfully.

We are grateful to our guide Ms. Krishnapriya S Sharma, Associate Professor, Dept. of
ECE, who supported during our career & guided us dedicatedly to carry out this project
magnificently.

We thank the teaching and non-teaching staff members who have helped us directly or
indirectly during the project.

Finally, we thank our family and friends for their cooperation and motivation to complete this
project successfully.

Sanjay G (1MV21EC086)

Sujan H V (1MV21EC106)

Praveen Kumar N (1MV22EC406)

Vinayak Hippargi (1MV22EC411)

 DECLARATION

We, students of the 7th semester hereby declare that the project report on “WIRELESS
POWER TRANSFER FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLE” has been presented under the
guidance of, Ms. Krishnapriya S Sharma, Associate Professor, Department of Electronics
and Communication Engineering, Sir M. Visvesvaraya Institute of Technology, Bengaluru –
562157, as partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in
Electronics & Communication Engineering by Visvesvaraya Technological University,
Belagavi -590018, during the academic year 2024-2025. This topic has not been submitted
previously for any degree or diploma of any institution.

Place: Bengaluru

Date: 08 - 02 - 2025

Sanjay G (1MV21EC086)

Sujan H V (1MV21EC106)

Praveen Kumar N (1MV22EC406)

Vinayak Hippargi (1MV22EC411)

 ABSTRACT

With the increasing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs), efficient and convenient charging
solutions are crucial for their widespread use. This project focuses on implementing a
Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) system for EV charging, eliminating the need for physical
connectors and enhancing user convenience. The system is based on Inductive Power Transfer
(IPT), utilizing a transmitter coil embedded in the charging station and a receiver coil installed
in the vehicle.
The proposed WPT system operates on the principle of electromagnetic induction, where
power is transferred wirelessly through resonant coupling. High-frequency AC power is
generated, transmitted through the primary coil, and received by the secondary coil and then
converted into DC for battery charging. The design ensures efficient energy transfer, minimal
power loss, and safe operation by incorporating alignment detection and adaptive resonance
tuning.
Key benefits of this system include automated and hands-free charging, reduced wear and tear
of connectors, enhanced safety by eliminating exposed wires, and the potential for dynamic
charging while the vehicle is in motion. The project also explores efficiency improvements,
coil design optimization, and mitigating electromagnetic interference (EMI).
This wireless charging technology has the potential to revolutionize EV infrastructure,
making sustainable transportation more accessible and efficient.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………1

2. PROBLEM STATEMENT…………………………………………..3

3. LITERATURE SURVEY……………………………………………4

4. OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT………………………………...8

5. METHODOLOGY …………………………………………………..9

6. HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE DETAILS…….……………….14

7. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS……………………….…...……...19

8. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES ………………..……...22

9. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE………………………….27

REFERENCES……………………………………………………...30
Wireless Power Transfer for Electrical Vehicle 2024-25

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
We are using an electronic device perhaps a mobile phone and we need to recharge the battery
then you will probably have to get a charger and connect the phone to the wire. But what if we
could charge it without having to connect it to wire? Meaning power will be transferred
wirelessly. This is possible through a concept called Wireless Power Transmission.

Research and studies have been done ever since the 19th century but it is only recently that this
concept has begun to be implemented. Currently engineers are trying to discover how to
increase the efficiency of power transmitted wirelessly and also methods that that are safe to
human beings and the environment and notwithstanding, methods that are cheaper and hence
can be commercially viable. Though still in the early stages, several electronic companies are
beginning to roll out devices that can wirelessly transmit power.

Wireless power transmission (WPT) is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction.

Electromagnetic induction works on the concept of a primary coil generating a predominantly
magnetic field and a secondary coil being within that field so a current is induced within its
coils. This causes the relatively short range due to the amount of power required to produce an
electromagnetic field.

Wireless Power Transmission (WPT) is a revolutionary technology that enables the transfer of
electrical energy without the need for physical connections or wires. This concept, first
explored in the 19th century, has recently begun to be implemented in various devices.
Engineers are now focused on improving the efficiency, safety, and cost-effectiveness of WPT.

The principle behind WPT is electromagnetic induction, where a primary coil generates a
magnetic field and a secondary coil induces an electromotive force, generating an electric
current. However, this process has a relatively short range due to the amount of power required
to produce an electromagnetic field.

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Despite these limitations, several electronic companies are developing devices that can
wirelessly transmit power. For instance, wireless charging pads for smartphones and electric
toothbrushes are already available in the market. Moreover, companies like WiTricity and
Qualcomm are working on more advanced WPT technologies, such as resonant charging and
radio frequency (RF) power transmission.

