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lecture 5

The normal distribution, also known as the bell curve or Gaussian curve, is a fundamental statistical distribution where the mean, mode, and median are equal and located at the center. It is symmetric, with half of the values on either side of the mean, and the total area under the curve equals 1. The empirical rule indicates that approximately 68%, 95%, and 99.5% of observations fall within one, two, and three standard deviations from the mean, respectively, while skewed distributions occur when these measures are not equal.

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10 views

lecture 5

The normal distribution, also known as the bell curve or Gaussian curve, is a fundamental statistical distribution where the mean, mode, and median are equal and located at the center. It is symmetric, with half of the values on either side of the mean, and the total area under the curve equals 1. The empirical rule indicates that approximately 68%, 95%, and 99.5% of observations fall within one, two, and three standard deviations from the mean, respectively, while skewed distributions occur when these measures are not equal.

Uploaded by

markos hanna
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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The normal distribution curve

• The normal distribution is the most important and most


widely used distribution in statistics. It is sometimes called
the "bell curve,".
• It is also called the "Gaussian curve" after the mathematician
Karl Friedrich Gauss.
• In a normal distribution Mean=Mode=Median and located at
the center of the distribution
Properties of a normal distribution

• The mean, mode and median are all equal.

• The curve is symmetric at the center (i.e. around the mean, μ).

• Exactly half of the values are to the left of center and exactly
half the values are to the right.

• The total area under the curve is 1.


• Bell curves can be used to show data used in
everyday life, such as test scores, salaries, even
blood pressure and height.
• In any case, the majority of results will fall in the
“average”, while fewer will be slightly below or
above average, and fewer will be the highest and
lower
• The Bell curve shows how often an experiment will
produce a particular result.

• The curve is symmetrical and bell shaped, showing


that trials will usually give a result near the average,
but will occasionally deviate by large amounts.

• The width of the “bell” indicates how much confidence


one can have in the result of an experiment — the
narrower the bell, the higher the confidence.
The percent of individuals with certain range of values is known as the empirical
rule or the 3 sigma rules:
• Mean ± 1 SD includes 68 % of observations
• Mean ± 2 SD includes 95 % of observations
The variations of the closest 95%
of the data to the mean could
be considered normal variations
(confidence interval)
• Mean ± 3 SD includes 99.5% of
• observations (almost all observations).
Example
• If you get a score of 90 in Math and 95 in English, you might
think that you are better in English than in Math.
However, in Math, your score is 2 standard deviations above the
mean. In English, it’s only one standard deviation above the
mean. It tells you that in Math, your score is far higher than
most of the students
(your score falls into the tail).
• Based on this data, you actually
performed better in Math than in English!
If the Mean, Mode and Median are not equal we will get a skewed distribution
curve

If the distribution of data is skewed to the left, long tail is on the negative
direction on a number line ,the mean is less than the median, which is often less
than the mode.
If the distribution of data is skewed to the right, long tail is on the positive
direction on a number line the mode is often less than the median, which is less
than the mean.

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