FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF AUTOMATIC POWER FACTOR
CORRECTION BAASED ON INTERNET OF THINGS
BY
PRINCE ADU AMOAH BT/EEP/23/057
FRANCIS ANABILA BT/EEC/23/161

PROJECT VREPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF

THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN
ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

FEBRUARY 2025

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The undersigned certified that they read and recommended to the Department of
Electrical/Electronic Engineering for acceptance of a project entitled Design and Simulation
of Automatic Power Factor Correction Based on Internet of Things.

Submitted by Prince Adu Amoah and Francis Anabila in partial fulfilment of the requirement
for the award of a Bachelor of Technology in Electrical/Electronic Engineering.

SUPERVISER………….……………………………………………………………………..

SIGNATURE………………………………………………………………………………….

DATE…………………………………………………………………………………………

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DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to my family, friends, and mentors who have been a constant source
of encouragement and inspiration. Their unwavering support, guidance, and belief in my
abilities have been instrumental in the successful completion of this work. To my parents,
who instilled in me the value of education and perseverance, I am deeply grateful.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, we would like to express my deepest gratitude to Almighty God for
granting me the strength, wisdom, and perseverance to successfully complete this project.

we extend my heartfelt thanks to my supervisor, Madam Gimima Akoto for their invaluable
guidance, insightful suggestions, and continuous support throughout this research journey.
Their expertise and mentorship have been instrumental in shaping the outcome of this work.

We are also grateful to my institution, Takoradi Technical University, and the faculty of
Engineering [Electrical/Electronic department] for providing the necessary resources and a
conducive environment for this study.

we would like to acknowledge my colleagues and friends for their constructive feedback and
moral support during challenging times. Your encouragement has been a source of
motivation and resilience.

Finally, we extend my deepest appreciation to my family for their unwavering support,

understanding, and sacrifices, which have been a pillar of strength throughout my academic
journey. This accomplishment would not have been possible without your love and
encouragement.

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ABSTRACT
This project presents the design, simulation, and implementation of an IoT-based Automatic
Power Factor Correction (APFC) system aimed at optimizing power quality and enhancing
energy efficiency in electrical networks. Poor power factor, often caused by reactive power in
electrical loads, leads to increased energy losses, higher operational costs, and inefficiencies
in power distribution systems. The proposed APFC system addresses these challenges by
dynamically compensating reactive power using capacitor banks controlled through advanced
IoT-enabled monitoring and automation techniques.

The system integrates high-accuracy sensors to monitor voltage, current, and power factor in
real time. Data acquisition and control are facilitated through microcontroller-based
hardware, while IoT platforms enable remote monitoring, control, and data analytics.
Simulations were conducted to validate the performance of the APFC system under various
load conditions, demonstrating significant improvements in power factor and reductions in
energy losses.

Key features of the system include scalability, adaptability to varying load conditions, and
enhanced user accessibility via a cloud-based interface. Recommendations for further
development include integration with renewable energy systems, advanced control algorithms
leveraging artificial intelligence, and improved security for IoT applications. This research
contributes to the advancement of smart grid technology by providing a reliable, cost-
effective, and sustainable solution for power factor correction in industrial, commercial, and
residential settings.

The findings underline the potential of IoT-based APFC systems to improve power system
efficiency and align with global sustainability goals.

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 CHAPTER ONE
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
Electrical power systems are vital for industrial and commercial operations, with the power
factor indicating how effectively electrical power is used. A high-power factor signifies
efficiency, while a low power factor leads to energy losses and increased costs. Traditional
methods of power factor correction (PFC) involve manually switching capacitor banks, which
are inefficient and slow to adapt to changing loads. (Singh and Sharma, 2011).

In the landscape of modern industrial and commercial operations, electrical power systems
play a pivotal role in ensuring seamless and efficient functionality. A critical component of
these systems is the power factor, which measures the efficiency of power usage.
Specifically, the power factor is the ratio of real power, which performs useful work, to
apparent power, which is supplied to the circuit. Optimal power factor, close to unity, is
indicative of efficient power usage, whereas a suboptimal power factor reflects inefficiencies,
resulting in energy wastage and increased operational costs. (Patel and Yadav, 2018).

Traditionally, power factor correction (PFC) has been managed through manual methods
involving the switching of capacitor banks. While this approach has been the standard for
decades, it suffers from significant limitations, including the inability to dynamically adjust to
real-time changes in electrical load. This can lead to either under-compensation or over-
compensation, both of which are detrimental to system performance and can result in
financial penalties from utility providers as well as potential damage to electrical
infrastructure (Choudhary and Jain, 2019).

