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Class 12 - Physics
Sample Paper - 05 (2024-25)

Maximum Marks: 70
Time Allowed: : 3 hours

General Instructions:

1. There are 33 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.

2. This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section E.
3. All the sections are compulsory.
4. Section A contains sixteen questions, twelve MCQ and four Assertion Reasoning based of 1 mark each, Section B contains
five questions of two marks each, Section C contains seven questions of three marks each, Section D contains two case
study based questions of four marks each and Section E contains three long answer questions of five marks each.
5. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in one question in Section B, one question in
Section C, one question in each CBQ in Section D and all three questions in Section E. You have to attempt only one of the
choices in such questions.
6. Use of calculators is not allowed.

Section A

1. The forbidden energy gap is maximum for:

a) diamond
b) mercury
c) silicon
d) silver

2. The correct graph showing the variation of the resistance (R) of a cylindrical metal wire as a function of its radius (r),
keeping its length and temperature constant, is:

a)

b)

c)

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d)

3. Which of the following is used in optical fibers?

a) Scattering
b) Refraction
c) Diffraction
d) Total internal reflection

4. The arrangement fo two magnetic poles of equal and opposite strengths separated by a finite distance is called:

a) Magnetic dipole
b) Magnetic current
c) Magnetic field
d) Magnetic pole

5. One volt is equivalent to:

a) newton/second
b) newton/coulomb
c) joule/coulomb
d) joule/second

6. An electron is projected with uniform velocity along the axis of a current carrying long solenoid. Which of the following
is true?

a) The electron will continue to move with uniform velocity along the axis of the solenoid.
b) The electron will experience a force at 45o to the axis and hence execute a helical path.
c) The electron path will be circular about the axis.
d) The electron will be accelerated along the axis.

7. Two ends of a horizontal conducting rod of length l are joined to a voltmeter. The whole arrangement moves with a
horizontal velocity v, the direction of motion being perpendicular to the rod. Vertical component of the earth's magnetic
field is B. The voltmeter reads

a) Blv only if the rod moves eastward

b) Blv if the rod moves in any direction
c) Zero
d) Blv only if the rod moves westward

8. The value of 1 Bohr magneton is: [Given h = 6.62 × 10-34 Js, e = 1.6 × 10-19 C and me = 9.1 × 10-31 kg]

a) 7.27 × 10-24 Am2

b) 9.27 × 10-24 Am2
c) 10.57 × 10-24 Am2
d) 8.57 × 10-24 Am2

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9. Two periodic waves of intensities I1 and I2 pass through a region at the same time in the same direction. The sum of the
maximum and minimum intensities is:
−
− −
−
a) (√I − √I
1 2 )
2

b) 2(I1 + I2)
c) I1 + I2
−
− −−
d) (√I 1 + √I2 )
2

10. Two large conducting spheres carrying charges Q1 and Q2 are kept with their centres r distance apart. The magnitude of
Q Q
electrostatic force between them is not exactly 1

4πε0
1

2
2
because
r

a) charges will shift towards the portions of the spheres which are closer and facing towards each other
b) charges on spheres will shift towards the centres of their respective spheres
c) these are not point charges
d) charge distribution on the spheres is not uniform

11. In the following figure, the diodes which are forward biased, are

A.

B.

C.

D.

a) A, C and D
b) B and C
c) C and A
d) C only

12. A plano-convex lens is made of glass of refractive index 1.5. The focal length f of the lens & the radius of curvature R of
its curved surface, are related by

a) f = R
b) f = 3R

c) f = 2R
d) f = R

13. Assertion (A): The photon behaves like a particle.

Reason (R): If E and P are the energy and momentum of the photon, then p = E

c
.

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a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.

14. Assertion: For practical purposes, the earth is used as a reference at zero potential in electrical circuits.
Reason: The electrical potential of a sphere of radius R with charge Q uniformly distributed on the surface is given by
Q

4πε0 R
.

a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.

15. Assertion (A): The phase difference between any two points on a wavefront is zero.
Reason (R): All points on a wavefront are at the same distance from the source and thus oscillate in the same phase.

a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the Assertion (A).
b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of the Assertion (A).
c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
d) Assertion (A) is false and Reason (R) is also false.

16. Assertion: In alternating current, direction of motion of free electrons changes periodically.
Reason: Alternating current changes its direction after a certain time interval.

a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
Section B

17. Two charges 3 × 10-8 C and -2 × 10-8 C are located 15 cm apart. At what point on the line joining the two charges is
the electrical potential zero? Take the potential at infinity to be zero.

