Network Layer Protocols and IP

Addressing
Page 1 Copyright © 2020 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Foreword
● Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) is the core protocol suite in the TCP/IP protocol
suite. It works at the network layer in the TCP/IP protocol stack and this layer
corresponds to the network layer in the Open System Interconnection Reference
Model (OSI RM).

● The network layer provides connectionless data transmission services. A network

does not need to establish a connection before sending data packets. Each IP data
packet is sent separately.

● This presentation describes the basic concepts of IPv4 addresses, subnetting,

network IP address planning, and basic IP address configuration.

Page 2 Copyright © 2020 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Objectives
● On completion of this course, you will be able:
🞐 Describe main protocols at the network layer.

🞐 Describe the concepts and classification of IPv4 addresses and special IPv4 addresses.

🞐 Calculate IP networks and subnets.

🞐 Use the IP network address planning method.

Page 3 Copyright © 2020 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Contents
1. Network Layer Protocols

2. Introduction to IPv4 Addresses

3. Subnetting

4. ICMP

5. IPv4 Address Configuration and Basic Application

Page 4 Copyright © 2020 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Network Layer Protocols
● The network layer is often called the IP layer. Network layer protocols include Internet Control
Message Protocol (ICMP) and Internet Packet Exchange (IPX), in addition to IP.

Application Layer

Transport layer

Network layer IP addressing and

................................... ICMP IPX
routing
IP
Data link layer

Physical Layer

Equivalent TCP/IP model

Page 5 Copyright © 2020 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Internet Protocol
● IP is short for the Internet Protocol. IP is the name of a protocol file with small content. It defines
and describes the format of IP packets.

● The frequently mentioned IP refers to any content related directly or indirectly to the Internet
Protocol, instead of the Internet Protocol itself.

Function Version

• Provides logical addresses for

devices at the network layer. • IP Version 4 (IPv4)

• Is responsible for addressing and • IP Version 6 (IPv6)

forwarding data packets.

Page 6 Copyright © 2020 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Data Encapsulation
Application Layer Data PDU

Transport layer Data Segment

Network layer Data Packe

t

Data link layer Data Frame

Physical Layer Bit

Ethernet IP TCP
User data Ethernet tail
header header header

Page 7 Copyright © 2020 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 IPv4 Packet Format

Ethernet IP TCP
User data Ethernet tail
header header header

Header Type of
Version Total Length
Length Service
Identification Flags Fragment Offset
Fixed size:
20 bytes TTL Protocol Header Checksum

Source IP Address

Destination IP Address
Optional size:
Options Padding
0–40 bytes

Page 8 Copyright © 2020 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Data Packet Fragmentation
● The process of dividing a packet into multiple fragments is called fragmentation.

● The sizes of IP packets forwarded on a network may be different. If the size of an IP packet
exceeds the maximum size supported by a data link, the packet needs to be divided into several
smaller fragments before being transmitted on the link.

Header Type of
Version Total Length
Length Service
Identification Flags Fragment Offset
Host A Host
TTL Protocol Header Checksum Data B
Source IP Address
Data fragment
Destination IP Address
Options Padding

Page 10 Copyright © 2020 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Time to Live
● The TTL field specifies the number of routers that a packet can pass through.

● Once a packet passes through a router, the TTL is reduced by 1. If the TTL value is reduced to
0, a data packet is discarded.

Header Type of
Version Total Length
Length Service TTL = 255 TTL = 254 TTL = 253
Identification Flags Fragment Offset
TTL Protocol Header Checksum
Source IP Address
Host A Host
Destination IP Address B

Options Padding

Page 11 Copyright © 2020 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Protocol
● The Protocol field in the IP packet header identifies a protocol that will continue to process the
packet.

● This field identifies the protocol used by the data carried in the data packet so that the IP layer of
the destination host sends the data to the process mapped to the Protocol field.