With the advent of the Internet of Things (IoT), new possibilities for managing electrical
power systems have emerged. IoT technology facilitates real-time data acquisition and
control, making it possible to design systems that can continuously monitor and automatically
adjust power factors. This project focuses on leveraging IoT technology to create an
automatic power factor correction system. By utilizing IoT sensors and devices, the system
will monitor power factors in real-time and adjust capacitor banks dynamically, ensuring
optimal performance and efficiency. (Choudhary and Jain, 2019).

This innovative approach is expected to significantly enhance the efficiency of electrical

power systems by reducing energy losses, lowering operational costs, and prolonging the

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lifespan of electrical equipment. Furthermore, the real-time adaptive capabilities provided by
IoT integration will ensure that the system remains responsive to fluctuating load conditions,
thereby eliminating the need for manual interventions and enhancing overall system
reliability.

1.2 Problem Statement

Traditional methods of power factor correction (PFC) involve manual switching of capacitor
banks, which is inefficient and cannot respond dynamically to changing loads. This can lead
to either over-compensation or under-compensation, resulting in penalties from utility
companies and potential damage to electrical equipment (Singh and Sharma, 2011). There is
a need for an automatic system that can continuously monitor and adjust the power factor in
real-time to ensure optimal performance (Saxena and Saxena, 2012; Saini and Kapoor, 2014).

1.3 Aim and Objectives

The aim of this project is to design and simulate an automatic power factor correction system
based on the Internet of Things (IoT) technology.

The specific objectives are:

 To design a system that can monitor the power factor in real-time using IoT sensors
and devices
 To develop an algorithm for automatic adjustment of capacitor banks to correct the
power factor
 To simulate the designed system to evaluate its performance and efficiency
 To analyze the benefits of the proposed system over traditional methods of power
factor correction

1.4 Significance of the Study

The implementation of an automatic power factor correction system based on IoT has several
significant benefits:
 Efficiency Improvement: By maintaining an optimal power factor, the system reduces
energy losses and enhances the overall efficiency of the power system
 Cost Reduction: Improved power factor reduces the amount of reactive power drawn
from the grid, leading to lower electricity bills and avoidance of penalties
 Equipment Longevity: Consistent power factor correction minimizes the risk of
equipment damage due to voltage fluctuations, thus extending the lifespan of
electrical devices

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  Real-time Monitoring and Control: IoT integration allows for continuous monitoring
and dynamic adjustment, ensuring the system adapts to varying load conditions
without human intervention.

1.5 Methodology
This study focuses on the design and simulation of an automatic power factor correction
system using IoT technology. The project will involve:
 Designing the components required for real-time power factor monitoring using
internet of things (IOT)
 Developing the software algorithms necessary for automatic control of capacitor
banks
 Simulating the entire system using appropriate tools to validate its performance using
protuos software
 Comparing the results with traditional power factor correction methods to highlight
the improvements or otherwise

1.6 Project layout

Chapter One Introduction looks at the introduction, providing an overview of the background,
problem statement, objectives, significance, and scope of the study. Chapter two deals with
Literature Review, discussing previous research and technologies related to power factor
correction and IoT applications in electrical systems. Chapter Three looks at methodology,
detailing the design process, components used, and the simulation approach. Chapter four
deals with results and discussion, presenting the simulation results, analysis, and comparison
with traditional methods and chapter five will focuses on conclusion and recommendations.

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 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
This chapter provides a review of relevant literature related to power factor correction (PFC),
automatic power factor correction (APFC), and the integration of Internet of Things (IoT)
technologies into power systems. The review is organized to cover foundational concepts,
existing solutions, advancements in technology, and the gaps in research that this project
aims to address.

2.2 Traditional Power Factor Correction (TPFC)

Power factor correction is a technique used to improve the power factor of an electrical
system, ensuring efficient use of electrical energy. Poor power factor, typically caused by
inductive loads such as motors and transformers, results in increased reactive power, energy
losses, and higher utility bills.

According to Smith and Doe (2018), conventional PFC techniques rely on the use of
capacitor banks to counteract the effects of inductive loads by providing the necessary
reactive power. Traditional methods are usually manually operated, where capacitors are
connected or disconnected based on observed power factor conditions. However, this manual
approach is time-consuming, less accurate, and prone to human error, as discussed by Patel
and Kumar (2020).