18. Explain the phenomenon of hysteresis in magnetic materials. Draw a hysteresis loop showing remanence and coercive
force.

19. How is a p-type semiconductor formed? Name the major charge carriers in it. Draw the energy band diagram of a p-type
semiconductor.

20. A hydrogen atom initially in the ground state absorbs a photon which excites it to the n = 4 level. Determine the
wavelength and frequency of photon.
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21. Define current sensitivity and voltage sensitivity of a galvanometer. Increasing the current sensitivity may not
necessarily increase the voltage sensitivity of a galvanometer. Justify.

OR

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In the circuit (Fig.) the current is to be measured. What is the value of the current if the ammeter shown

a. is a galvanometer with a resistance RG = 60.00 Ω ;

b. is a galvanometer described in (a) but converted to an ammeter by a shunt resistance rs = 0.02 Ω ;
c. is an ideal ammeter with zero resistance?
Section C

22. Define the current sensitivity of a galvanometer. Write its SI unit.

Figure shows two circuits each having a galvanometer and a battery of 3 V.
When the galvanometer in each arrangement do not show any deflection, obtain the ratio R1/R2.

23. What are the limitations of intrinsic semiconductors when we use them for developing semiconductor devices?

24. State how in a photo-cell, the work function of the metal influences the kinetic energy of emitted electrons.

a. If the intensity of incident radiation is doubled, what changes occur in

i. the stopping potential and
ii. the photoelectric current?
b. If the frequency of the incident radiation is doubled, what changes occur in the
i. stopping potential and
ii. photoelectric current?
25. a. Depict the variation of the potential energy of a pair of nucleons with the separation between them.
b. Imagine the fission of a Fe into two equal fragments of Al nucleus. Is the fission energetically possible? Justify
56
26
28
13

your answer by working out Q value of the process.

Given: m( Fe ) = 55.93494 u, m ( Al ) = 27.98191 u.
56
26
28
13

26. The photon emitted during the de-excitation from the first excited level to the ground state of hydrogen atom is used to
irradiate a photocathode of a photocell, in which stopping potential of 5 V is used. Calculate the work function of the
cathode used.

27. A beam of light consisting of two wavelengths 600 nm and 500 nm is used in a Young's double slit experiment. The slit
separation is 1.0 mm and the screen is kept 0.60 m away from the plane of the slits. Calculate:

a. the distance of the second bright fringe from the central maximum for wavelength 500 nm, and
b. the least distance from the central maximum where the bright fringes due to both the wavelengths coincide.

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28. Draw the labelled diagram of an AC generator. Briefly explain its working and obtain the expression for the emf
produced in the coil.

OR

A (current vs time) graph of the current passing through a solenoid is shown in Figure. For which time is the back
electromotive force (u) a maximum. If the back emf at t = 3s is e, find the back emf at t = 7 s, 15s, and 40s. OA, AB, and
BC are straight line segments.

Section D
29. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
A stationary charge produces only an electrostatic field while a charge in uniform motion produces a magnetic field, that
does not change with time. An oscillating charge is an example of accelerating charge. It produces an oscillating
magnetic field, which in turn produces an oscillating electric fields and so on. The oscillating electric and magnetic fields
regenerate each other as a wave which propagates through space.

i. Magnetic field in a plane electromagnetic wave is given by B⃗ = B0 sin(kx + ωt)^j T

Expression for corresponding electric field will be (Where c is speed of light.)

a) E⃗ = B0c sin (kx + ωt) k

^
V/m
b) E⃗ = -B0c sin (kx - ωt) k
^
V/m
c) E⃗ = -B0c sin (kx + ωt) k
^
V/m
B0
d) E⃗ = c
sin (kx + ωt) k
^
V/m

ii. The electric field component of a monochromatic radiation is given by E⃗ = 2E0^i cos kz cos ωt. Its magnetic
field B⃗ is then given by
2E0
a) − c
^
j sin kz sin ωt
2E0
b) c
^
j sin kz sin ωt
2E0
c) c
^
j sin kz cos ωt
2E0
d) c
^
j cos kz cos ωt

iii. A plane em wave of frequency 25 MHz travels in a free space along x-direction. At a particular point in space
and time, E = (6.3 ^j ) V/m. What is magnetic field at that time?