Header Type of IP header User data

Version Total Length
Length Service
Identification Flags Fragment Offset
Protocol
TTL Protocol Header Checksum
Source IP Address 6/17 TCP/UDP
Destination IP Address
Options Padding 1 ICMP

Page 12 Copyright © 2020 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Contents
1. Network Layer Protocols

2. Introduction to IPv4 Addresses

3. Subnetting

4. ICMP

5. IPv4 Address Configuration and Basic Application

Page 13 Copyright © 2020 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Concepts Address Classification Address Calculation Special Addresses IPv4 vs. IPv6

What Is an IP Address?
● An IP address identifies a node (or an interface on a network device) on a network.

● IP addresses are used to forward IP packets on the network.

IP Address

IP 1 IP 5 An IP address identifies a
node on a network and is
IP 2 IP 4
used to find the destination
IP 3
for data.
Data

Page 14 Copyright © 2020 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Concepts Address Classification Address Calculation Special Addresses IPv4 vs. IPv6

IP address Notation
● An IPv4 address is 32 bits long.

● It is in dotted decimal notation.

Dotted decimal Decimal 192. 168. 10. 1 4 bytes

notation Binary 11000000 10101000 00001010 00000001 32 bits

27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
Power
Conversion between 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
decimal and binary
systems Bit 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

= 128 + 64 = 192
● IPv4 address range is 0.0.0.0–255.255.255.255.

Page 15 Copyright © 2020 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Concepts Address Classification Address Calculation Special Addresses IPv4 vs. IPv6

IP Address Structure
● Network part: identifies a network.

● Host part: identifies a host and is used to differentiate hosts on a network.

Network part Host part

• Network mask: is used to distinguish the network part from the host part in an IP address.

192. 168. 10. 1

192.168.10.1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 IP address

255.255.255.0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Network mask

Network part Host part

Written as
192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0 = 192.168.10.1/24

Page 16 Copyright © 2020 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Concepts Address Classification Address Calculation Special Addresses IPv4 vs. IPv6

IP Addressing
● Network part (network ID): identifies a network.

● Host part: identifies a host and is used to differentiate hosts on a network.

Network part

Community A No. X, Street Y,

John

Layer 2 network addressing Layer 3 network addressing

Community A (network bits)
Layer 2 network Gateway Layer 2 network

10.0.1.0/24 10.0.2.0/24

10.0.1.1/24 10.0.2.1/24

No. X, Street Y, John

(host bits)
Layer 3 network

Page 17 Copyright © 2020 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Address
Concepts Address Calculation Special Addresses IPv4 vs. IPv6
Classification

IP Address Classification (Classful Addressing)

● To facilitate IP address management and networking, IP addresses are classified into the
following classes:
Class A 0NNNNNNN NNNNNNNN NNNNNNNN NNNNNNNN 0.0.0.0–127.255.255.255

Assigned to
Class B 10NNNNNN NNNNNNNN NNNNNNNN NNNNNNNN 128.0.0.0–191.255.255.255
hosts

Class C 110NNNNN NNNNNNNN NNNNNNNN NNNNNNNN 192.0.0.0–223.255.255.255

Class D 1110NNNN NNNNNNNN NNNNNNNN NNNNNNNN 224.0.0.0–239.255.255.255 Used for multicast

Class E 1111NNNN NNNNNNNN NNNNNNNN NNNNNNNN 240.0.0.0–255.255.255.255 Used for research

• Default subnet masks of classes A, B, and C

▫ Class A: 8 bits, 0.0.0.0–127.255.255.255/8
Network part
▫ Class B: 16 bits, 128.0.0.0–191.255.255.255/16
Host part
▫ Class C: 24 bits, 192.0.0.0-223.255.255.255/24

Page 18 Copyright © 2020 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Address
Concepts Address Calculation Special Addresses IPv4 vs. IPv6
Classification

IP Address Types
● A network range defined by a network ID is called a network segment.