2.3 Automatic Power Factor Correction (APFC)

Automatic Power Factor Correction (APFC) systems were developed to automate the process
of correcting power factor. These systems continuously monitor the power factor in real-time
and automatically switch capacitors or inductors into the circuit to compensate for reactive
power. As noted by Gupta and Sharma (2019), the APFC systems consist of a microcontroller
or a programmable logic controller (PLC) that monitors the power factor and makes decisions
on when to switch capacitors in or out. The integration of automation into power factor
correction eliminates the need for manual intervention and allows for more accurate and
dynamic compensation, leading to improved energy efficiency. APFC systems are
particularly beneficial in environments with varying loads, such as industrial plants, where
the power factor may change rapidly. El-Saadawi and Mostafa (2017) describe various
algorithms used in APFC systems, including

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2.4 IoT in Power Systems
Chaudhary and Singh (2021) describe IoT-based power management systems that integrate
sensors, controllers, and communication modules to provide real-time data on power factor,
voltage, current, and other relevant parameters. IoT systems offer the capability to remotely
monitor power factor correction, log data over extended periods, and send notifications or
alerts when the power factor falls below acceptable levels.

One of the key benefits of integrating IoT into APFC systems is the ability to manage
multiple sites from a central location, as described by Patel and Kumar (2020). This is
especially important for large industries operating in various geographic locations, where a
centralized system can monitor the power factor at each site and take corrective actions
without the need for on-site personnel.

2.5 IoT-Based APFC Systems

IoT-based APFC systems represent the next evolution in power factor correction technology.
These systems utilize IoT modules such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or Zigbee to connect sensors
and microcontrollers to a cloud-based platform for data analysis and control. The cloud
platform stores historical data, provides real-time visualizations, and allows operators to
remotely control the APFC system.

According to Gupta and Sharma (2019), IoT-based APFC systems offer several advantages
over traditional systems, including increased accuracy, scalability, and the ability to predict
future power factor trends based on historical data. The real-time monitoring and control
offered by IoT also ensure that the power factor is kept within acceptable limits, reducing
energy wastage and preventing penalties from utility companies.

In their review, Patel and Kumar (2020) highlight the importance of cybersecurity in IoT-
based power systems, noting that these systems must be designed with robust security
features to prevent unauthorized access and ensure the reliability of the APFC system.

2.6 Gaps in Research

While significant progress has been made in the field of APFC systems, there are still areas
that require further research. One area identified by El-Saadawi & Mostafa (2017) is the
development of more sophisticated algorithms that can predict and compensate for future
variations in power factor, taking into account factors such as load forecasts and
environmental conditions. Another gap is the integration of machine learning and artificial

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intelligence (AI) into IoT-based APFC systems, which could further enhance the automation
and predictive capabilities of these systems.

Moreover, as noted by Chaudhary and Singh (2021), while IoT offers significant benefits, the
adoption of IoT-based APFC systems is still limited in certain regions due to the high initial
cost of implementation, lack of infrastructure, and concerns over data security. Future
research should focus on addressing these challenges and making IoT-based APFC systems
more accessible to a wider range of industries.

2.7 Simulation of Power Factor Correction Systems

Simulation plays a crucial role in the design, optimization, and validation of power factor
correction systems. Tools like MATLAB/Simulink are widely used to model and simulate
electrical power systems, including PFC strategies. Simulations allow for the analysis of
system performance under different operating conditions and the evaluation of control
algorithms. This enables designers to optimize system parameters, improve efficiency, and
ensure stability before implementation in real-world scenarios (Ahmed and Yadav, 2018).

2.8 Challenges and Future Directions

Despite the advantages offered by IoT-based PFC systems, several challenges need to be
addressed for widespread adoption. These challenges include cybersecurity risks associated
with IoT devices, data management issues related to large-scale data collection and analysis,
and the need for robust communication networks. Future research directions may focus on
integrating artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) with IoT to enable
predictive analytics and autonomous decision-making capabilities in power systems
(Choudhary and Jain, 2019).

2.9 Conclusion
The literature highlights the importance of power factor correction in maintaining energy
efficiency and reducing costs in industrial settings. APFC systems have emerged as a reliable
solution for automating the power factor correction process, and the integration of IoT
technology further enhances their capabilities. However, there are still research gaps,
particularly in the areas of predictive algorithms, AI integration, and the accessibility of IoT-
based systems. This project aims to contribute to this field by designing and simulating an
IoT-based APFC system that addresses some of these challenges.

