SQL

Structured Query Language

SQL is a query language to query the data from Relational

database systems like MySQL, MS SQL Server etc..

SQL Commands :
There are 5 SQL commands -
1.​Data definition language (DDL) : Used to define structure of
the table.
DDL : CREATE , ALTER , DROP , TRUNCATE ,RENAME etc.

2.​Data manipulation language (DML) : Used to make changes in

the data present in the table.
DML : INSERT, UPDATE , DELETE

3.​Data control language (DCL) : Used to control the access to

the data.
DCL : GRANT , REVOKE

4.​Transaction control language (TCL) : Used to manage the

transactions on databases.
TCL : COMMIT , ROLLBACK ,SAVEPOINT

5.​Data Query Language (DQL) : used to query the data from the
database.
DQL : SELECT
SQL Data types :

A data type in SQL defines what kind of data a column, variable can
hold

Numeric:
Numeric data types are used to store numbers.

●​ INT: Integer from -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647.

●​ DECIMAL(p, s) & NUMERIC(p, s): Fixed precision and scale
numbers (up to 38 digits).
●​ MONEY: Monetary values from -922,337,203,685,477.5808 to
922,337,203,685,477.5807.

Date and Time:

Date and time data types are used to store dates and times.
●​ DATE Only dates (e.g., "2025-01-15").
●​ TIME Only time (e.g., "14:30:00").
●​ DATETIME Both date and time together. (E.g - 2025-01-15
14:30:00 )

Character and String:

Character and string data types are used to store text. Examples of
●​ CHAR(x)
●​ VARCHAR(x) Variable-length text (e.g., names, email).

Binary:
Binary data types are used to store binary data, such as images
and files.
●​ BINARY Fixed-length binary data
●​ VARBINARY Variable-length binary data for files, images, etc.
SQL Constraints :
SQL Constraints are rules or conditions that you apply to columns
in a table to ensure the data's integrity, accuracy, and reliability.

Let say we have an employee table and a project table

●​ NOT NULL
Ensures that a column cannot have empty values.
EmployeeName , Email

●​ UNIQUE
Ensures all values in a column are different.
Email , ProjectName

●​ PRIMARY KEY
A combination of NOT NULL and UNIQUE. It identifies each
record in a table uniquely.
EmployeeID , ProjectID
●​ FOREIGN KEY
A column that links to the Primary Key of another table. This
ensures referential integrity.

●​ EmployeeID in the Projects table references EmployeeID

in the Employees table.
●​ Ensures that every EmployeeID in Projects must exist in
Employees.

●​ CHECK
Ensures values in a column meet a specific condition.

If we want any Salary shouldn’t be less than 3000 then we will

apply check constraint in Salary column
CHECK (Salary >= 3000)

●​ DEFAULT
Assigns a default value to a column if no value is provided
during insertion.

DEFAULT Automatically fills the Country field with 'USA' if no

value is provided during data insertion.
CREATE and INSERT VALUES in Table :

Let’s see what we can do with our tables :

WHERE clause : The WHERE clause allows the user to filter the
data from the table. The WHERE clause allows the user to extract
only those records that satisfy a specified condition

Lets i want to see the details of customer with Customer_ID C2

Operators in where clause

= Equal
> Greater than
< Less than
>= Greater than equal
<= Less than equal
< > Not equal (also written as !=)
BETWEEN Between a range
LIKE Search for pattern
IN Specify multiple possible values for a column

ORDER BY :
Order by is used to print the values from the table in
order(ascending or descending)

Order By in Descending order

SELECT first_name, last_name,email FROM customer ORDER BY
first_name DESC;
Order By in Ascending order
SELECT first_name, last_name,email FROM customer ORDER BY
first_name ASC;

SQL Aggregate functions :

MAX , MIN , SUM, AVG , COUNT

LIKE function - Used with WHERE to get specific pattern in a

column
Used with two wildcards 1st is % and 2nd is _

For getting the values which starts with a

Select product_name from Products​

Where product_name like ‘a% ’

For getting the values which ends with a

Select product_name from Products​
Where product_name like ‘%a’

For getting the values which contains ah

Select product_name from Products​

Where product_name like ‘%ah%’

For getting the values which starts with a and ends with h

Select product_name from Products​

Where product_name like ‘a%h’

For getting the values which starts with a and at least are 5
character sin length

Select product_name from Products​

Where product_name like ‘a______%’

(6 underscores are used)

use Practice

select * from dbo.mock_sales_data

Q1. Calculate the product wise quantity of products sold

select Product , sum(Quantity_Sold) Qty_sold

from dbo.mock_sales_data
group by Product

Q2.Calculate the product wise quantity of products sold for

November 2022

select Product , sum(Quantity_Sold) Qty_sold

from dbo.mock_sales_data
where month(Date) ='11' and year(Date) = '2022'
group by Product

-- Calculate the top selling product (quantity wise) in 2021-june

select TOP 1 product , Sum(Quantity_Sold) Qty_sold
from dbo.mock_sales_data
where month(Date) ='06' and year(Date) = '2021'
group by Product
order by Qty_sold

Q3. Calculate the top selling product quantity wise in year 2021
month wise

Year | month | product | Total Quantity Sold

​ ​ ​ ​ ​

WITH RANK_TABLE AS (​ ​ ​
SELECT
Year(Date) AS Year,
Month(Date) AS Month,
Product,
SUM(Quantity_Sold) AS TotalQuantitySold,
RANK() OVER (PARTITION BY Month(Date) ORDER BY
SUM(Quantity_Sold) DESC) AS Rank
FROM
dbo.mock_sales_data
WHERE
Year(Date) = 2021
GROUP BY
Year(Date), Month(Date), Product
)
SELECT
Year,
 Month,
Product,
TotalQuantitySold
FROM RANK_TABLE
where Rank = 1

Q4. give the product , month and year in which product was sold
higest, qtysold ,total price

WITH grouped_data AS (
SELECT
YEAR(Date) AS yr,
MONTH(Date) AS mon,
Product,
SUM(Quantity_Sold) AS qty_sold,
SUM(Unit_Price) AS unit_price_sum
FROM
dbo.mock_sales_data
GROUP BY
YEAR(Date), MONTH(Date), Product
),
final_table AS (
SELECT
*,
RANK() OVER (PARTITION BY Product ORDER BY
unit_price_sum DESC) AS rankedrow
FROM
grouped_data
)
SELECT Product,yr,mon,qty_sold,unit_price_sum
FROM final_table
where rankedrow = 1

Q5. Give the list of the topsales man with total quantity sold
year-monthly wise

WITH grouped_sales as (
select year(Date)yr,Month(Date)mon ,Salesperson sp
,SUM(Quantity_Sold) qty_sold
from dbo.mock_sales_data
group by year(Date),Month(Date),Salesperson
),

pertition as(
select yr,mon,sp,qty_sold, Rank()over(partition by yr, mon order by
qty_sold desc)rnkcol
from grouped_sales )

select yr,mon,sp,qty_sold from pertition

where rnkcol = 1

Q6. to get the top salesman yearwise

WITH grouped_sales as (
select year(Date)yr ,Salesperson sp ,SUM(Quantity_Sold) qty_sold
from dbo.mock_sales_data
group by year(Date),Salesperson
),

pertition as(
select yr,sp,qty_sold, Rank()over(partition by yr order by qty_sold
desc)rnkcol
from grouped_sales )

select yr,sp,qty_sold from pertition

where rnkcol = 1