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Fundamentals of Remote Sensing &

Geographic Information System

[email protected]

Course Name: Overview of Geoprocessing using Python & Machine Learning

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Content
About Geodata
Geo-Spatial Analysis - Raster and Vector
1.Geospatial Technology: Users and Applications
2.Definition of Remote Sensing and GIS
3.Data sources for Geo-processing
4. Overview of Spatial Data Analysis

Course Name: Overview of Geoprocessing using Python & Machine Learning

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Objective of the Session

To make you aware about the data types and processing

involved in
Geo-Processing and Geo-Visualization

Course Name: Overview of Geoprocessing using Python & Machine Learning

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Geospatial Technology
Geospatial technology enables us to acquire
location-specific data about Earth and use them for
analysis, modeling, simulations and visualization.

• Remote Sensing – Sensors operating in different

parts of EM region at various SPATIAL,
TEMPORAL, SPECTRAL resolutions Source: https://myremotesensingblog.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/emspectrumcolor.jpg

• GIS (Geographic Information System) – SPATIAL

DATA CREATION, UPDATION, VISUALISATION &
ANALYSIS

• Satellite Navigation – Positioning, Time (GPS,

NavIC, etc.)
4 technology.
Source: Brčić, David. (2012). Ensuring sustainability through utilisation of satellite navigation

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Users and Usage of Geospatial Spatial Analysis

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Users and Usage of Geospatial Spatial Analysis

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Users and Usage of Geospatial Spatial Analysis

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Users and Usage of Geospatial Spatial Analysis
Urban planning & development
• Develop resilient urban cities
• Monitor the urban heat island (UHI) effect in cities
• Determine the quality of life
• Traffic flow analysis

Public health management

• Map disease spread
• Analysis of sanitation & health Facilities
• Map vaccination stats

Agriculture & farming

• Crop monitoring
• Predict crop yield
• Monitor farm animals
• Soil nutrient analysis

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What is GIS
A GIS is a computer-based system that provides the following four sets
of capabilities to handle georeferenced data:

1. Data capture and preparation

• Gathering spatial data from various sources such as satellite imagery, GPS, surveys, and remote sensing.
2. Data management, including storage and maintenance
• Organizing and maintaining data to ensure its accuracy, consistency, and accessibility.
3. Data Analysis
• Performing spatial analysis to uncover patterns, relationships, and trends. This can include overlay analysis, proximity analysis,
network analysis, and more.
4. Data Visualization & Presentation
• Creating maps, 3D models, and other visual representations to communicate findings effectively. (Aronoff, 1989)

5. Data Integration
• Combining GIS with other technologies such as IoT (Internet of Things), AI (Artificial Intelligence), and big data
analytics for enhanced capabilities.

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Fundamental Principle of Geospatial technology

The fundamental problem that we face in many uses of
geospatial technology is that of understanding phenomena that
have a spatial or geographical dimension as well as temporal
dimension.

Spatio-temporal problems
This means that our object of study has different characteristics
for different locations (the geographical dimension) and also that
these characteristics changes over time (the temporal dimension)

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Geospatial Data

(Image source: Wikimedia Commons, via USGS)

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Sources of Input Data for Geoprocessing

Remote
Sensing

Photo
ALTM
grammetry

Hard Copy Geospatial GNSS

Maps Database

Other
Surveying …….
Methods

…….

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Computer Representation of Geospatial Phenomena

Raster Data Model
• Grid based data structure
• Smallest element: pixel
• Examples: Satellite Images, Aerial Photo, Maps etc.

Vector Data Model

• Geometry based data structure
• Element: point, line and polygon
• Examples:
• Roads represented as line,
• Boundaries like city, country etc., building footprints

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Attribute Table: An Example

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What is a raster image?