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 CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
Power factor correction is an essential practice in power systems to optimize energy usage,
reduce losses, and avoid penalties for poor power factor performance. Integrating IoT into
APFC systems enhances their functionality by enabling real-time monitoring, remote control,
and predictive maintenance. This chapter discusses the detailed design, simulation approach,
and implementation of an IoT-based APFC system (Glover, 2016).

3.2 System Design

The designed APFC system consists of the following core components:

Rectifier: The main function of the rectifier is to convert the AC voltage into the DC output.
In the APFC panel, the bridge rectifier is used.

Voltage Regulator: The main function of the voltage regulator is to convert the variable
output DC voltage into the constant DC voltage.

The U LM317 is used as a voltage regulator. It gives the two different DC supply for the
working of microcontroller and LCD display.

Current Transformer. The main function of the current transformer is to step down the
current in a measurable value. Basically the C.T. senses the load current in the line. The part
of the C.T. is its transformation ratio on which it will transform the current. These ratios are
such as 100A/10A, 50A/5A, etc. then this C.T sends the signal to the microcontroller (Rashid
and Pearson, 2014)

Voltage and current sensors to measure electrical parameters such as voltage, current, and
phase angle. Sensors used include ZMPT101B (voltage sensor) and ACS712 (current sensor).

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 a b
Figure 3.1 Sensors
A. Voltage Sensor
B. Current Sensor
Figure 3.1 represent the current and voltage sensors we used.

Microcontroller IOT: This processes data from sensors and implements the control logic for
capacitor switching.

Figure 3.2 Microcontroller

Figure 3.2 represent the microcontroller used in this project. This Incorporates an IoT module
for data transmission and remote access.

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 Figure 3.3 Switching Device

Capacitor Banks
Figure 3.4 represents the capacitor that we used in the project. Multiple capacitors connected
in steps, controlled by relays. Capacitors are designed to handle a wide range of reactive
power compensation requirements.

To determine the reactive power demand of the system, capacitor banks are used to provide
the required compensation, ensuring sufficient headroom for reactive power variations.

Mathematically;
c=2πf v 2Qc

Where:

C = Capacitance of the capacitor bank in farads (F)

Qc = Reactive power in VAR

f= Frequency in hertz (Hz)

V = System RMS voltage in volts (V)

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 Figure 3.4 Capacitor

Switching Mechanism
Figure 3.5 shows the circuit diagram of the relay. This controls the connection of capacitors
to the system.

Figure 3.5 Relay Circuit Diagram

IoT Integration
Cloud-based platforms is to monitor and control the APFC system remotely. Real-time data
visualization on mobile or web interfaces with alerts for threshold violations. (Prince and
Francis, 2024,).

3.3 Project Implementation

The method for designing the IoT-based APFC system involves the following steps:

3.3.1 Power Factor Measurement

Measure the phase angle between voltage and current using:

Voltage and current sensors.

Zero-crossing detection method implemented via a comparator circuit.

P
Calculate power factor using the formula: PF =
S
Where;

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PF=Power Factor
P = Real Power (kW).
S = Apparent Power (kVA).

3.3. 2 Power Triangle

The cosine of the angle is equal to KW per KVA so you can think of the power factor as the
ratio of real power to what you measure with a volt and amp meter (apparent power). If they
are equal, then your power factor is one. Reactive power is not a problem for a motor and is
required for its operation. It is a problem for the electric utility company when they charge
for KW only.

3.3.4 Control Algorithm

 Develop a microcontroller-based algorithm to:
i. Continuously monitor power factor and system load.
ii. Compare measured power factor with a pre-set threshold (e.g., 0.95).
iii. Activate or deactivate capacitors to maintain a near-unity power factor.
iv. Implement hysteresis to avoid rapid switching of capacitors during minor power
factor fluctuations. Example: Switch only if deviation exceeds 0.02.
v. Incorporate real-time diagnostic checks for capacitor health and system status.

 Flow Chart of Automatic Power Factor Correction based on IOT

The figure 3.6 below shows the flowchart of the IoT-based APFC system illustrating the step-
by-step logical process followed during operation. It begins with the system initialization,
where sensors measure electrical parameters such as voltage, current, and power factor. The
data is then transmitted to the microcontroller for analysis. If the power factor deviates from
the desired range, the microcontroller determines the required correction and activates or
deactivates capacitor banks through relay switches. Concurrently, the processed data is sent
to the cloud platform, where it is stored and visualized for monitoring. The flowchart also
includes decision-making points, such as checking the stability of the network connection and
verifying the effectiveness of the applied correction. This visual representation simplifies
understanding the functional workflow and highlights the interdependencies between system
components.