● Network address: identifies a network.

Example: 192.168.10.0/24

192. 168. 10. 00000000 Note

● Broadcast address: a special address used to send data • Network and broadcast addresses

to all hosts on a network. cannot be directly used by devices or

Example: 192.168.10.255/24 their interfaces.
192. 168. 10. 11111111
• Number of available addresses on a
● Available addresses: IP addresses that can be allocated to network segment is 2n – 2 (n is the
device interfaces on a network. number of bits in the host part).
Example: 192.168.10.1/24
192. 168. 10. 00000001

Page 20 Copyright © 2020 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Concepts Address Classification Address Calculation Special Addresses IPv4 vs. IPv6

IP Address Calculation
● Example: What are the network address, broadcast address, and number of available
addresses of class B address 172.16.10.1/16?
172. 16. 00001010. 00000001

IP address 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

Network mask
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
The network address is obtained,
with all host bits set to 0s.
Network address 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 172.16.0.0/16
The broadcast address is obtained,
with all host bits set to 1s.
Broadcast address 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 172.16.255.255/16

Number of IP 216 = 65536

addresses
Quiz
Number of available Example: What are the network address,
216 – 2 = 65534
addresses broadcast address, and number of available
Range of available addresses of class A address 10.128.20.10/8?
172.16.0.1/16–172.16.255.254/16
addresses

Page 21 Copyright © 2020 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Special
Concepts Address Classification Address Calculation IPv4 vs. IPv6
Addresses

Private IP Addresses
● Public IP address: An IP address is assigned by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), and
this address allocation mode ensures that each IP address is unique on the Internet. Such an IP address is
a public IP address.

● Private IP address: In practice, some networks do not need to connect to the Internet. For example, on a
network of a lab in a college, IP addresses of devices need to avoid conflicting with each other only within
the same network. In the IP address space, some IP addresses of class A, B, and C addresses are
reserved for the preceding situations. These IP addresses are called private IP addresses.
🞐 Class A: 10.0.0.0–10.255.255.255
192.168.1.0/24
10.0.0.0/8
🞐 Class B: 172.16.0.0–172.31.255.255
Implemented using network
Internet address translation (NAT)
🞐 Class C: 192.168.0.0–192.168.255.255
10.0.0.0/8 192.168.1.0/24

Connecting a private network to the Internet

Page 22 Copyright © 2020 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Special
Concepts Address Classification Address Calculation IPv4 vs. IPv6
Addresses

Special IP Addresses
● Some IP addresses in the IP address space are of special meanings and functions.

● For example:

Special IP Address Address Scope Function

It can be used as a destination address and traffic destined for
Limited broadcast address 255.255.255.255 it is sent to all hosts on the network segment to which the
address belongs. (Its usage is restricted by a gateway).
It is an address of any network.
Any IP address 0.0.0.0
Addresses in this block refer to source hosts on "this" network.

Loopback address 127.0.0.0/8 It is used to test the software system of a test device.
If a host fails to automatically obtain an IP address, the host
Link-local address 169.254.0.0/24 can use an IP address in this address block for temporary
communication.

Page 23 Copyright © 2020 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Concepts Address Classification Address Calculation Special Addresses IPv4 vs. IPv6

IPv4 vs. IPv6

● IPv4 addresses managed by the IANA were exhausted in 2011. As the last public IPv4 address
was allocated and more and more users and devices access the public network, IPv4 addresses
were exhausted. This is the biggest driving force for IPv6 to replace IPv4.

IPv4 IPv6
• Address length: 32 bits • Address length: 128 bits
• Address types: unicast address, broadcast • Address types: unicast address, multicast
address, and multicast address address, and anycast address
• Characteristics: • Characteristics:
▫ IPv4 address depletion ▫ Unlimited number of addresses
▫ Inappropriate packet header design ▫ Simplified packet header
▫ ARP dependency-induced flooding ▫ Automatic IPv6 address allocation
▫ ... ▫ ...