 Grid cells or pixels
70 53 41 64 84 85 81 88 91 87

 Each pixel has a digital number (DN) which 79 77 45 38 59 77 84 86 85 85

represents Spectral Reflectance Value

80 82 69 44 32 45 72 86 82 78

88 79 86 87 65 40 41 75 79 78

Pixel
93 86 93 106 106 84 56 43 58 75

104 104 100 101 95 91 83 51 39 56

105 110 97 88 84 85 87 77 59 44 Digital Number

96 103 89 79 79 75 77 79 74 72
(DN)

87 93 97 90 82 76 70 67 61 71

79 81 88 97 93 85 78 74 70 72

81 75 78 85 94 97 92 84 80 72

What your computer sees…

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Characteristics of Image Data

1. Geographically Referenced : The data is in sync with ground coordinates. It
helps in making actual measurement on the data
Different Geo-referencing Systems
1. EPSG:3857 :
WGS 84 / Pseudo-Mercator --
Spherical Mercator, Google Maps,
OpenStreetMap, Bing, ArcGIS,
ESRI
Unit of Measurement: Meter
2. EPSG:4326:
WGS 84 -- WGS84 - World
Geodetic System 1984, used in
GPS
Unit of Measurement: Degree
More details:
https://epsg.io/4326

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Characteristics of Image Data

2. Single/Multiple Spectral bands
(0.45 to 0.52m) (0.52 to 0.60 m) (0.63 to 0.69 m) (0.75 to 0.90 m) (1.55 to 1.75 m) (2.09 to 2.35m)

Visible Infra-red
1 2 3 4 5 7

True Color Composite 3,2,1 4,3,2 False Color Composite

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Characteristics of Image Data

3. Information content is dependent on Image Pixel Size

A) OCM (360m)
B) 360m (OCM) C) 188m (WiFS) D) 72m (LISS-I)

F) 23m (LISS-III) G) 5.8m (IRS 1C PAN)

E) 36m (LISS-II)

‘A’ is from a scene from IRS Ocean Colour Monitor (OCM).

The area in the small square marked (≈ 4km x 4km) is shown in various resolutions from B to G..

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Characteristics of Image Data

4. Information content is dependent on Image Pixel Depth (Radiometry)
It describes the actual information content in an image.
2 (number of bits) = number of grey levels

256 colors

bits Grey Levels Range (b-w)

1 2 0-1
2 4 0-3
3 8 0-7
4 16 0-15
5 32 0-31
6 64 0-63
7 128 0-127
8 256 0-255
9 512 0-511
10 1024 0-1203 16 colors 2 colors

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Characteristics of Image Data

4. Pixel values varies with respect to time (temporal change)

LISS-3: Nov. 2009 LISS-3: Feb. 2009

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Definition of Spatial Analysis

Spatial analysis is the process of
studying entities by examining,
assessing, evaluating, and
modeling spatial data features such
as locations, attributes, and
relationships that reveal the
geometric or geographic properties
of data.
Source of image: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Different-layers-of-data

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Spatial Analysis:
• Spatial analysis involves examining
and understanding the patterns,
relationships, and trends in geodata.
• It is the process of applying analytical
techniques to geospatial data to gain
insights, make informed decisions,
and solve problems related to
geography and location.
• Analysis differ based on data type:
raster or vector

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Spatial Analysis : Vector & Raster Based

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Raster Overlay Operation : Relational Function iirs

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POPULAR DATA FORMATS IN GEOSPATIAL DOMAIN

• GeoTiff
Raster Data • NetCDF
Formats • HDF
• IMG
• ….

• Shape Files
Vector Data • WKT
Formats • KML
• GeoJSON
• ….

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Useful Online Geodata Repositories for ML

 Bhoondhi
• Historical Satellite Data from Indian Satellites (pixel size of 5.8 m)
• https://bhoonidhi.nrsc.gov.in/
 ISRO Bhuvan
• Web Services for various thematic geospatial data
• https://bhuvan.nrsc.gov.in
 MOSDAC
• Satellite-based meteorological and oceanographic data
• https://www.mosdac.gov.in/
 Era 5 Land
• ERA5-Land hourly data from 1950 to present
• ERA5-Land is a global land-surface dataset at 9 km resolution, consistent with atmospheric data from the ERA5 reanalysis from 1950
onward
• Temperature, Precipitation, Wind, evaporation etc.
• https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/reanalysis-era5-land?tab=overview
 Google Earth Engine
• Multi-petabyte catalog of satellite imagery and geospatial datasets
 Open Street Map
 Wealth of vector data related to infrastructure like road, rail, building footprints etc.
 Data.gov.in
• Data from various ministries of GOI e.g. historical crop yield etc.

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Thank You

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