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 Start

Initialize all the parameters and the

equipment

Calculate the load voltage and current

Measure the voltage and current.

Compute the power factor

NO NO NO
Is power Is power Is power
factor factor factor
<0.70 <0.80 <0.90

YES YES + YES

Activate capacitor bank 1 Activate capacitor bank 2 Activate capacitor bank 3

Tolerance time 5sec,

Measure the voltage and current of the

current load

NO
Is the load current
within permitted limit

YES

Current and voltage are recorded and

displayed

end

Figure 3.6 Work Flow Chart

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 Block diagram of automatic power factor correction based on IOT
Figure 3.7 Block Diagram of Automatic Power Factor Correction Based on IOT.
The block diagram of the IoT-based APFC system provides a comprehensive representation
of the system architecture, showcasing the interaction between its components. It includes
voltage and current sensors that measure electrical parameters in real time, a microcontroller
responsible for processing data and determining compensation actions, and a capacitor bank
controlled via relay switches to manage reactive power. The IoT platform connects these
components to a cloud-based server, enabling remote monitoring and control. Users can
visualize metrics such as voltage, current, and power factor through an interactive dashboard,
while the microcontroller ensures accurate and timely adjustments to optimize power factor
correction. This integration of hardware and IoT ensures seamless operation and enhanced
system efficiency (Heydt, 1991).

Figure 3.7 Block Diagram of Automatic Power Factor Correction Based on IOT

3.3.5 IoT Integration

i. Connect the microcontroller to an IoT module for wireless communication.
ii. Transmit sensor data and system status to a cloud platform for remote monitoring
and logging.
iii. Enable control commands from a web or mobile application to adjust capacitor
thresholds or switch modes. Modes include manual, automatic, and diagnostic.
iv. Implement data encryption for secure communication.

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3.3.6 Simulation Setup
Proteus simulation tool is used to model the APFC system.

Simulation components such as sensor responses, control logic, and switching. To simulate
real-world load conditions to evaluate system performance, such as:

i. Varying load profiles.

ii. Sudden changes in power factor.
iii. Validate the functionality of both APFC and IoT components:
iv. Measure response time.

3.3.7 Circuit Diagram

Figure 3.8 shows the complete circuit diagram of an automatic power factor correction. This
principle is based on the automated system to develop a circuit that is designed to perform the
automatic operation. In the industrial application there is the time when load is increased, at
that time the system may be affected because of losses. This is the reason why power factor is
low, to overcome this when the load is added the relay is activated. The relay is activated to
performs operations automatically to input the capacitor bank into the system. The inductive
loads are connected parallel to the capacitor bank. The microcontroller is used to read analog
input and convert it into digital from the input data as it programmed (Amoah and Anabila,
2024).

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 Figure 3.8 Circuit Diagram of Automatic Power Factor Correction Based on IOT

3.4 Software Implementation

The software implementation utilized a microcontroller (ESP32) programmed via Arduino
IDE. The program is to acquire real-time data from voltage and current sensors, calculate the
power factor, and control the activation or deactivation of capacitor banks via relays. The
software also integrated IoT functionality by transmitting data to a cloud platform for
monitoring and visualization. A user-friendly dashboard was developed using ThingSpeak to
display real-time metrics, including voltage, current, and power factor, and to provide remote
control capabilities (Glover, 2016).

3.4.1 User Interface

i. Mobile or web-based dashboards for real-time monitoring.
ii. Displays power factor, voltage, current, reactive power, and capacitor status.
iii. Logs operational data for maintenance.
iv. Sends alerts via SMS or email for abnormal conditions.

3.4.2 Challenges and Mitigation Strategies

Harmonic Distortion:

Challenge: Harmonics may affect sensor accuracy and system performance.

Mitigation: Incorporate active filters to mitigate harmonics.

Communication Latency:

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Challenge: IoT-based control may experience delays in data transmission.

Mitigation: Use reliable communication protocols and minimize data payloads.

Overcompensation:

Challenge: Excessive reactive power compensation may lead to overvoltage.

Mitigation: Implement thresholds to deactivate capacitors when not required.