The potential applications of WPT are vast, ranging from consumer electronics to medical
implants and electric vehicles. With the ability to transfer power wirelessly, devices can be
designed with fewer components, reducing size, weight, and cost. Additionally, WPT can
improve safety by eliminating the risk of electrical shocks and fires caused by faulty wiring or
charging cables. As WPT technology continues to evolve, we can expect to see widespread
adoption in various industries, transforming the way we power our devices and vehicles.

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CHAPTER 2

PROBLEM STATEMENT

The project seeks to eliminate the use of wires in the transmission of power from the source to
the device to be powered. Although WPT is based on electromagnetic induction, there are
various methods that are used. Some are less efficient than others and costly while others don’t
allow for a longer range of transmission.

In this project, it is required to design and construct an electronic device that shall transmit
power within a small range. The device can then be used to charge batteries for devices like
pace makers. In the project a suitable method will be used to ensure that enough power is
transmitted wirelessly so that it can then charge batteries.

The major challenge will be in the coupling circuit which comprises of the coils where
electromagnetic induction occurs. The number of turns of the coil, inductance

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CHAPTER 3

LITERATURE SURVEY

[1] Anis Maisarah Mohd Asry, Farahiyah Mustafa, Sy Yi Sim, Maizul

Ishak, Aznizam Mohamad, “Study on footstep power generation using
piezoelectric tile” Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and
Computer Science Vol. 15, No. 2, August 2019, pp. 593~599 ISSN: 2502-
4752, DOI: 10.11591/ijeecs.v15.i2.pp593-599

Electrical energy is important and had been demand increasingly. A lot of energy resources
have been wasted and exhausted. An alternative way to generate electricity by using a
population of human had been discovered When walking, the vibration that generates between
the surface and the footstep is wasted. By utilizing this wasted energy, the electrical energy
can be generated and fulfill the demand.

The transducer that use to detect the vibration is a piezoelectric transducer. This transducer
converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy. When the pressure from the footstep is
applied to the piezoelectric transducer, it will convert the pressure or the force into the electrical
energy. The piezoelectric transducer is connected in series-parallel coonection. Then, it is
placed on the tile that been made from wood as a model for footstep tile to give pressure to the
piezoelectric transducers.

This tile can be placed in the crowded area, walking pavement or exercise instruments. The
electric energy that generates from this piezoelectric tile can be power up low power
appliances.

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[2] Dr.S. Rajaprakash, R. Cavin Kumar, M.F.Abdul Azeez , B.Kasthuriraja,

“Weather Analysis Using Thingspeak” © September 2020| IJIRT | Volume
7 Issue 4 | ISSN: 2349-6002
The paper discusses an Internet of Things (IoT)-based weather monitoring system that allows
real-time collection, analysis, and visualization of atmospheric data. With IoT playing an
increasingly significant role in modern technology, this study proposes a self-sustained weather
monitoring system that can track environmental parameters at a specific location and make the
collected data accessible worldwide. This system provides an alternative to traditional weather
coverage applications that rely on centralized meteorological sources by enabling individuals
to establish localized weather monitoring solutions.

Traditional weather monitoring applications typically obtain data from well-established

meteorological systems. However, this study focuses on building an independent, low-cost
weather reporting system using IoT sensors and ThingSpeak, a cloud-based platform for data
storage and visualization. By leveraging this technology, the system allows users to monitor
real-time climate data without relying on large-scale weather stations. The ability to access this
data remotely makes it an efficient solution for research, home automation, and agricultural
applications.

The proposed system is designed to collect real-time streaming data on parameters such as
temperature, humidity, and air quality. Various IoT-based sensors measure these
environmental conditions and transmit the data to a cloud-based storage system. ThingSpeak
is used to process, analyse, and visualize this information, providing users with real-time
insights into changing weather patterns.

In conclusion, the study highlights the potential of IoT-driven weather monitoring as an

accessible and scalable solution for climate tracking. By utilizing ThingSpeak and IoT sensors,
individuals and organizations can set up cost-effective and real-time weather analysis systems
tailored to specific locations. As IoT technology continues to advance, such solutions can play
a significant role in smart cities, environmental research, disaster management, and energy
efficiency.

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[3] Tao Li, Liheng Wu, Zheng Chen, “Research Overview on Wireless Power
Transmission Technology” MATEC Web of Conferences 22.02021 (2015)
DOI: 10.1051/matecconf/20152202021 Owned by the authors, published by
EDP Sciences. 2015

The paper explores the advancements and potential of wireless power transmission (WPT), a
technology that enables the transfer of electrical energy without the use of physical conductors.
Instead of traditional wired transmission, WPT employs various techniques such as
electromagnetic induction, electromagnetic resonance, radio frequency (RF), microwave, and
laser-based transmission to transfer power over a distance. This non-contact method of power
transmission has significant implications for modern technology, ranging from consumer
electronics to space applications.