Page 24 Copyright © 2020 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Contents
1. Network Layer Protocols

2. Introduction to IPv4 Addresses

3. Subnetting

4. ICMP

5. IPv4 Address Configuration and Basic Application

Page 25 Copyright © 2020 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Why Subnetting?
172.16.1.0
172.16.4.0

172.16.0.1 172.16.0.2 172.16.0.253 172.16.0.254

172.16.3.0
...

172.16.0.0

216 = 65536 IP addresses

172.16.2.0
• A class B address is used for a broadcast • A network number is divided into multiple
domain, wasting addresses. subnets, and each subnet is allocated to a
• The broadcast domain is too large. Once separate broadcast domain.
broadcast occurs, an internal network is • In this way, the broadcast domain is smaller,
overloaded. and the network planning is more reasonable.
• IP addresses are properly used.

Page 26 Copyright © 2020 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Subnetting - Analyzing the Original Network
Segment
● Example: 192.168.10.0/24

192.168.10.1
IP address 192. 168. 10. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Default subnet
255. 255. 255. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 One class C network:
mask
192.168.10.0/24
...
192.168.10.255 Default subnet mask:
IP address 192. 168. 10. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 255.255.255.0
Default
255. 255. 255. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
subnet mask
Network part Host part

Network address: 192.168.10.0/24

Broadcast address: 192.168.10.255
Total IP addresses: 28 = 256
Available IP addresses: 28 – 2 = 254

Page 27 Copyright © 2020 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Subnetting - Taking Bits from the Host Part
● Bits can be taken from the host part to create subnets.
Take 1 bit from the host part.

IP address 192. 168. 10. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

New mask 255. 255. 255. 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Two subnets:
Subnet 1: 192.168.10.0/25
...
Subnet 2: 192.168.10.128/25
IP address 192. 168. 10. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 New mask: 255.255.255.128
New mask 255. 255. 255. 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Network part Host part

Subnet bits

Total IP addresses: 27 = 128

• Variable length subnet mask (VLSM) Available IP addresses: 27 – 2 = 126

Page 28 Copyright © 2020 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Subnetting - Calculating the Subnet Network
Address
● The network address is obtained, with all host bits set to 0s.

192.168.10.0 192. 168. 10. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

New mask /25 255. 255. 255. 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Network part Host part

Subnet 1's 192.168.10.0/25

network address
192. 168. 10. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Subnet 2's 192.168.10.128/25

network address
192. 168. 10. 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Page 29 Copyright © 2020 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Subnetting - Calculating the Subnet
Broadcast Address
● The broadcast address is obtained, with all host bits set to 1s.

192.168.10.0 192. 168. 10. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

New mask /25 255. 255. 255. 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Network part Host part

Subnet 1's 192.168.10.0/25

network address
192. 168. 10. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Subnet 1's 192.168.10.127/25
broadcast address
192. 168. 10. 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Subnet 2's 192.168.10.128/25

network address
192. 168. 10. 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Subnet 2's 192.168.10.255/25
broadcast address
192. 168. 10. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Page 30 Copyright © 2020 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Practice: Computing Subnets (1)
• Question: An existing class C network segment
is 192.168.1.0/24. Use the VLSM to allocate IP
addresses to three subnets.
10 hosts

... 30 hosts
• Answer: (Use a network with 10 hosts as an example.)
Step 1: Calculate the number of host bits to be taken.
2n – 2 ≥ 10
n ≥ 4, host bits

Step 2: Take bits from the host part.

...
... Take 4 bits from the host part.

10 hosts IP address 192. 168. 1. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Subnet mask 255. 255. 255. 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0

Subnet bits Number of subnets:

24 = 16 subnets

Page 31 Copyright © 2020 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Practice: Computing Subnets (2)
• Question: An existing class C network segment
is 192.168.1.0/24. Use the VLSM to allocate IP
192.168.1.0/28
addresses to three subnets.
10 hosts

... 30 hosts • Answer: (Use a network with 10 hosts as an example.)