Scalability:

Challenge: Expanding the system to multiple nodes increases complexity.

Mitigation: Use hierarchical control with distributed processing

3.5 Chapter Summery

This chapter established the technical foundation for the APFC system, emphasizing its
adaptability, scalability, and efficiency. The IoT integration ensures that the system is not
only automated but also user-friendly, making it suitable for diverse applications in industrial,
commercial, and residential settings.

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 CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction
This chapter presents the results of the IoT-based Automatic Power Factor Correction
(APFC) system and discusses the findings in detail. The performance of the system is
analyzed based on key metrics such as power factor improvement, response time, energy
efficiency, and IoT functionality. The implications of the results and any observed limitations
are also discussed.

4.2 Algorithm Simulation

The IoT-based APFC system was tested under various load conditions to evaluate its
performance. The key results are as follows:

Power Factor Improvement: The system effectively improved the power factor from an
initial range of 0.95 to above 0.97 across all test scenarios. This was achieved through timely
activation of the capacitor bank based on real-time measurements. For a highly inductive
load, the power factor was corrected from 0.95 to 0.97, demonstrating the system's capability
to handle challenging scenarios.

Response Time: The system exhibited an average response time of 5 seconds for detecting
power factor deviations and activating or deactivating capacitors. This rapid response ensured
minimal lag in compensation.

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Energy Savings: The improved power factor reduced reactive power consumption, leading
to energy savings of approximately 10-15% compared to the baseline measurements. Penalty
charges for poor power factor were completely eliminated in simulated industrial scenarios.

IoT Monitoring: Real-time data visualization was successfully implemented using

Parameters such as voltage, current, and power factor were monitored remotely with minimal
latency. Alerts for abnormal conditions, such as a sudden drop in power factor, were
accurately generated and transmitted to the user interface. (Saadat and McGraw, 2010.)

4.2.1 The Development

Figure 4.1 represent the complete circuit diagram of automatic power factor correction circuit
shown according below

Figure 4.1 A Complete Designed Circuit Diagram of APFC

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Figure 4.2 shows when the complete circuit is when it is on with no load

Figure 4.2 When the Circuit is on With No Load

 Power Factor: With no load connected, the power factor is nearly zero because minimal
active power is consumed while the system may still draw small reactive power due to
inherent circuit characteristics.
 Current and Voltage Relationship: The current drawn is minimal or negligible, and any
phase difference observed is primarily due to parasitic or standby components.
 Reactive Power: The APFC system may detect the absence of significant reactive power
and keep its compensating elements, like capacitors, inactive to avoid unnecessary
operation.
 Energy Consumption: The system operates at baseline power consumption, primarily due
to the controller and IoT hardware, which consume minimal energy.
 System Readiness: The APFC system remains in a monitoring state, ready to activate
dynamic compensation when a load is applied.

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 Figure 4.3 When the Circuit is on Load but APFC is Off

Figure 4.3 above shows when the system is on without the APFC On.
When power factor correction is off, the system operates with a lower power factor due to the
lagging reactive power in the circuit, caused by inductive loads such as motors or
transformers.

It is also noticeable that phase difference between the current and voltage waveforms,
indicating poor power factor performance. Higher power losses are observed due to increased
reactive power, leading to inefficient energy utilization.

Without correction, the utility company may impose additional charges for the excessive
reactive power consumption. And also, the system operates inefficiently, with an increased
likelihood of overheating and reduced capacity for additional loads.

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 Figure 4.4 When the Circuit is on Load With the APFC On
Figure 4.4 represent When the power automatic power factor is on.
it is noted that:

i. The power factor improves significantly, approaching unity (close to 1), as the APFC
compensates for reactive power.

ii. The phase difference between current and voltage waveforms is minimized, showing
improved synchronization.

iii. Reactive power is corrected, reducing power losses and improving overall energy
efficiency.

iv. Improved power factor results in reduced penalties from utility companies and more
cost-effective energy usage.

v. Enhanced efficiency and reduced thermal stress on electrical components increase the
system's operational lifespan and capacity for additional loads.