With the progress in power electronics, power conversion, and control technologies, WPT has
achieved notable improvements in efficiency, conversion rates, and reduced electromagnetic
radiation. Researchers have continuously worked on enhancing these aspects, making WPT a
more viable and practical solution. A wireless power transmission system is typically designed
to efficiently transfer electrical energy from one point to another through free space, air, or
vacuum, eliminating the need for conventional wiring. This innovation can be particularly
useful in scenarios where wired power transfer is impractical, such as charging electric vehicles
wirelessly, powering implanted medical devices, or enabling long-range energy transmission
in remote locations.

In conclusion, wireless power transmission technology has made significant strides in recent
years and holds the potential to revolutionize the way energy is distributed. By eliminating the
need for physical conductors, WPT can enhance convenience, enable new technological
applications, and reduce dependency on traditional power infrastructure. As further
advancements in efficiency, safety, and regulatory frameworks continue to evolve, wireless
power transmission may become a standard solution for powering a wide range of electronic
devices, electric vehicles, and even large-scale industrial applications in the future.

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[4] Duncan Kon Wui Lo1 , Filbert Juwono1 , Wei Kitt Wong1 , Ing Ming
Chew1, “A Study on Transmission Coil Parameters of Wireless Power
Transfer for Electric Vehicles” SERBIAN JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING Vol. 19, No. 2, June 2022, 129-145 UDC: 621.391:629.113.6

Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming more popular as people become more concerned about
global issues, such as fossil fuel depletion and global warming, which cause severe climate
change.

Wired charging infrastructure is inefficient because it requires the construction of one charging
station for each electric vehicle. As a result, wireless power transfer via magnetic coupling,
which is small, compact, and may be placed underground, is a promising technology for the
future of charging electric vehicles. One of the disadvantages of wireless power transfer is that
efficiency drops rapidly as air gaps grow larger, and it is particularly sensitive to other electrical
characteristics such receiver unit capacitance.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the coil parameter, more specifically the outer
diameter of wireless power transfer coil effects on the wireless power transfer efficiency at
various air gaps and receiver capacitance values for EV applications. The simulations show
that a larger outer diameter coil has a better power transfer efficiency at larger air gaps and a
more stable range.

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CHAPTER 4

OBJECTIVES OF PROJECT

➢ Generating power from footsteps using a piezoelectric system.

➢ Enable wireless charging using a coil system.

➢ Enable wireless charging for cars on the road without queuing, using coil on road

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CHAPTER 5

PROPOSED METHODLOGY

Wireless Power Transfer Circuit

The simple wireless power transmission circuit is shown below. The required components of
this circuit mainly include 20-30 magnet wire (gauge copper wire), A battery-1, transistor
(2N2222) and LED. The construction of this circuit comprises of a transmitter and a receiver.

Make a 15 turn copper coil and connect a light emitting diode to its ends. Wireless Power
Transfer Circuit Working

The wireless power transmission can be defined as, the energy can be transmitted from the
transmitter to a receiver through an oscillating magnetic field.

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This diagram illustrates an electric vehicle (EV) charging and power conversion system. Here’s
a breakdown of the key components and their roles:

1. Three-Phase Source:
The diagram begins with a three-phase AC source, which provides electrical power to the
system.
This power must be converted for different purposes within the EV system.

2. AC/DC Conversion & DC/AC Conversion:

The AC/DC conversion process converts the incoming AC power into DC power, which can
be used for battery charging or other applications.
The DC/AC conversion process converts DC power back into AC power, likely for use in
motor drive applications or feedback into the grid.

3. Compensation Systems:
The diagram includes compensation units, which help in power quality management, voltage
regulation, and efficiency improvement in both charging and discharging operations.

4. Rectifier/Power Regulator:
The rectifier/power regulator ensures efficient power conversion and management. It is
responsible for regulating voltage and current during charging and discharging to optimize
battery performance and longevity.

5. Battery Storage:
The battery stores the converted DC power, which will later be used for driving the vehicle or
powering onboard electronics.

6. Vehicle Power Flow:

Inside the vehicle, compensation and rectification systems regulate the energy flow, ensuring
stable operation.
The AC/DC conversion inside the vehicle is crucial for managing different voltage levels
required by various electrical components.

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Overall Function:

This diagram represents a wireless charging or grid-connected electric vehicle power system,
where energy flows from a three-phase AC source, undergoes conversion and compensation,
and is stored in the EV battery for further use.