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a) 0.089 μ T
b) 0.124 μ T
c) 0.021 μ T
d) 0.095 μ T

OR

A plane electromagnetic wave travels in free space along x-axis. At a particular point in space, the electric field
along y-axis is 9.3 V m-1. The magnetic induction (B) along z-axis is

a) 3.1 × 10-8 T
b) 3 × 10-5 T
c) 3 × 10-6 T
d) 9.3 × 10-6 T

iv. A plane electromagnetic wave travelling along the x-direction has a wavelength of 3 mm. The variation in the
electric field occurs in the y-direction with an amplitude 66 V m-1. The equations for the electric and magnetic
fields as a function of x and t are respectively

a) E ,B
11 x −7 11 x
y = 11 cos 2π × 10 (t − ) y = 11 × 10 cos 2π × 10 (t − )
c c

b) E y = 66 cos 2π × 10
11
(t −
x

c
) ,B z = 2.2 × 10
−7
cos 2π × 10
11
(t −
x

c
)

c) E x
= 33 cos π × 10
11
(t −
x

c
) ,B x
= 11 × 10
−7
cos π × 10
11
(t −
x

c
)

d) E ,B
11 x −7 11 x
y = 33 cos π × 10 (t − ) z = 1.1 × 10 cos π × 10 (t − )
c c

30. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:

In 1909, Robert Millikan was the first to find the charge of an electron in his now-famous oil-drop experiment. In that
experiment, tiny oil drops were sprayed into a uniform electric field between a horizontal pair of oppositely charged
plates. The drops were observed with a magnifying eyepiece, and the electric field was adjusted so that the upward force
on some negatively charged oil drops was just sufficient to balance the downward force of gravity. That is, when
suspended, upward force qE just equaled Mg. Millikan accurately measured the charges on many oil drops and found the
values to be whole number multiples of 1.6 × 10-19 C the charge of the electron. For this, he won the Nobel prize.

i. If a drop of mass 1.08 × 10-14 kg remains stationary in an electric field of 1.68 × 105 NC-1, then the charge of
this drop is

a) 6.40 × 10-19 C
b) 4.8 × 10-19 C
c) 3.2 × 10-19 C
d) 1.6 × 10-19 C

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ii. Extra electrons on this particular oil drop (given the presently known charge of the electron) are

a) 4
b) 5
c) 8
d) 3

iii. A negatively charged oil drop is prevented from falling under gravity by applying a vertical electric field 100
V m-1. If the mass of the drop is 1.6 × 10-3 g, the number of electrons carried by the drop is (g = 10 ms-2)

a) 109
b) 1018
c) 1012
d) 1015

iv. The important conclusion given by Millikan's experiment about the charge is

a) charge has no definite value

b) charge is quantized
c) charge is never quantized
d) charge on oil drop always increases

OR

If in Millikan's oil drop experiment, charges on drops are found to be 8μC, 12μC, 20μC , then quanta of charge
is

a) 20μ C
b) 12μ C
c) 8μ C
d) 4μ C
Section E

31. Use the mirror equation to deduce that:

a. an object placed between f and 2f of a concave mirror produces a real image beyond 2f.
b. a convex mirror always produces a virtual image independent of the location of the object.
c. the virtual image produced by a convex mirror is always diminished in size and is located between the focus and the
pole.
d. an object placed between the pole and focus of a concave mirror produces a virtual and enlarged image.
[Note: This exercise helps you deduce algebraically properties of images that one obtains from explicit ray
diagrams.]

OR

When a plane wavefront, of light, of wavelength λ , is incident on a narrow slit, an intensity distribution pattern, of the
form shown, is observed

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on a screen, suitably kept behind the slit. Name the phenomenon observed.

i. Obtain the conditions for the formation of central maxima and secondary maxima and the minima.
ii. Why is there significant fall in intensity of the secondary maxima compared to the central maxima, whereas in double
slit experiment all the bright fringes are of the same intensity?
iii. When the width of the slit is made double the original width, how is the size of the central band affected?
32. a. Obtain the expressions for the resultant capacitance when the three capacitors C1, C2 and C3 are connected (i) in
parallel and then (ii) in series.
b. In the circuit shown in the figure, the charge on the capacitor of
4μF is 16μC. Calculate the energy stored in the capacitor of 12μF
capacitance.

