Physical Layer: Unit:1
Physical Layer: Unit:1
Unit:1
2
2/21/2024
Evaluation Scheme
Unit Topic
Introduction: Goals and applications of networks, Categories
of networks, Organization of the Internet, ISP, The OSI
reference model, TCP/IP protocol suite, Network devices and
components. Mode of communication
I Physical Layer: Network topology design, Types of connections,
LAN, MAN, and WAN Transmission media, Signal transmission
and encoding, Network performance and transmission
impairments, Switching techniques and multiplexing, IEEE
standards.
• Resource Sharing
• Server-Client model:
• Communication Medium:
• Access to remote information
• Person-to-person communication
• Electronic commerce
• Cloud-based Applications
• AI and Expert System
• Neural Networks and parallel programming
• Decision support and office automation systems etc.
To develop an understanding of
• To understand computer networking basics.
• To understand different components of computer networks.
• To study and understand various protocols.
• The standard models for the layered approach to communication
between autonomous machines in a network.
• To study and understand the main characteristics of data
transmission across various physical link types.
1. Engineering knowledge
2. Problem analysis
3. Design/development of solutions
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems
5. Modern tool usage
6. The engineer and society
7. Environment and sustainability
8. Ethics
9. Individual and team work
10. Communication
11. Project management and finance
12. Life-long learning
2/21/2024 Sanjay Nayak ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 9
CO-PO Mapping
The highlighted text shows the mapping of course outcome with PO
mapping of this unit
Computer Networks (KCS-603) Year of Study: 2021-22
CO PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
C602.1 3 2 3 2 1 1 2 3
C602.2 3 3 2 2 3 2 1 1 3
C602.3 3 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 3
C602.4 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 3
C602.5 2 2 2 1 1 3
ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 11
2/21/2024
CO-PSO Mapping
• PEO3: able to inculcate professional and social ethics, team work and
leadership for serving the society.
B TECH
(SEM-V) THEORY EXAMINATION 20__-20__
OBJECT ORIENTED SYSTEM DESIGN
Time: 3 Hours Total Marks: 100
Note: 1. Attempt all Sections. If require any missing data; then choose
suitably.
SECTION A
1. Attempt all questions in brief. 2 x 10 = 20
Q.No. Question Marks CO
1 2
2 2
. .
. .
10 2
2/21/2024
ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 15
End Semester Question Paper Templates
SECTION B
2. Attempt any three of the following: 3 x 10 = 30
1 10
2 10
2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 16
End Semester Question Paper Templates
4. Attempt any one part of the following: 1 x 10 = 10
1 10
2 10
5. Attempt any one part of the following: 1 x 10 = 10
Q.No. Question Marks CO
1 10
2 10
6. Attempt any one part of the following: 1 x 10 = 10
Q.No. Question Marks CO
1 10
2 10
2/21/2024
ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 17
End Semester Question Paper Templates
1 10
2 10
ACSE0602 CN 2/21/2024
Unit 1 20
Communication (CO1)
Topic Objective
• The student will get an insight of communications, networking
• Medium used for transmission
• Various topologies used
• The LAN, WAN and MAN concept
• Components
– Message – information to be communicated
– Sender – a device that sends the data
– Receiver – a device that receives the data
– Transmission medium – physical path by which message
transmits
– Protocol – a set of rules that govern data communications
• We transmits information or data by two types of signals
– Analog – telephones and radios
– Digital - computers
• Text
– Bit pattern, sequence of bits
– set of bits – code, process is coding
• Numbers
– Number system
• Images
– Matrix of pixels
– Size of the pixel depends on resolution
• Audio
– Continuous
• Video
– Continuous / combination of images
• Distributed Processing
– Most networks use distributed processing, in which a task is
divided among multiple computers.
– Instead of one single large machine being responsible for all
aspects of a process, separate computer (usually a personal
computer or workstation) handle a subset.
• Network Criteria
– Reliability
• the frequency of failure,
• the time it takes a link to recover from a failure.
– Security
• protecting data from unauthorized access,
• protecting data from damage and development,
• and implementing policies and procedures for recovery from
breaches and data losses.
• Goals of networking
– Resource sharing
– High reliability
– Saving Money
– Interprocess Communication
– Flexible access
– Distribution of Process
– Peer to Peer communication (equal)
– Centralized communication (one)
• Applications of networking
– Accessing Remote Database
– Virtual Access Communication Facility
– Marketing & Sales
– Financial Services
– Manufacturing
– E-messages
– Direct Services
– Teleconferencing
– Cable TV
• Categories of topology
• Mesh Topology
– every device has a dedicated point-to-point link to every other
device.
– the number of physical links in a fully connected mesh network
with n nodes = n(n - 1)/2
– Advantages
• carry its own data load
• Robust
• privacy or security
• fault identification and fault isolation easy
– Disadvantages
• amount of cabling and the number of I/O ports required
• installation and reconnection are difficult
• sheer bulk of the wiring
• expensive
Mesh Topology
2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 35
Topology (CO1)
• Star Topology
– each device has a dedicated point-to-point link only to a central
controller, usually called a hub. The devices are not directly
linked to one another
– Advantages
• less expensive
• easy to install and reconfigure
• less cabling
• Robustness
• easy fault identification and fault isolation
– Disadvantages
• dependency of the whole topology on one single point, the
hub
• often more cabling is required
Star Topology
• Bus Topology
– Multipoint
– One long cable acts as a backbone to link all the devices in a
network
– Nodes are connected to the bus cable by drop lines and taps.