Here is the circuit diagram of a 100 watt inverter using IC CD4047 and MOSFET IRF Z44.
CD 4047 is a low power CMOS astable / monostable multivibrator IC.
Here it is wired as an astable multivibrator producing two pulse trains of 0.01s which are 180
degree out of phase at the pins 10 and 11 of the IC. Pin 10 is connected to the gate of Q1 and
pin 11 is connected to the gate of Q2.
Resistors R3 and R4 prevents the loading of the IC by the respective MOSFETs. When pin 10
is high Q1 conducts and current flows through the upper half of the transformer primary which
accounts for the positive half of the output AC voltage.
When pin 11 is high Q2 conducts and current flows through the lower half of the transformer
primary in opposite direction and it accounts for the negative half of the output AC voltage.
Mosfet connect its base terminal to one end of the copper coil, the collector terminal to the
other end of the copper coil and now connect the emitter terminal to the negative (–ve) terminal
of AA battery.

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The center terminal of the copper coil will be connected with the positive (+ve) terminal of an
AA battery. When then the receiver coil is placed 1 inch above of the transmitter coil, then the
LED will blink.To accomplish this, power source (DC current) is changed into high frequency
AC (Alternating Current) by particularly designed electronics erected into the transmitter. The
AC boosts a copper wire coil in the transmitter, which produces a magnetic field. When the
receiver coil is placed in proximity of the magnetic field, the magnetic field can make an AC
(alternating current) in the receiving coil. Electronics in the receiving coil then alters the AC
back into DC which becomes operating power.

Application of Wireless Power Transfer

The main intention of this project is to design a WPT system in 3D space (transfer power within
a small range) and the block diagram of this project is shown below.The block diagram of the
wireless power transfer mainly builds with HF transformer, capacitors, diode, rectifier,
inductor coil filled with air and lamp.
The person is mandatory to be worked every year to change the battery. This project is designed
to charge a rechargeable battery wirelessly. Since charging of the battery is not possible to be
demonstrated, we are providing a DC fan that runs through wireless power.
Oscillator The royer oscillator was chosen because of its simplicity yet powerful design. It is
capable of generating very high oscillating current which is necessary to increase the strength
of the magnetic field. This is achieved by the semi-conductor used. In this case, the IR 540
power mosfets. However due to the large current, heating occurred in the MOSFETs thus heat
sinks were attached to them. When the voltage was stepped up to 30V dc, upon doing the initial
test the transmitter circuit didn’t oscillate yet the first MOSFET was rapidly heating up. It was
discovered that due to voltage being fed rising too slowly on power up a short circuit occurred.
To solve this issue, a reset switch was introduced between the power supply and the oscillator
circuit. The switch also enabled the circuit to be reset once the MOSFETs heated up. It was
also observed that as much as the voltage to the oscillator had been stepped up, the power being
received on the load coil wasn’t enough to power the battery charging circuit. This was
attributed to the receiver coil being slightly out of resonance thus it wasn’t able to receive the
power well. To solve this, we ensured that the coils had the same number of turns and the
capacitors used were identical so that both the transmitter and receiver circuits had the same
resonant frequency.

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 Wireless Power Transfer for Electrical Vehicle 2024-25

Flow chart

Thingspeak

Send to

Read sensor value Display in lcd

Piezoelectric Battery MOSFET TRANSMITTR

power COIL
IRF z 44
transformer

RECEIVER
OSCILLATORS COIL
SWITCHING

INVERTER

CAR
BATTERY

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Wireless Power Transfer for Electrical Vehicle 2024-25

CHAPTER 6

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE DETAILS

HARDWARE DETAILS

1. DHT11 Sensor

➢ Humidity is the measure of water vapour present in the air. The level of humidity in air
affects various physical, chemical and biological processes. In industrial applications,
humidity can affect the business cost of the products, health and safety of the employees.
So, in semiconductor industries and control system industries measurement of humidity is
very important. Humidity measurement determines the amount of moisture present in the
gas that can be a mixture of water vapour, nitrogen, argon or pure gas etc. Humidity sensors
are of two types based on their measurement units. They are a relative humidity sensor and
Absolute humidity sensor. DHT11 is a digital temperature and humidity sensor.
➢ DHT11 is a low-cost digital sensor for sensing temperature and humidity. This sensor can
be easily interfaced with any micro-controller such as Arduino, Raspberry Pi etc… to
measure humidity and temperature instantaneously.
➢ DHT11 humidity and temperature sensor is available as a sensor and as a module. The
difference between this sensor and module is the pull-up resistor and a power-on LED.
DHT11 is a relative humidity sensor. To measure the surrounding air this sensor uses
a thermistor and a capacitive humidity sensor.