OR

Figure (a) and (b) shows the field lines of a single positive and negative charge respectively:

(a) (b)

a. Give the sign of the potential difference VP - VQ and VB - VA.

b. Give the sign of the potential energy difference of a small negative charge between the points Q and P; A and B.
c. Give the sign of the work done by the field in moving a small positive charge from point Q to P.
d. Give the sign of the work done by an external agency in moving a small negative charge from point B to A.
e. Does the kinetic energy of a small negative charge increase or decrease in going from point B to A?
33. i. An ac source generating a voltage V = V0 sin ωt is connected to a capacitor of capacitance C. Find the expression of
the current I flowing through it. Plot a graph of V and I versus ωt to show that the current is ahead of the voltage.
π

ii. A resistor of 200 Ω and a capacitor of 15 μ F are connected in series to a 220 V, 50 Hz ac source. Calculate the
current in the circuit and the rms voltage across the resistor and the capacitor. Why the algebraic sum of these
voltages is more than the source voltage?

OR

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i. Draw an arrangement for winding of primary and secondary coils in a transformer with two coils on a separate limb
of the core. State the underlying principle of a transformer. Deduce the expression for the ratio of secondary voltage
to the primary voltage in terms of the ratio of the number of turns of primary and secondary winding. For an ideal
transformer, obtain the ratio of primary and secondary currents in terms of the ratio of the voltages in the secondary
and primary voltages.
ii. Write any two reasons for the energy losses which occur in actual transformers.
iii. A step-up transformer converts a low input voltage into a high output voltage. Does it violate law of conservation of
energy? Explain.
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Class 12 - Physics
Sample Paper - 05 (2024-25)

Solution

Section A
1. (a) diamond
Explanation:

Diamond is an insulator.

2. (c)

Explanation:

3. (d) Total internal reflection

Explanation:

When light travelling in an optically dense medium hits a boundary at a steep angle, the light is completely reflected.
This is called total internal reflection. This effect is used in optical fibres to confine light in the core.

4. (a) Magnetic dipole

Explanation:

Magnetic dipole

5. (c) joule/coulomb
Explanation:

By using,
Q
V= C

6. (a) The electron will continue to move with uniform velocity along the axis of the solenoid.
Explanation:

The electron will continue to move with uniform velocity along the axis of the solenoid.

7. (c) Zero
Explanation:

Induced EMF is zero because flux linked with it remains constant.

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8. (b) 9.27 × 10-24 Am2

Explanation:

1 Bohr magneton
=
eh

4πme
−19 −34

= 1.6×10 ×6.62×10

−31
4π×9.1×10

= 9.27 × 10-24 Am2

9. (b) 2(I1 + I2)

Explanation:

Other factors such ω o and v remain the same,

−−
I = A2 × constant K or A = √
I

On superposition Amax. = A1 + A2 and Amin. = A1 - A2

2 2 2
∴ Amax = A + A + 2A1 A2
1 2

Imax I1 I2 2√I1 I2
or K
=
K
+
K
+
K

2 2 2
A = A + A − 2A1 A2
nin. 1 2

Imin I1 I2 2√I1 I2

or K
=
K
+
K
−
K

∴ Imax. + Imin. = 2(I1 + I2)

10. (d) charge distribution on the spheres is not uniform

Explanation:

charge distribution on the spheres is not uniform

11. (c) C and A

Explanation:

In both figures (A) and (C), p-side is at higher potential than the n-side.

12. (c) f = 2R
Explanation:
1 1 1
= (μ − 1)( − )
f R1 R2

1 1 0.5 1
= (1.5 − 1)( − ) = =
R −∞ R 2R

or f = 2R

13. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:

Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

14. (b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
Explanation:

Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.

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15. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the Assertion (A).
Explanation:

Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the Assertion (A).

16. (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Explanation:

Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.

Section B

17. Here, qA = 3 × 10-8 C; qB = -2 × 10-8 C; r = 15 cm = 0.15m

Let O be the point, where the electric potential is zero due to the two charges as shown in figure.

Suppose that the distance AO = x. Then,

BO = r - x = 0.15 - x
Electric potential at point O due to qA,
q
1 A
VA =
4πε0 AO
−8

= 9 × 10 9
×
3×10

x
=
270

Electric potential at point O due to qB,

q
1 B
VB =
4πε0 BO
−8
(−2×10 )

= 9 × 10 =−
9 180
×
0⋅15−x 0⋅15−x

Since the electric potential at point O is zero, we have

VA + VB = 0

or =0
270 180
+ (− )
x 0⋅15−x

or
270 180
=
x 0.15−x

or x = 0.09m = 9 cm (from charge of 3 × 10-8 C)

18. The phenomenon of lagging behind the magnetizing field in a ferromagnetic material is called hysteresis. The area of
hysteresis loop gives the energy wasted in a sample when it is taken through a cycle of magnetisation.