Step 3: Calculate subnet network addresses.

IP address 192. 168. 1. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

New mask 255. 255. 255. 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
Network address

...
... Subnet 1 192. 168. 1. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 192.168.1.0/28

Subnet 2 192 168. 1. 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 192.168.1.16/28

10 hosts
192.168.1.16/28 Subnet 3 192. 168. 1. 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 192.168.1.32/28

…
Subnet 16 192. 168. 1. 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 192.168.1.240/28

Page 32 Copyright © 2020 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Contents
1. Network Layer Protocols

2. Introduction to IPv4 Addresses

3. Subnetting

4. ICMP

5. IPv4 Address Configuration and Basic Application

Page 33 Copyright © 2020 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 ICMP
● The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is an auxiliary protocol of the IP protocol.

• ICMP is used to transmit error and control Ethernet IP

ICMP message Ethernet tail
header header
information between network devices. It plays
an important role in collecting network Type Code Checksum

information, diagnosing and rectifying network ICMP message content

faults. Type Code Description

0 0 Echo Reply

Messag 3 0 Network Unreachable

e
3 1 Host Unreachable
Messag
Host A 3 2 Protocol Unreachable
e
3 3 Port Unreachable
5 0 Redirect
8 0 Echo Request

Page 34 Copyright © 2020 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 ICMP Redirection
● ICMP Redirect messages are a type of ICMP control message. When a router detects that a
host uses a non-optimal route in a specific scenario, the router sends an ICMP Redirect
message to the host, requesting the host to change the route.

Server Internet
A
20.0.0.1/24

20.0.0.2/24

RT RT
A B
10.0.0.200/24 10.0.0.100/24
3 1

2 ICMP Redirect message

IP address: 10.0.0.1/24
Host A Default gateway: 10.0.0.100

Page 35 Copyright © 2020 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 ICMP Error Detection
● ICMP Echo messages are used to check network connectivity between the source and
destination and provide other information, such as the round-trip time.

Echo [RTA]ping 20.0.0.2

Request
PING 20.0.0.2: 56 data bytes, press CTRL_C to break
10.0.0.0/24 20.0.0.0/24 Reply from 20.0.0.2: bytes=56 Sequence=1 ttl=254 time=70 ms
. . . .
1 2 1 2 Reply from 20.0.0.2: bytes=56 Sequence=2 ttl=254 time=30 ms
RT RT Echo Server
A B A Reply from 20.0.0.2: bytes=56 Sequence=3 ttl=254 time=30 ms
Reply
Reply from 20.0.0.2: bytes=56 Sequence=4 ttl=254 time=40 ms
Reply from 20.0.0.2: bytes=56 Sequence=5 ttl=254 time=30 ms
Function: Ping
Ping is a command used on network devices, Windows OS, Unix --- 20.0.0.2 ping statistics ---
OS, and Linux OS. Ping is a small and useful application based on 5 packet(s) transmitted
the ICMP protocol. 5 packet(s) received
A ping tests the reachability of a destination node. 0.00% packet loss
round-trip min/avg/max = 30/40/70 ms

Page 36 Copyright © 2020 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 ICMP Error Report
● ICMP defines various error messages for diagnosing network connectivity problems. The source can
determine the cause for a data transmission failure based on the received error messages. For example,
after a network device receives a packet, it cannot access the network where the destination device
resides, the network device automatically sends an ICMP Destination Unreachable message to the source.