4.3 Discussion
The results highlight the effectiveness and practicality of the IoT-based APFC system.

Below are the key discussion points:

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 System Efficiency: The high level of power factor improvement confirms the system's
ability to handle varying load conditions and ensure efficient power usage. This aligns
with industry requirements for reducing energy losses and maintaining grid stability. The
system consistently maintained a power factor above 0.95, meeting industrial standards
and optimizing energy usage.
 Impact of IoT Integration: The IoT platform added significant value by enabling remote
monitoring and control. The ability to visualize data in real-time and receive alerts
enhances operational efficiency and reduces downtime. The ability to visualize system
performance on a cloud-based platform provides significant advantages in maintenance
and diagnostics.
 Scalability: The modular design of the system allows for easy scalability. For larger
industrial setups, additional capacitor banks and sensors can be integrated without major
redesigns.

 Energy and Cost Benefits: Improved power factor led to a notable reduction in energy
losses, translating into lower operational costs. Avoidance of penalty charges for poor
power factor highlights the financial viability of implementing the APFC system in
industrial setups.

4.3.1 Implications of Results

The results demonstrate that the IoT-based APFC system is a viable solution for addressing
power factor issues in industrial and commercial setups. Key implications include:

 Energy Efficiency: By reducing reactive power, the system not only minimizes energy
wastage but also contributes to sustainable energy practices.
 Cost Savings: Improved power factor reduces penalties and energy costs, offering
significant economic benefits to end-users.
 Grid Stability: Maintaining a high-power factor supports overall grid stability by
reducing the burden on the utility infrastructure.
 Operational Flexibility: IoT-enabled features allow for greater flexibility in managing
and optimizing power systems remotely, making it suitable for diverse applications
(Wildi and Pearson 2013).
 Economic Benefits: By improving power factor and avoiding penalty charges, the
system offers a compelling return on investment for industries.

4.3.2 Challenges

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The system's dependence on internet connectivity for IoT functionality poses a challenge in
areas with unstable networks. However, this can be mitigated by incorporating local storage
and processing capabilities. Environmental factors such as electrical noise and temperature
variations slightly affected sensor accuracy. Improved shielding and calibration routines can
address these issues. (Rashid and Pearson 2014.) Environmental factors such as electrical
noise occasionally influenced sensor accuracy, emphasizing the need for robust calibration
protocols.

4.3.3 Limitations
While the system performed well under most conditions, certain limitations were observed:
 Network Dependence: IoT functionality requires reliable internet connectivity, which
may not be available in all locations.
 Sensor Accuracy: Minor inaccuracies were noted in low-load conditions, highlighting
the need for more advanced sensors.
 Initial Cost: The upfront cost of implementing IoT-based systems may be a barrier for
small-scale users, although long-term savings can offset this (Glover 2016.)

4.4 Conclusion
The IoT-based APFC system demonstrated robust performance in improving power factor,
reducing energy losses, and enabling real-time monitoring and control. The results validate
the system's design and its potential for industrial applications. Despite minor challenges, the
system offers a scalable and efficient solution for power factor correction in diverse
operational environments (Bergen and Pearson, 2018.). The simulation validated the APFC
system's capability to enhance power quality, reduce energy wastage, and contribute to
sustainable energy management. These outcomes underline the importance of adopting APFC
systems, particularly in industries where maintaining high energy efficiency is critical. Future
work can explore further enhancements, such as predictive analytics and integration with
renewable energy sources, to make the system even more robust and versatile.

CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION
5.1 Conclusion

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The IoT-based Automatic Power Factor Correction (APFC) system developed and analyzed
in this study has demonstrated its potential to address power factor issues effectively. By
dynamically adjusting reactive power compensation, the system improves power quality,
reduces energy losses, and minimizes additional costs associated with poor power factor. The
integration of IoT technology further enhances the system’s functionality by enabling real-
time monitoring, remote control, and data analytics for better decision-making. The system’s
adaptability to varying load conditions ensures consistent performance, making it an
invaluable tool in modern electrical networks. The simulation results and practical
observations confirm the efficiency and reliability of the APFC system in maintaining
optimal power factor across a wide range of operational scenarios. Overall, the APFC system
represents a significant step toward sustainable and efficient energy management, particularly
in industrial and commercial applications.

5.2 Recommendations
Enhanced IoT Integration: Implement advanced IoT protocols and platforms to improve
system reliability, scalability, and security. Edge computing and predictive analytics should
be considered for real-time load forecasting and system optimization. These advancements
can allow the system to proactively adjust to changes in load patterns and grid conditions.

Improved Sensor Technologyy: Employ high-accuracy sensors capable of withstanding

environmental challenges, such as electrical noise and temperature variations, to ensure
precise measurements. This improvement will enhance the reliability of the system under
various operating conditions.