– A drop line is a connection running between the device and the
main cable
– Advantages
• ease of installation
• less cabling than mesh or star topologies
– Disadvantages
• difficult reconnection and fault isolation
• difficult to add new devices
• a fault or break in the bus cable stops all transmission
Bus Topology
Ring topology
• LAN
– A local area network (LAN) is usually privately owned and links
the devices in a single office, building, or campus
– resources can be shared
– In addition to size, LANs are distinguished from other types of
networks by their transmission media and topology
• MAN
– A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a network with a size
between a LAN and a WAN. It normally covers the area inside a
town or a city.
– It is designed for customers who need a high-speed
connectivity, normally to the Internet, and have endpoints
spread over a city or part of city
• WAN
– A wide area network (WAN) provides long-distance transmission
of data, image, audio, and video information over large
geographic areas that may comprise a country, a continent, or
even the whole world
• When two or
more networks
are connected,
they become an
internetwork, or
internet.
Topic Objective
• To understand the Physical Layer
• Various transmission medium and
• Switching methods
Topic Objective
• To understand the OSI and TCP/IP models
• Differences between two and the protocols supported
TCP/IP OSI
TCP refers to Transmission Control Protocol. OSI refers to Open Systems Interconnection.
TCP/IP does not have very strict boundaries. OSI has strict boundaries
TCP/IP uses both session and presentation OSI uses different session and presentation
layer in the application layer itself. layers.
TCP/IP developed protocols then model. OSI developed model then protocol.
TCP/IP OSI
TCP does not clearly distinguish between
OSI has explicit distinction between these.
service, protocols and interfaces
Protocols do not fit in the function Protocols do not fit in the function
Addressing
• Physical addressing
• Logical addressing
• Port Address
• Specific address
• Causes
– Attenuation – loss of energy
– Distortion– change in shape & form of signal
– Noise – extra signal
• Digital signals
– 0 and 1
– For no. of levels (L) require log2 L bits
– Bit rate – no. of bits send per second(bps)
– Bit length
• Transmitted by
– Baseband transmission
– Broadband transmission (using modulation)
• TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENT
Impairment causes
• Bandwidth utilization
– Multiplexing
– Spreading
– three basic multiplexing techniques:
• frequency-division multiplexing,
• wavelength-division multiplexing,
• time-division multiplexing
2/21/2024 69
Encoding
Types of Digital to Digital Encoding
2/21/2024 70
Encoding
Unipolar Encoding
• Coaxial Cable
Multimode Graded-Index
• Propagation modes
• Wireless communication
– Radio waves are used for multicast communications, such as
radio and television, and paging systems. They can penetrate
through walls. Highly regulated. Use omni directional antennas
• Wireless communication
– Microwaves are used for unicast communication such as cellular
telephones, satellite networks,
and wireless LANs. Higher frequency ranges cannot penetrate
walls. Use directional antennas - point to point line of sight
communications.
• Wireless communications
– Infrared signals can be used for short-range communication in a
closed area using line-of-sight propagation.
• Disadvantages of wireless channels
– Are subject to a lot more errors than guided media channels.
– Interference is one cause for errors, can be circumvented with
high SNR.
– The higher the SNR the less capacity is available for transmission
due to the broadcast nature of the channel.
– Channel also subject to fading and no coverage holes.
• Circuit switched
– consists of a set of switches connected by physical links.
– A connection between two stations is a dedicated path made of
one or more links.
– Each connection uses only one dedicated channel on each link.
– Each link is normally divided into n channels by using FDM or
TDM.
• Packet switched
– send messages from one end system to another.
– If the message is going to pass through a packet-switched
network, it needs to be divided into packets of fixed or variable
size.
– The size of the packet is determined by the network and the
governing protocol.
– In a packet-switched network, there is no resource reservation;
resources are allocated on demand.
Multiplexing is a technique used to combine and send the multiple data streams over
a single medium. The process of combining the data streams is known as multiplexing
and hardware used for multiplexing is known as a multiplexer.
Multiplexing is achieved by using a device called Multiplexer (MUX) that combines n
input lines to generate a single output line. Multiplexing follows many-to-one, i.e., n
input lines and one output line.
Demultiplexing is achieved by using a device called Demultiplexer (DEMUX) available
at the receiving end. DEMUX separates a signal into its component signals (one input
and n outputs).
IEEE802.1 Internetworking
IEEE802.3 Ethernet/CSMA
IEEE802.6 DQDB
IEEE802.11 Wi-Fi
IEEE802.15 Bluetooth
1. Compare and contrast the ISO OSI model with TCP/IP model. CO1
2. Give advantages and disadvantages of fiber optic cable over metallic
cable. Explain the use and design of latest technology used for
transmission. CO1
3. A device is sending out data at the rate of 2000 bps. How long does
it take to send out 100 bits? CO1
4. If you have to set up a lab of 50 computers, which topology will you
use and why? CO1
5. Differentiate between connection oriented and connectionless
communication. CO1
• 18-19
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• 17-18
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• 16-17
• https://drive.google.com/open?id=1eDrOkj2wVsxdTZPb7-
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• 15-16
• https://drive.google.com/open?id=1ljNxmZP1_pl10rbxJvK6xB1ybG7
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• 14-15
• https://drive.google.com/open?id=1tjERKPwEA9icWcQTBZQnKUq_tt
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