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2. Piezoelectric Footstep

The piezoelectric footstep is a key component in your system, as it converts mechanical energy,
generated from the force of footsteps, into electrical energy using piezoelectric materials. These
materials generate a voltage when subjected to pressure or vibration, which can then be
harvested and stored for later use. This technology is highly suitable for energy harvesting in
environments like busy roads, public spaces, or even wearable devices that use human
movement to generate energy.
The amount of power generated from a single footstep is typically small, so a series of footstep
sensors might be used to maximize energy capture. Once harvested, this energy can be used to
power low-energy devices directly, or stored in batteries for later use. The primary challenge
in this part of the system is efficiently capturing and storing the energy produced from each
footstep, as it’s typically in the milliwatt range per step

3. Inverter
An inverter is necessary because the power generated by the piezoelectric footstep is DC (direct
current), but many devices, such as appliances and electric vehicles, typically require AC
(alternating current) for operation. The inverter's job is to convert the harvested DC energy
from the piezoelectric system into AC power. This process involves switching the DC voltage
back and forth to create an alternating waveform.
In the case of an electric vehicle (EV) charging system, for instance, the inverter is especially
important if the harvested energy needs to be integrated into the vehicle's charging system,
which may require AC input. Even if the energy isn't used immediately, it might be necessary
to use AC for other applications in the system. For instance, a home or public charging station
might require AC to charge EVs or power other electrical equipment.

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4. LED Display

An LED display serves as a visual feedback interface for the system, providing users with
crucial information such as the battery status, the power generation rate from footfalls, and
system diagnostics. The display can also show other parameters like the voltage levels and
current power output, which are essential for understanding the performance of the energy-
harvesting system.
The LED display can be configured to show real-time updates or even display alerts for issues
such as low power generation or low battery charge. For example, in a scenario where the
piezoelectric footstep system is used for charging an electric vehicle, the LED display could
show the charging percentage of the vehicle’s battery or the amount of power being generated
at any given time, helping users monitor system efficiency.

5. Pulse width modulator

The Pulse Width Modulator (PWM) plays a crucial role in controlling the power delivered
from the piezoelectric system and managing the charging process. It works by varying the
width of the pulse sent to the load, adjusting the amount of energy that’s being transferred in a
given time period.
For example, in your system, PWM could be used to adjust the voltage and current delivered
to the battery during the charging process. This ensures that the battery is charged optimally,
preventing overcharging or undercharging, which can damage the battery over time. Similarly,
PWM can be used to regulate the energy harvested from the piezoelectric footstep system to
ensure that power delivery is efficient and matches the energy requirements of the connected
device or battery.

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Another key function of PWM is in controlling the brightness of the LED display. By adjusting
the PWM signal, you can control how bright the display is based on the available power, thus
managing energy consumption in the system.

6. ESP32

This is ESP WROOM 32 MCU Module. ESP WROOM 32 is a powerful, generic WiFi-BT-
BLE MCU module that targets a wide variety of applications, ranging from low-power sensor
networks to the most demanding tasks, such as voice encoding, music streaming, and MP3
decoding.
At the core of this module is the ESP32S chip, which is designed to be scalable and adaptive.
There are 2 CPU cores that can be individually controlled or powered, and the clock frequency
is adjustable from 80 MHz to 240 MHz.
The user may also power off the CPU and make use of the low-power coprocessor to constantly
monitor the peripherals for changes or crossing of thresholds. ESP32S integrates a rich set of
peripherals, ranging from capacitive touch sensors, Hall sensors, low-noise sense amplifiers,
SD card interface, Ethernet, high-speed SDIO/SPI, UART, and I²C.
Using Bluetooth, users can connect to their phone or broadcast low energy beacons for its
detection. The use of Wi-Fi enables a large physical range, as well as a direct connection to the
internet via a Wi-Fi router. Perfect for wearable electronic or battery-powered applications, the
ESP32 chip uses less than 5µA.
In addition, this module can support data rates of up to 150 Mbps and 22 dBm output power at
the PA in order to allow for the widest physical range.

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SOFTWARE DETAILS

ThingSpeak

The data visualization and storing will be done in MathWorks’s Thingspeak platform

Real-Time Data Visualization and Analysis: The platform provides instant visualizations of
incoming data and integrates with MATLAB, enabling users to perform online analysis and
process data as it arrives. This integration facilitates tasks such as plotting data trends,
performing statistical analyses, and developing predictive algorithms.

Event Scheduling and Alerts: Thing Speak includes features for event scheduling and alerting,
allowing users to set triggers based on specific data conditions. For example, users can
configure the system to send notifications or execute predefined actions when sensor readings
exceed certain thresholds.

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CHAPTER 7

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

RESULTS

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1. Efficiency of Wireless Power Transfer (WPT)

The power transfer efficiency was observed to be highest when the receiver coil was directly
aligned with the transmitter coil (0 cm separation).
As the distance increased, the efficiency dropped significantly after 5 cm, demonstrating the
exponential decay of power transmission over distance.
The brightness of test lamps was used as an indicator, showing the strongest illumination at
minimal separation.