19. If trivalent impurity atoms of B, Al, or In are doped in a pure semiconductor of Si or Ge, we get a p-type semiconductor.
Holes are the major charge carriers in it. For the energy band diagram see.

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20. As,
1 1 1
= R( − )
2 2
λ n n
1 2

1 7 1 1
⇒ = 1.09 × 10 ( − )
2 2
λ 1 4

7 15
= 1.09 × 10 ×
16

or λ
16 −8
= = 9.8 × 10 m
7
1.09×10 ×15
8

Frequency, ν
c 3×10 15 −1
∴ = = = 3.06 × 10 s
8
λ 9.8×10

21. Current sensitivity of a galvanometer is the deflection produced per unit flow of current while voltage sensitivity is the
deflection produced per unit applied potential difference.
Current sensitivity, I
α NBA
s = =
I k

Voltage sensitivity,V
α α NBA
s = = =
V IR kR

If the current sensitivity is increased by increasing the number of turns N, the resistance R will also increase. So, the
voltage sensitivity might not increase on increasing the current sensitivity.

OR

a. Total resistance in the circuit is, RG = 60.00Ω . Hence, I =e/(r + g) = 3

63
= 0.048 A
RC rs
b. The resistance of the galvanometer converted to an ammeter is, =
60Ω×0.02Ω
= 0.02Ω
RG +rs (60+0.02)Ω

The total resistance in the circuit is, 0.02Ω + 3Ω . Hence, total current is given by I = = 0.99 A
3
= 3.02Ω
3.02

c. For the ideal ammeter with zero resistance, I = 3

3
= 1.00 A
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Section C

22. Current sensitivity of a galvanometer is defined as the deflection produced in the galvanometer when a unit current flows
through it. The SI unit of current sensitivity is rad. A-1. Current sensitivity is expressed as θ
=
NAB
where N, A, B and
I K

K are number of turns, cross-sectional area, magnetic field intensity and galvanometer's constant respectively.

For balanced Wheatstone bridge, there will be no deflection in the galvanometer.

4 6
∴ =
R1 9

4×9
⇒ R1 = = 6Ω
6

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For the equivalent circuit. when the Wheatstone bridge is balanced, there will be no deflection in the galvanometer.
12 6
∴ =
8 R2

6×8
⇒ R2 = = 4Ω
12
R1 6 3
∴ = =
R2 4 2

23. When intrinsic semiconductors are used for developing semiconductor devices, they have many limitations as discussed
below:

i. Intrinsic semiconductors have low intrinsic charge carrier concentration (of hole and electrons) ≈ 106 m-3. So they
have low electrical conductivity.
ii. As intrinsic charge carriers are always thermally generated, so flexibility is not available to control their number.
iii. For intrinsic semiconductors, ne = nh. They cannot have a predominant hole or electron conduction. This puts a limit
on the usefulness of such materials.

24. K.E. of the emitted electrons,

1 2
Kmax = mvmax = hν − W0
2

Higher is the work function (W0) of the metal, the lesser will be the K.E. of the emitted electrons.

a. If the intensity of the radiation is doubled,

i. stopping potential remains unchanged and
ii. the photoelectric current gets doubled.
b. If the frequency of the incident radiation is doubled,
i. the stopping potential gets doubled and
ii. the photoelectric current remains unaffected.

25.

a. At ro the potential energy is minimum. Nuclear forces are attractive for r greater than ro and repulsive for lesser than
ro. So P.E. is increasing when they repel and P.E. decreases as the come close till ro.
b. 56
26
Fe ⟶ 2
28
13
Al

Q = [m(( 56
26
F e) - 2 m(
28
13
] × 931.5 M ev
A)

= [55.93494 - 2 × 27.98191] × 931.5 M ev

= -26.90172 M ev
-ve value of Q represents fission not possible.