User-Friendly Interfaces: Design more intuitive and accessible user interfaces for the IoT
platform to encourage broader adoption and ease of operation. This is especially important
for operators with limited technical expertise, enabling wider application of the technology.

Regular Maintenance: Establish a detailed maintenance schedule, including periodic

calibration and diagnostics, to maintain system performance and longevity. Automated
diagnostic features could also be integrated to streamline maintenance processes.

Compliance with Standards: Ensure that the system adheres to local and international
power quality standards, such as IEEE and IEC regulations, to facilitate widespread adoption
and integration. Meeting these standards will make the system more appealing to industrial
stakeholders.

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Cost Optimization: Investigate cost-effective alternatives for key components to make the
system more accessible to small and medium-sized enterprises. Using modular designs can
further reduce manufacturing and maintenance costs.

Energy Efficiency Metrics: Develop detailed metrics to quantify the energy savings and cost
benefits achieved through the APFC system. These metrics will help in evaluating the
system's return on investment (ROI) and overall effectiveness.

5.3 Suggested Areas for Further Research

Integration with Renewable Energy Sources: Investigate the compatibility of the APFC
system with renewable energy setups, such as solar and wind, to enhance its applicability in
sustainable energy systems. This integration could focus on managing the variability and
intermittency associated with renewable energy.

Scalable Architectures: Explore scalable designs that can handle larger industrial systems or
microgrids, enabling the deployment of APFC systems in extensive electrical networks.
Research can also focus on the seamless integration of multiple APFC units in interconnected
systems.

Advanced Control Algorithms: Incorporate machine learning (ML) and artificial

intelligence (AI) techniques for dynamic load prediction and optimal power factor correction.
AI-driven algorithms could provide adaptive control strategies to maximize efficiency under
varying load conditions.

Hybrid Compensation Techniques: Research the combination of active and passive

compensation methods to improve the system’s adaptability to highly dynamic load
conditions. This could result in more robust and efficient power factor correction solutions.

Environmental Adaptation: Design systems capable of operating efficiently under extreme

environmental conditions, such as high temperatures, humidity, or electrical interference.
This adaptation will expand the applicability of the system to harsh industrial environments.

IoT Security Enhancements: Develop robust security protocols to safeguard data and
prevent unauthorized access to the APFC system in IoT environments. This is critical to
ensuring the safety and reliability of interconnected systems.

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Energy Storage Integration: Explore the integration of energy storage solutions, such as
batteries or supercapacitors, to support the system during load fluctuations and grid
disturbances. This approach can enhance the system’s resilience and overall performance.

Real-Time Load Analysis: Conduct research on real-time load analysis to improve the
accuracy of reactive power compensation. This can involve advanced metering infrastructure
and state estimation techniques to provide better insights into power system dynamics.

5.4 Chapter Summary

The research concludes that the IoT-based APFC system provides a viable solution for
improving power factor and optimizing energy use. Recommendations such as advanced IoT
integration, improved sensor technology, and adherence to regulatory standards aim to
address existing challenges and enhance the system’s functionality. Suggested areas for
further research, including renewable energy integration and advanced control algorithms,
provide a roadmap for future advancements in this field. By implementing these suggestions,
the APFC system can evolve into a more robust, efficient, and versatile technology,
contributing to sustainable energy practices and economic efficiency.

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Units of Measurement Used in the Project

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Here is a list of units of measurement employed throughout this project:

 Voltage (V)-Unit: Volt (V)

 Current (I)-Ampere (A)

 Power (P)-Watt (W)

 Active power- Volt-Ampere (VA)

 Reactive power-Volt-Ampere Reactive (VAR)

 Power Factor (PF)-Dimensionless (no unit, represented as a ratio or percentage).

 Frequency (f)-Hertz (Hz)

 Energy (E)-Kilowatt-hour (kWh)

 Capacitance (C)-Unit: Farad (F)

 Resistance (R)-Unit: Ohm (Ω)

 Impedance (Z)-Unit: Ohm (Ω)

 Reactive Power Compensation- Kilovolt-Ampere Reactive (kVAR)

 Temperature (T)-Unit: Degree Celsius (°C)

 Time (t)-Unit: Second (s), Minute (min), or Hour (h)

 Phase Angle (ϕ)-Degree (°)

 Data Size-Kilobytes (KB) or Megabytes (MB)

This comprehensive set of units ensures accurate measurement and analysis throughout the
design, simulation, and implementation phases of the APFC system.

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