Data packet [RTA]tracert 20.0.0.2

10.0.0.0/24 20.0.0.0/24
traceroute to 20.0.0.2(20.0.0.2), max hops: 30 ,packet length:
. . . .
1 2 1 2 40,press CTRL_C
RT RT Server
A B A to break
Destination Unreachable message
Function: Tracert
1 10.0.0.2 80 ms 10 ms 10 ms
Tracert checks the reachability of each hop on a forwarding path
based on the TTL value carried in the packet header. 2 20.0.0.2 30 ms 30 ms 20 ms
Tracert is an effective method to detect packet loss and delay on a
network and helps administrators discover routing loops on the
network.
Page 37 Copyright © 2020 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Contents
1. Network Layer Protocols

2. Introduction to IPv4 Addresses

3. Subnetting

4. ICMP

5. IPv4 Address Configuration and Basic Application

Page 38 Copyright © 2020 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Basic IP Address Configuration Commands
1. Enter the interface view.

[Huawei] interface interface-type interface-number

You can run this command to enter the view of a specified interface and configure attributes for the interface.
• interface-type interface-number: specifies the type and number of an interface. The interface type and number
can be closely next to each other or separated by a space character.
2. Configure an IP address for the interface.

[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1] ip address ip-address { mask | mask-length }

You can run this command in the interface view to assign an IP address to the interface on the network devices to
implement network interconnection.
• ip-address: specifies the IP address of an interface. The value is in dotted decimal notation.
• mask: specifies a subnet mask. The value is in dotted decimal notation.
• mask-length: specifies a mask length. The value is an integer ranging from 0 to 32.

Page 39 Copyright © 2020 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Case:
Configuring an IP address for an Interface
Configure an IP address for a physical interface.
192.168.1.1/24 192.168.1.2/24 [RTA] interface gigabitethernet 0/0/1
GE0/0/1 GE0/0/1
[RTA-GigabitEthernet0/0/1] ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0

Or,
RTA RTB
Loopback 0 Loopback 0 [RTA-GigabitEthernet0/0/1] ip address 192.168.1.1 24
1.1.1.1/32 2.2.2.2/32

Configure an IP address for a logical interface.

On the preceding network where the two [RTA] interface LoopBack 0

routers are interconnected, configure IP [RTA-LoopBack0] ip address 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.255

addresses for the interconnected physical Or,

interfaces and logical IP addresses. [RTA-LoopBack0] ip address 1.1.1.1 32

Page 40 Copyright © 2020 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Network IP Address Planning
● IP address planning must be considered together with the network structure, routing protocols,
traffic planning, and service rules. In addition, IP address planning should be corresponding to
the network hierarchy and performed in a top-bottom way.
● In conclusion, IP address planning objectives are to achieve easy management, easy scalability,
and high utilization. Reference Planning Rules

• IP Address Planning Example Uniqueness, continuity, and scalability

Structured and service-related
Address
Background Address Type
Scope
Core node
Network segment of the
192.168.1.0/24
R&D department
Example:
Network segment of the
A company is 192.168.2.0/24 Aggregation node
marketing department
assigned
192.168.0.0/16 Network segment of the
192.168.3.0/24
as a network administrative department
segment Access node
Network segment of the
address. 192.168.4.0/24
guest center Marketing Administration Guest
R&D Dept.
Others ... Dept. Dept. center

Page 41 Copyright © 2020 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Quiz
1. (Multiple) Which class does 201.222.5.64 belong? ( )
A. Class A

B. Class B

C. Class C

D. Class D

2. (Multiple) A company is assigned a class C network segment 192.168.20.0/24. One of its departments has
40 hosts. Which of the following subnets can be allocated? ( )
A. 192.168.20.64/26

B. 192.168.20.64/27

C. 192.168.20.128/26

D. 192.168.20.190/26

Page 42 Copyright © 2020 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Summary
● To connect a PC to the Internet, apply an IP address from the Internet Service Provider
(ISP).

● This presentation provides an overview of the IP protocol and describes concepts

related to IPv4 addresses and subnetting.

● This presentation also describes the planning and basic configuration of IP addresses.

Page 43 Copyright © 2020 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Thank You
www.huawei.com

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