2. Performance of IoT-Based Monitoring System

The ESP32 module successfully transmitted real-time battery and motor parameters to the
ThingSpeak cloud.
Temperature, humidity, and voltage readings were accurately displayed on an LCD screen and
remotely monitored.
The system successfully sent alerts when temperature levels exceeded a set threshold,
improving vehicle safety.

3. Wireless Charging Feasibility for Electric Vehicles

The system was able to charge a 9V battery wirelessly, proving the validity of inductive power
transfer for battery-powered applications.
For real-world application in electric vehicles, higher power levels and optimized coil design
would be necessary.
The placement of the receiver coil outside the passenger zone was successful in reducing
electromagnetic exposure to humans.

4. Limitations and Challenges

Power loss due to misalignment: If the vehicle was not perfectly positioned above the
transmitter coil, efficiency dropped.
Limited range: The system is currently effective for short distances; further improvements are
needed to support higher vehicle speeds and highway applications.
Seasonal variations: The system's efficiency may reduce in extreme weather conditions, such
as heavy rain or snow.

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5. Practical Applications Beyond EV Charging

The technology can be adapted for wireless medical implants (e.g., pacemakers) to eliminate
the need for battery replacement surgeries.

Consumer electronics like smartphones and laptops can benefit from long-range wireless
charging.

Smart road infrastructure can be developed for future autonomous electric vehicles to enable
continuous, on-the-go charging.

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CHAPTER 8

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES
1. Convenience and Ease of Use
One of the key advantages of WPT for EVs is the enhanced convenience it offers to users. With
traditional wired charging, drivers need to physically connect the vehicle to the charging
station, which can be cumbersome and prone to wear and tear over time. WPT eliminates the
need for cables, allowing the EV to charge simply by parking over a designated charging pad.
This wireless setup means there are no tangled cords to worry about, making the charging
process quicker and more user-friendly.

2. Reduced Wear and Tear

Physical connectors, cables, and charging ports tend to experience wear over time due to
frequent plugging and unplugging. This can lead to damaged connectors and may eventually
require expensive repairs. Wireless charging, on the other hand, minimizes the need for
physical contact between components, greatly reducing wear and tear. The absence of moving
parts helps in extending the lifespan of both the charging station and the vehicle's charging
system.

3. Improved Aesthetics and Safety

Wireless charging systems do not require bulky cables, plugs, or visible infrastructure, which
enhances the aesthetics of public spaces and private areas where EVs are parked and charged.
This cleaner setup also reduces the risk of trip hazards from exposed cables in parking areas,
garages, and public spaces. Furthermore, without physical connectors, the chances of water or
dirt entering the charging port are significantly reduced, improving safety and reliability.

4. Potential for Dynamic Charging

Wireless power transfer for EVs opens the possibility for dynamic charging systems. These
systems allow vehicles to be charged while driving over specially designed roads embedded
with wireless charging infrastructure.

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This eliminates the need for long charging stops during long-distance travel and can
significantly extend the range of EVs. Dynamic charging could also alleviate charging
bottlenecks, as vehicles can be charged in motion rather than being parked at a fixed station.

5. Enhanced Accessibility
WPT can also enhance the accessibility of charging stations, especially for individuals with
mobility challenges. Traditional charging requires physical handling of connectors, which can
be a challenge for those with physical disabilities. With wireless charging, EV owners can
easily charge their vehicles without having to bend down or engage in any manual effort to
connect cables, making EVs more accessible to a broader range of users.

6. Reduced Risk of Electromagnetic Interference

Unlike wired charging systems, WPT systems typically operate at lower frequencies, which
can help mitigate the risk of electromagnetic interference (EMI). This is important for both the
safety of the vehicle’s internal electronics and to prevent interference with nearby electronic
devices. As wireless technology advances, the use of standardized frequencies and advanced
shielding techniques further minimizes these risks.

7. Environmentally Friendly
Wireless power transfer can contribute to a more environmentally friendly charging
experience. The elimination of cables means less plastic and other materials used for
connectors and chargers, potentially reducing waste. Additionally, as WPT systems evolve,
they can be optimized for energy efficiency, ensuring minimal energy loss during the transfer,
which is crucial in maximizing the environmental benefits of EVs.
In conclusion, wireless power transfer for electric vehicles offers multiple benefits, including
convenience, safety, reduced wear and tear, and the potential for dynamic charging. It can help
accelerate the adoption of electric vehicles by addressing many of the challenges associated
with traditional wired charging systems. As the technology matures, it has the potential to
revolutionize the way EVs are powered, making them even more accessible, user-friendly, and
efficient.