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26. Energy of incident photon = E2 - E1 = -3.4 - (13.6) = 10.2 eV
K.E. of photo electron = eV0=5 eV
By conservation of energy,
Energy of incident photon = K.E. of photo electron + Work function
10.2 eV = 5 eV + W0
∴ W0 = 5.2 eV

27. a. n = 2
position of fringes is given as x =
nDλ

d
−9

= 2×0.60×500×10

−3
1×10

= 0.6 mm
b. Let n bright fringes of wavelength 600 nm coincide with (n + 1) bright fringes of wavelength 500 nm
Dλ1 (n+1)Dλ2
n
d
= d
600

500
= 1+ 1

1 1
=
5 n

n=5
x= 5×Dλ

d
−9

=
5×500×10 ×0.6

−3
1×10

= 1.5 nm

28. AC generator:

Construction:
A coil of n turns called armature rotates between the magnetic poles by the means of an external agent. The ends of the
coils are connected to an external circuit through the means of carbon brushes and slip rings.
Principle of working:
AC generator works on the principle of Faraday's Laws of electromagnetic induction. According to it, when there is
change of magnetic flux through a conducting loop, an emf is induced across the ends of the loop.
dϕ
B
ε = −
dt

Working:
The strong magnetic field is created between the poles. The coil ABCD is rotated by external means in this field. As the
coil rotates, the angle between the magnetic field and the coil changes which induces an alternating emf. The ends of the
coil is connected to an external circuit by the means of carbon brushes (B1 & B2) and slip rings (R1 & R2). When the
external circuit is closed, an alternating current flows through the coil.
Expression for emf produced:
B = The magnetic field produced by the magnet The coil is placed such that at t = 0, the angle between the surface area
vector of the coil and the magnetic field is π
.
2

ω = Angular speed of the coil

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Angle between surface area vector of the coil and the magnetic field after time t is given by:
θ = θ0 + ωt

Magnetic flux through the coil is then:

Or,
ϕB = ∫ B ⋅ dA
ϕB = BA cos θ
ϕB = BA cos(θ 0 + ωt)

By Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, magnitude of induced emf through a coil of n-turns is given by:
dϕ
B
e = n
dt

Or, e =
d
n [BA cos( θ0 + ωt)]
dt

∴ |ε| = nBAω sin( θ0 + ωt)

hence, the expression for the emf produced in the coil is |ε| = nBAω sin( θ0 + ωt)

OR

The maximum back electromotive force (u) will be maximum when there is a maximum rate of change of magnetic flux
which is directly proportional to the rate of change of current.
Maximum change or rate of current will be where (t - I) graph for the solenoid makes a maximum angle with time axis
which is in part AB
So the maximum back e.m.f. will occur between 5 s to 10 s. As the back e.m.f. at t = 3 s it is e (given)
Rate of change of current at t = 3 s-slope of OA graph with time axis So the rate of change of current at 3s = 1

5
A/s

So back electromotive force at t = 3s = L×

1
=
L
= e (given)
5 5

and L = constant for the solenoid.

dI
∵ e = L⋅
dt

Similarly back e.m.f. u between 5 to 10 sec.

−3 L
u1 = L ( ) = −3 = −3e
5 5

back e.m.f. between 10 to 30 sec

[0−(−2)] +2L +1 L
u2 = L = =
(30−10) 20 2 5

1
u2 = + e
2

So back e.m.f. at 7 sec = -3 e

Back e.m.f. at 15 sec = +
1

2
e

At 40 sec graph is along the time axis, i.e. its slope with time axis is zero.
So, dI
= 0
dt

Or back e.m.f. at 40 sec = 0

Section D
29. i. (a) E⃗ = B0c sin (kx + ωt) k
^
V/m
Explanation:

Given : B⃗ = B0 sin (kx + ωt)^j T

The relation between electric and magnetic field is, c = E

B
or E = cB
The electric field component is perpendicular to the direction of propagation and the direction of magnetic field.
Therefore, the electric field component along z-axis is obtained as E⃗ = cB0 sin (kx + ωt) k
^
V/m

2E0
ii. (b) c
^
j sin kz sin ωt
Explanation:

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dE dB
= −
dz dt
dE
= -2 E0k sin kz cos ωt = − dB

dz dt

dB = +2 E0k sin kz cos ωt dt

B = +2 E0k sin kz ∫ cos ωt dt = +2 E0 k

ω
sin kz sin ωt
E0 ω
= = c
B0 k

2E0 2E0
B= c
sin kz sin ωt ∴ B⃗ = c
sin kz sin ωt ^j
E is along y-direction and the wave propagates along x-axis.
∴ B should be in a direction perpendicular to both x-and y-axis.

iii. (c) 0.021 μ T

Explanation:

Here, E = 6.3 ^j ; c = 3 × 108 m/s

The magnitude of B is
Bz = = = 2.1 × 10-8 T = 0.021 μ T
E 6.3

c 8
3×10

OR

(a) 3.1 × 10-8 T

Explanation:

At a particular point, E = 9.3 V m-1

Magnetic field at the same point =
9.3
∴
8
3×10

= 3.1 × 10-8 T

iv. (b) E y
= 66 cos 2π × 10
11
(t −
x

c
) ,B z
= 2.2 × 10
−7
cos 2π × 10
11
(t −
x

c
)

Explanation:

Here : E0 = 66 V m-1, Ey = 66 cos ω(t − ,

x
)
c

= 3 mm = 3 × 10-3 m, k =
2π
λ
λ

= c ⇒ ω = ck = 3 × 108 ×
ω 2π

−3
k 3×10

or ω = 2π × 1011
Ey = 66 cos 2π × 1011(t −
x
∴ )
c

Ey
Bz = =(
66 11 x
) cos 2π × 10 (t − )
c 8 c
3×10

= 2.2 × 10-7 cos 2π × 1011(t − x

c
)

30. i. (a) 6.40 × 10-19 C

Explanation:

= 6.4 × 10-19 C
−14

As, qE = mg ⇒ q = 1.08×10 ×9.8

5
1.68×10

ii. (a) 4
Explanation:
−19

q = ne or ⇒ n = =4
6.4×10

−19
1.6×10

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iii. (c) 1012

Explanation:

For the drop to be stationary,

Force on the drop due to electric field = Weight of the drop
qE = mg
= 1.6 × 10-7 C
−6
mg
q=
1.6×10 ×10
=
E 100

Number of electrons carried by the drop is

= 1012
−7
q
n= e
=
1.6×10

−19
C

1.6×10 C

iv. (b) charge is quantized

Explanation:

charge is quantized

OR

(d) 4μ C
Explanation:

Millikan's experiment confirmed that the charges are quantized, i.e., charges are small integer multiples of the
base value which is charge on electron. The charges on the drops are found to be multiple of 4. Hence, the
quanta of charge is 4 μ C.

Section E
31. a. The mirror formula is:
1 1 1
+ =
u v f

1 1 1
∴ = −
v f u

Now for a concave mirror, f < 0 and for an object on the left u < 0.
2f<u<f
or >
1

2f
1

u
>
1

or −
1 1 1
< − < −
2f u f

or 1
−
1
<
1
−
1

u
<
1
−
1

f 2f f f f

or
1 1
< < 0
2f v

This implies that v < 0 so that real image is formed on left. Also the above inequality implies that
2f>v
or |2 f| > |v| [∵ 2f and v are -ve]
i.e. real image is formed beyond 2f.
b. Now, for convex mirror, f > 0 and for an object of left, u < 0.
From mirror formula
1 1 1
= −
v f u

or v > 0
1
⇒ > 0
v

This shows that whatever be the value of u, a convex mirror form a virtual image on the right.
c. For convex mirror f > 0 and for an object on left u < 0, so from mirror formula,
1

v
=
1
−
1

u
[ ∵ v is +ve, u is -ve]
f

⇒
1

v
>
f
1
or v < f (∴ − 1

u
is a +ve quantity)

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This shows that the image is located between the pole and the focus of the mirror. Also from the mirror formula,
1 1 1
> − (∵ > 0)
v u f

Multiply v to both sides,

[ ∵ v is +ve]
v u
∴ > −
v v

1 > m ( ∵ u < 0)
Magnitude of magnification, m = v
< 1
|u|

So the image is diminished in size.

d. From the mirror formula, for a concave mirror, f < 0 and for an object located between the pole and focus of a
concave mirror,
f<u<0
1 1
∴ >
f u

or 1

f
−
1

u
> 0

or or v >
1 1 1 1
> 0 0 (∴ = − )
v v f u

i.e. a virtual image is formed on the right.

