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Tutorial 2

The document outlines a tutorial on sensors and transducers, presenting various problems related to their specifications, errors, and applications. It includes questions on non-linearity errors, response times, and the suitability of different sensors for specific measurement tasks. Additionally, it suggests sensors for monitoring flow rates, liquid levels, and thickness in control systems.

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xiaobai1510
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4 views

Tutorial 2

The document outlines a tutorial on sensors and transducers, presenting various problems related to their specifications, errors, and applications. It includes questions on non-linearity errors, response times, and the suitability of different sensors for specific measurement tasks. Additionally, it suggests sensors for monitoring flow rates, liquid levels, and thickness in control systems.

Uploaded by

xiaobai1510
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mechatronics and Systems module [EG2202]

Tutorial 2: Sensors and Transducers

Problem 1

Explain the significance of the following information given in the specification of


transducers.

a) A piezoelectric accelerometer.

Non-linearity: ±0.5% of full range.

b) A capacitive linear displacement transducer.

Non-linearity and hysteresis: ±0.01% of full range.

c) A resistance strain gauge force measurement transducer.

Temperature sensitivity: ± 1% of full range over normal environmental temperatures.

d) A capacitance fluid pressure transducer.

Accuracy: ± 1% of displayed reading.

e) Thermocouple.

Sensitivity: nickel chromium/nickel aluminium thermocouple: 0.039 mV/°C when the


cold junction is at 0°C.

f) Gyroscope for angular velocity measurement.

Repeatability: ±0.01% of full range.

g) Inductive displacement transducer.

Linearity: ± 1% of rated load.

h) Load cell.

Total error due to non-linearity, hysteresis and non-repeatability: ±0.1%.

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Problem 2

A copper-constantan thermocouple is to be used to measure temperatures between 0


and 200°C. The e.m.f. at 0°C is 0 mV, at 100°C it is 4.277 mV and at 200°C it is 9.286 mV.
What will be the non-linearity error at 100°C as a percentage of the full range output if a
linear relationship is assumed between e.m.f. and temperature over the full range?

Problem 3

A thermocouple element when taken from a liquid at 50°C and plunged into a liquid at
100°C at time = 0 gave the following e.m.f. values. Determine the 95% response time.

Time (s) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120


e.m.f (mV) 2.5 3.8 4.5 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.0

Problem 4

What is the non-linearity error, as a percentage of full range, produced when a 1 kΩ


potentiometer has a load of 10 kΩ and is at one-third of its maximum displacement?

Problem 5

What will be the change in resistance of an electrical resistance strain gauge with a
gauge factor of 2.1 and resistance 50 Ω if it is subject to a strain of 0.001?

Problem 6

You are offered a choice of an incremental shaft encoder or an absolute shaft encoder
for the measurement of an angular displacement. What is the principal difference
between the results that can be obtained by these methods?

Problem 7

A shaft encoder is to be used with a 50 mm radius tracking wheel to monitor linear


displacement. If the encoder produces 256 pulses per revolution, what will be the
number of pulses produced by a linear displacement of 200 mm?

Problem 8

A rotary variable differential transformer has a specification which includes the


following information:
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Ranges:

±30°, linearity error ±0.5% full range

±60°, linearity error ±2.0% full range

Sensitivity: 1.1 (mV/V input)/degree

Impedance: primary 750 Ω, secondary 2000 Ω

What will be

a) the error in a reading of 40° due to non-linearity when the RDVT is used on the
±60° range, and
b) the output voltage change that occurs per degree if there is an input voltage of 3
V?

Problem 9

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the plastic film type of potentiometer
when compared with the wire-wound potentiometer?

Problem 10

A pressure sensor consisting of a diaphragm with strain gauges bonded to its surface
has the following information in its specification:

Ranges: 0 to 1400 kPa, 0 to 35 000 kPa

Non-linearity error: ±0.15% of full range

Hysteresis error: ±0.05% of full range

What is the total error due to non-linearity and hysteresis for a reading of 1000 kPa on
the 0 to 1400 kPa range?

Problem 11

An iron–constantan thermocouple is to be used to measure temperatures between 0


and 400°C. What will be the non-linearity error as a percentage of the full-scale reading
at 100°C if a linear relationship is assumed between e.m.f. and temperature?

e.m.f. at 100°C = 5.268 mV; e.m.f. at 400°C = 21.846 mV

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Problem 12

A platinum resistance temperature detector has a resistance of 100.00 Ω at 0°C, 138.50


Ω at 100°C and 175.83 Ω at 200°C. What will be the non-linearity error in °C at 100°C if
the detector is assumed to have a linear relationship between 0 and 200°C?

Problem 13

A strain gauge pressure sensor has the following specification. Will it be suitable for the
measurement of pressure of the order of 100 kPa to an accuracy of ± 5 kPa in an
environment where the temperature is reasonably constant at about 20°C?

Ranges: 2 to 70 MPa, 70 kPa to 1 MPa

Excitation: 10 V d.c. or a.c. (r.m.s.)

Full range output: 40 mV

Non-linearity and hysteresis errors: ±0.5%

Temperature range: –54 to + 120°C

Thermal shift zero: 0.030% full range output/°C

Thermal shift sensitivity: 0.030% full range output/°C

Problem 14

Suggest a sensor that could be used as part of the control system for a furnace to
monitor the rate at which the heating oil flows along a pipe. The output from the
measurement system is to be an electrical signal which can be used to adjust the speed
of the oil pump. The system must be capable of operating continuously and
automatically, without adjustment, for long periods of time.

Problem 15

Suggest a sensor that could be used, as part of a control system, to determine the
difference in levels between liquids in two containers. The output is to provide an
electrical signal for the control system.

Problem 16

Suggest a sensor that could be used as part of a system to control the thickness of
rolled sheet by monitoring its thickness as it emerges from rollers. The sheet metal is in

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continuous motion and the measurement needs to be made quickly to enable
corrective action to be taken quickly. The measurement system has to supply an
electrical signal.

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