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Wireless Power Transfer for Electrical Vehicle 2024-25

DISADVANTAGES

1. Lower Efficiency
One of the main limitations of WPT is its lower efficiency compared to traditional wired
charging systems. Wireless charging typically experiences energy losses in the form of heat,
which can reduce the overall efficiency of power transfer. This occurs due to the imperfect
alignment between the transmitter and receiver coils, as well as the distance between them. The
lower efficiency means it may take longer to charge the vehicle and could result in more energy
consumption compared to wired systems.

2. Higher Cost
Currently, wireless charging systems for EVs are significantly more expensive than traditional
wired charging infrastructure. The technology requires specialized components, such as
electromagnetic coils, power converters, and advanced control systems, which can increase
installation and maintenance costs. This higher upfront cost can be a barrier to widespread
adoption, especially for consumers and businesses looking for more cost-effective solutions.

3. Limited Charging Range

The range for efficient wireless power transfer is typically limited. The charging efficiency
significantly drops as the distance between the vehicle’s receiver coil and the charging pad
increases. As of now, this limitation means that the vehicle must be parked within a very
specific area, with precise alignment to the charging pad. This spatial requirement can be
cumbersome, especially in busy or cluttered parking spaces, and it reduces the convenience
factor that wireless charging promises.

4. Impact of Environmental Factors

Environmental factors such as weather conditions, road surfaces, and obstacles can affect the
performance of wireless charging systems. For example, rain, snow, or dirt on the charging pad
may interfere with the electromagnetic transfer of power. Similarly, metal objects or other
electromagnetic interference in the surrounding area can degrade the efficiency of the power
transfer. As a result, the reliability of wireless charging can vary based on external conditions.

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5. Safety Concerns
Though wireless power transfer is generally considered safe, there are concerns regarding
exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs). Prolonged exposure to high levels of EMF
radiation, even at levels considered safe by regulatory standards, may have potential health
risks, particularly in the long term. Additionally, with dynamic wireless charging (charging
while driving), there are more complex safety concerns to address regarding electromagnetic
exposure to pedestrians, vehicles, and other infrastructure.

6. Compatibility Issues
Another limitation is the lack of standardization and compatibility between different wireless
charging systems. At present, various companies and regions may use different charging
technologies, power outputs, and electromagnetic frequencies. This lack of universal standards
could make it difficult for EV owners to charge their vehicles across different networks or
regions. It also poses challenges for infrastructure developers who must design systems that
are compatible with multiple EV models and wireless charging technologies.

7. Infrastructure and Space Constraints

Setting up a wireless charging infrastructure involves placing specialized charging pads in
strategic locations, such as parking spots or roads. The installation of these systems requires a
significant amount of space and planning. In dense urban areas, it can be difficult to find
suitable locations for such charging stations, as they may need to be integrated into existing
infrastructure, such as roads or parking lots, which can be costly and time-consuming to
modify.

8. Limited Power Output for Fast Charging

Wireless charging systems typically provide lower power output compared to traditional wired
fast chargers. As of now, fast wireless charging for EVs remains a challenge due to the current
limitations of wireless power transfer technology. While wired chargers can deliver higher
power levels, allowing for faster charging times, wireless charging systems have not yet
reached similar power outputs. This means that EV owners may experience longer charging
times, especially for long-range vehicles or those needing a quick charge.

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9. Safety and Health Concerns

While WPT systems generally comply with safety regulations, there are concerns about
exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs). Continuous exposure to EMFs, even at low levels,
may have health implications, though studies on the long-term effects are still ongoing. In areas
with high traffic or with dynamic charging systems (where charging occurs while vehicles are
moving), there could be an increased risk of EMF exposure to pedestrians and other road users,
raising concerns about public safety.

10. Lack of Universal Standardization

Currently, there is no global standard for wireless charging systems, leading to compatibility
issues. Different manufacturers and regions may implement different charging frequencies,
power outputs, and coil designs, which could create problems for EV owners who need to use
different charging networks. This lack of standardization makes it harder to develop a uniform
infrastructure for WPT, and users may face challenges finding compatible charging stations
when traveling or using their EV across different regions.

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CHAPTER 9

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

The objectives of the project were met. An electronic device that wirelessly transmits power
and then charges batteries was developed. We were able to design discrete components such
as the royer oscillator, coils and a full bridge voltage rectifier for the system design process.
Conclusions that were drawn from the project study are as follows:
1. Based on the theory of wireless charging via inductive coupling, which was the method used
in the project, it was seen that various aspects i.e. distance, resonant frequency, quality factor;
coil turns ratio determine the efficiency of WPT. In addition there is an exponential decay for
power versus the distance of separation.
2. From the analysis it was seen that at 0cm separation distance, the power transfer was most
efficient as seen by the brightness of the test lamps.
3. From the project WPT for short range or near field occurred up to a distance of 5cm after
which the power transferred began to significantly drop.
4. It can also be concluded that WPT can be used in other applications. In the project we were
able to charge a 9V battery from power that was transmitted wirelessly.
5. Lastly, we can conclude that WPT is not affected by non-magnetic materials shielding the
two coils. This therefore means that it can be effectively used in the medical field to charge
pacemakers and other devices.

