www. Micro Digital Ed.

com
BIHE university

Computer History
Chapter 1

Sepehr Naimi

www.NicerLand.com
www.MicroDigitalEd.com
 Vacuum tube computers
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BIHE university

www.williamson-labs.com/480_cpu.htm

SAGE Blockhouse/Computer:
10,170m2, 250 tons, houses More than 200,000
vacuum tubes @ 3,000,000 Watts

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 Transistor Computers
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BIHE university

• 2nd Generation
• From 1956
• Half a room

The Harwell Dekatron Computer under restoration at the British National Museum of Computing

3
 Invention of ICs
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BIHE university

• 3rd generation

IBM 360 made by ICs (1964)

4
 First microprocessors/Microcontrollers
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BIHE university

• TI TMS1000
• 4004 (from Intel)
• 6800 (Motorola)
TI TMS1000
(1971-1974)
http://www.antiquetech.com/

Intel 4004 (1971)

www.computerhistory.org

PICO1 (1971)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor
Motorola MC6800
(1974)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_6800

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 Now!
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BIHE university

Vacuum tubes
(1st generation)

19
56 Transistors
(2nd generation)

ICs (3rd Gen.)

19
71 Microprocessors/MCUs

tim
e

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 General Purpose Microprocessors vs.
www. Micro Digital Ed. com
Microcontrollers BIHE university

• General Purpose Microprocessors

General I/O Serial

Purpose RAM ROM Timer
Port Port
Micropro
cessor
(CPU) Buses

• Microcontrollers
Microcontroller

I/O Serial
RAM ROM Timer
Port Port
CPU

Buses

7
 Most common microcontrollers
www. Micro Digital Ed. com
BIHE university

• 8-bit microcontrollers
– AVR
– PIC
– HCS12
– 8051
• 32-bit microcontrollers
– ARM
– AVR32
– PIC32
– CodeFire
– PowerPC
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 AVR internal architecture
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BIHE university

28 pin
(PCINT14/RESET) PC6 1
RAM 28 PC5 (ADC5/SCL/PCINT13)
EEPROM Timers
(PCINT16/RXD) PD0 2 27 PC4 (ADC4/SDA/PCINT12)
PROGRAM (PCINT17/TXD) PD1 3 26 PC3 (ADC3/PCINT11)
ROM (PCINT18/INT0) PD2 4 MEGA328 25 PC2 (ADC2/PCINT10)
(PCINT19/OC2B/INT1) PD3 5 24 PC1 (ADC1/PCINT9)
Program
(PCINT20/XCK/T0) PD4 6 23 PC0 (ADC0/PCINT8)
Bus VCC 7 Bus 22 GND
CPU
GND 8 21 AREF
(PCINT6/XTAL1/TOSC1) PB6 9 20 AVCC
(PCINT7/XTAL2/TOSC2) PB7 10 19 PB5 (SCK/PCINT5)
(PCINT21/OC0B) PD5 11 18 PB4 (MISO/PCINT4)
(PCINT22/OC0A/AIN0) PD6 12 17 PB3 (MOSI/OC2A/PCINT3)
(PCINT23/AIN1) PD7 13 Interrupt 16 PB2 (SS/OC1B/PCINT2) Other
(PCINT0/CLKO/ICP1)OSC
PB0 14 15 Ports
PB1 (OC1A/PCINT1) Peripherals
Unit

I/O
PINS

9
 AVR different groups
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BIHE university

• Classic AVR
– e.g. AT90S2313, AT90S4433
• Mega
– e.g. ATmega8, ATmega32, ATmega128
• Tiny
– e.g. ATtiny13, ATtiny25
• Special Purpose AVR (Application Oriented AVR)
CBGA
TSSOP
– e.g. AT90PWM216,AT90USB1287
SOIC
• XMega
– New features like DMA, DAC, crypto engine, etc.

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 Let’s get familiar with the AVR part numbers
www. Micro Digital Ed. com
BIHE university

ATmega128

Atmel group
Flash
=128K

ATtiny44 AT90S4433

Atmel
Tiny Flash =4K Atmel Classi
Flash =4K
group c
group

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 References
www. Micro Digital Ed. com
BIHE university

• https://www.msu.edu/course/lbs/126/lectures/history.html
• www.williamson-labs.com/480_cpu.htm
• www.computerhistory.org
• The AVR Microcontroller and Embedded systems, Mazidi
& Naimi
• http://www.antiquetech.com/
• http://en.wikipedia.org/

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