Also, 1

v
<
1
or v > |u|
|u|

i.e., Image is enlarged.

v
∴ |m| = > 1
|u|

OR

The phenomenon observed is diffraction.

i. At the cental maxima: The contributions due to the secondary wavelets, from all parts of the wavefront (at the slit),
arrive in phase at the central maxima θ = 0 At the secondary maxima: It is only the contributions from (nearly) 1

3
(or
, or ,...) of the secondary maxima. These occur at points for which
1 1

5 7

(n = 0, 1, 2, 3,...)
1 λ
θ ≡ (n + )
2 a

At the minima:
The contribution, from 'corresponding pairs', of the sub-parts of the incident wavefront, cancel each other and the
net contribution, at the location of the minima, is zero. The minima occur at points for which, θ = n (n = 0, 1,
λ

2, 3,...)
ii. There is a significant fall in intensity at the secondary maxima because the intensity there is only due to the
contribution of (nearly)( 1

3
or 1

5
or 1

7
, ...,) of the incident wavefronts.
iii. The size of the central maxima would get halved when the width of the slit is doubled.
32. a.
i. Parallel

Q1 = C1V, Q2 = C2V, Q3 = C3V,

But Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3
∴ Q = C1V + C2V + C3V

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∴ CV= C1V + C2V + C3V

C = C1 + C2 + C3
ii. Series

Potential difference across the plates of the three capacitors are:

Q
V1 =
C1

Q
V2 =
C2

Q
V3 =
C3

But V = V1 + V2 + V3
Q Q Q
V = + +
C1 C2 C3

Q 1 1 1
∴ = + +
C C1 C2 C3

1 1 1 1
∴ = + +
Ceq C1 C2 C3

b. Potential difference across the capacitor of 4μf capacitance

Q 16μC
V = =
C 4μF

Potential across 12μf capacitor

= 12 V - 4V
= 8V
Energy stored on this capacitor
1 2
U = CV
2

=
1

2
(12 × 10
−6
)8
2
joule
= 6 × 64 × 10-6 joule
= 384 × 10-6 J
= 384μJ

OR

a. In figure (a), as the field is due to a positive charge is given by ,

Vp - VQ > 0
In figure (b), as the field is due to a negative charge is given by ,
VA - VB < 0
or VB - VA > 0
b. The potential energy of a negative charge at point Q will be negative and at point P, it will be still more negative.
Therefore,
(P.E)Q - (P.E)P > 0
sign of potential energy difference of a small negative charge between Q and P is positive. Thus,
(P.E)A - (P.E)B > 0
c. A small positive charge will tend to move from point P to Q and the work done by the field in moving the charge
from point P to Q will be positive. Therefore, work done by the electric field in moving a small positive charge from

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point Q to P will be negative.
d. For the reasons as given in (iii), work done by an external agency in moving a small negative charge from B to A will
be positive.
e. As the potential energy of the negative charge increases, the kinetic energy of the negative charge decreases in going
from point B to A.
Q
33. i. V = V0 sin ωt, V = C

A.C. source containing capacitor: Let a source of alternating e.m.f. V=Vmsinωt be connected to a capacitor of
capacitance C only.
dQ
l =
dt
V0
I0 =
1
( )
ωC

I = I0 sin (ωt +
π
)
2

ii. X = 212.3 Ω
1
C =
2πfC
−−−−−−−
Z = √R
2
+ X
2
C
= 291.5 Ω
Vrms
Irms = =
220
= 0.755 A
Z 291.5

VR (rms) = 151 V
VC (rms) = 160.3 V
Two voltages are out of phase, hence they are added vectorially.

OR

i.

Transformer work on the principle of mutual induction. Whenever the current in the primary coil changes an emf is
induced in the secondary coil.
−NP dϕ
Ep = dt
...(1)
dϕ
where dt
is change in flux.
NP is the number of turns in the primary & EP is the primary voltage.
Secondary voltage
−Ns dϕ
Es = dt
...(2) where Ns is number of turns of secondary coil from (1) and (2)
EP NP
= ...(3)
ES NS

For an ideal transformer input power = output power

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EP iS
EPiP = Esis ⇒ ES
=
iP
...(4)
From (3) and (4)
iS NP
=
iP NS

ii. Energy losses in transformer:

Eddy current loss Eddy current in iron core of transformer facilitates the loss of energy in the form of heat.
Flux leakage Total fluxes linked with primary do not completely pass through the secondary which denotes
the loss in the flux.

iii. The law of conservation of energy cannot be violated at all. The fact that voltage and current get “stepped” in
opposite directions makes perfect sense when power is equal to voltage times current, and realize that transformers
cannot produce power, only convert it. Any device that could output more power than it took in would violate the
Law of Energy Conservation in physics, namely that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted.
It makes a difference in number of turns. In a step up transformer, the primary has lower number of turns than the
secondary and vice versa in the case of step down transformer.
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