The implementation of wireless power transfer (WPT) for electric vehicles (EVs) has
demonstrated its potential as a viable alternative to conventional wired charging methods. By
utilizing inductive power transfer, this project successfully showcased how power can be
transmitted wirelessly over short distances with efficiency and safety.

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Wireless Power Transfer for Electrical Vehicle 2024-25

FUTURE SCOPE

The future of wireless power transfer (WPT) for electric vehicles (EVs) holds immense
potential for transforming the way vehicles are powered. As technology advances, several key
areas can enhance the efficiency, scalability, and adoption of wireless charging systems. Below
are the major future developments and research areas that can further improve WPT for EVs:

1. Dynamic Wireless Charging

➢ One of the most promising advancements is dynamic wireless charging, where EVs
can charge while driving on specially equipped roads.

➢ This would eliminate range anxiety and reduce the need for large battery capacities,
making EVs more cost-effective.

➢ Smart roads embedded with wireless charging coils could be deployed on highways,
enabling continuous power supply without stopping.

2. Increased Charging Efficiency and Range

➢ Current wireless power transfer systems suffer from energy losses due to misalignment
and distance constraints.

➢ Research in advanced coil materials, magnetic resonance coupling, and metamaterials

can improve energy efficiency and longer-range charging capabilities.

➢ Adaptive resonance tuning can ensure optimal power transfer even if the receiver coil
is not perfectly aligned.

3. High-Power Wireless Charging for Faster Charging Times

➢ Current wireless charging systems have limitations in power delivery compared to

wired fast-charging stations.

➢ High-power WPT systems (over 100 kW) need to be developed to allow for faster
charging times comparable to wired DC fast chargers.

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Wireless Power Transfer for Electrical Vehicle 2024-25

4. Integration with Renewable Energy and Smart Grids

➢ Future EV charging infrastructure will be integrated with solar panels and wind energy
systems, making charging stations self-sufficient and reducing grid dependency.

➢ Bidirectional wireless power transfer (V2G - Vehicle-to-Grid) will allow EVs to return
excess energy to the grid during peak demand periods, helping stabilize power supply.

5. IoT and AI-Based Smart Charging Management

➢ Wireless EV chargers will be equipped with IoT-enabled sensors and AI algorithms

to optimize charging schedules, prevent overloading, and ensure energy-efficient
charging cycles.

➢ AI-driven charge prediction models will assess traffic conditions and vehicle routes
to optimize charging locations and reduce waiting times.

6. Standardization and Global Adoption

➢ Currently, wireless charging lacks universal standards, leading to compatibility

issues between different manufacturers.

➢ Efforts by organizations such as SAE International, ISO, and IEC are working
towards developing standardized wireless charging protocols for seamless
interoperability.

➢ Governments worldwide will incentivize WPT adoption by including it in EV

policies, urban mobility plans, and smart city initiatives.

7. Application in Autonomous and Commercial Vehicles

➢ With the rise of autonomous vehicles (AVs), self-charging EV fleets will be crucial
for uninterrupted operation.

➢ Public transportation systems like electric buses and taxis can integrate wireless
charging at bus stops to reduce downtime.

➢ Logistics and delivery EVs can benefit from automated wireless charging, enhancing
supply chain efficiency.

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REFERENCES

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[2] Dr.S. Rajaprakash, R. Cavin Kumar, M.F.Abdul Azeez , B.Kasthuriraja, “Weather

Analysis Using Thingspeak” © September 2020| IJIRT | Volume 7 Issue 4 | ISSN: 2349-6002.

[3] Tao Li, Liheng Wu, Zheng Chen, “Research Overview on Wireless Power Transmission
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10.1051/matecconf/20152202021 Owned by the authors, published by EDP Sciences. 2015.

[4] Duncan Kon Wui Lo1, Filbert Juwono1, Wei Kitt Wong1, Ing Ming Chew1, “A Study on
Transmission Coil Parameters of Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicles” SERBIAN
JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Vol. 19, No. 2, June 2022, 129-
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[5] W. C. Brown (1996, January). The History of Wireless Power Transmission: Solar energy

[6] Mandip Jung Sibakoti and Joey Hambleton (2011, December) Wireless Power
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