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Physical Layer: Unit:1

The document outlines the syllabus and course details for the 'Introduction of Computer Networks & Physical Layer' at Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology, led by Assistant Professor Sanjay Kumar Nayak. It covers topics such as network types, the OSI model, data transmission, and network topologies, along with course objectives, outcomes, and evaluation schemes. Additionally, it includes program-specific outcomes and educational objectives aimed at preparing students for careers in IT and networking.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
21 views140 pages

Physical Layer: Unit:1

The document outlines the syllabus and course details for the 'Introduction of Computer Networks & Physical Layer' at Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology, led by Assistant Professor Sanjay Kumar Nayak. It covers topics such as network types, the OSI model, data transmission, and network topologies, along with course objectives, outcomes, and evaluation schemes. Additionally, it includes program-specific outcomes and educational objectives aimed at preparing students for careers in IT and networking.

Uploaded by

saumyasinghgkp03
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Noida Institute of Engineering and

Technology, Greater Noida

Introduction of Computer Networks


& Physical Layer

Unit:1

Physical Layer Sanjay Kumar Nayak


Assistant Professor
Course Details Computer Science and
B Tech 6th Sem Engineering

Sanjay Nayak ACSE0602 CN Unit 1


1
2/21/2024
Noida Institute of Engineering and
Technology, Greater Noida
I Sanjay Kumar Nayak ,Assistant Professor in Computer Science & Engineering .My total
teaching experience is 17 years in NIET Greater Noida. I have completed My B.Tech and
M.Tech from UPTU (AKTU).

Sanjay Kumar Nayak


CSE
Department

2
2/21/2024
Evaluation Scheme

Sanjay Nayak ACSE0602 CN Unit 1


2/21/2024 3
Syllabus

2/21/2024 Sanjay Nayak ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 4


Syllabus

Unit Topic
Introduction: Goals and applications of networks, Categories
of networks, Organization of the Internet, ISP, The OSI
reference model, TCP/IP protocol suite, Network devices and
components. Mode of communication
I Physical Layer: Network topology design, Types of connections,
LAN, MAN, and WAN Transmission media, Signal transmission
and encoding, Network performance and transmission
impairments, Switching techniques and multiplexing, IEEE
standards.

2/21/2024 Sanjay Nayak ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 5


Branch wise Applications

• Resource Sharing
• Server-Client model:
• Communication Medium:
• Access to remote information
• Person-to-person communication
• Electronic commerce
• Cloud-based Applications
• AI and Expert System
• Neural Networks and parallel programming
• Decision support and office automation systems etc.

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 6


Course Objective

To develop an understanding of
• To understand computer networking basics.
• To understand different components of computer networks.
• To study and understand various protocols.
• The standard models for the layered approach to communication
between autonomous machines in a network.
• To study and understand the main characteristics of data
transmission across various physical link types.

2/21/2024 Sanjay Nayak ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 7


Course Outcome
At the end of the course, the student will be able

2/21/2024 Sanjay Nayak ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 8


Program Outcome

1. Engineering knowledge
2. Problem analysis
3. Design/development of solutions
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems
5. Modern tool usage
6. The engineer and society
7. Environment and sustainability
8. Ethics
9. Individual and team work
10. Communication
11. Project management and finance
12. Life-long learning
2/21/2024 Sanjay Nayak ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 9
CO-PO Mapping
The highlighted text shows the mapping of course outcome with PO
mapping of this unit
Computer Networks (KCS-603) Year of Study: 2021-22
CO PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
C602.1 3 2 3 2 1 1 2 3
C602.2 3 3 2 2 3 2 1 1 3
C602.3 3 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 3
C602.4 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 3
C602.5 2 2 2 1 1 3

2/21/2024 Sanjay Nayak ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 10


Program Specific Outcomes

▪ PSO1: Work as a software developer, database administrator, tester or


networking engineer for providing solutions to the real world and
industrial problems.

▪ PSO2:Apply core subjects of information technology related to data


structure and algorithm, software engineering, web technology, operating
system, database and networking to solve complex IT problems.

▪ PSO3: Practice multi-disciplinary and modern computing techniques by


lifelong learning to establish innovative career.

▪ PSO4: Work in a team or individual to manage projects with ethical


concern to be a successful employee or employer in IT industry.

ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 11
2/21/2024
CO-PSO Mapping

The highlighted text shows the mapping of course outcome


with PSO mapping of this unit

CO PSO1 PSO2 PSO3 PSO4


C603.1 3 3 2 1
C603.2 3 3 2 1
C603.3 3 3 2 1
C603.4 3 3 1 1
C603.5 3 3 1 1

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 12


Program Educational Objectives

• PEO1: able to apply sound knowledge in the field of information


technology to fulfill the needs of IT industry.

• PEO2: able to design innovative and interdisciplinary systems through


latest digital technologies.

• PEO3: able to inculcate professional and social ethics, team work and
leadership for serving the society.

• PEO4: able to inculcate lifelong learning in the field of computing for


successful career in organizations and R&D sectors.

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 13


Result Analysis

• Computer Networks Result of 2022-23: 96.97%

• Average Marks: 54.33

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 14


End Semester Question Paper Template

B TECH
(SEM-V) THEORY EXAMINATION 20__-20__
OBJECT ORIENTED SYSTEM DESIGN
Time: 3 Hours Total Marks: 100
Note: 1. Attempt all Sections. If require any missing data; then choose
suitably.
SECTION A
1. Attempt all questions in brief. 2 x 10 = 20
Q.No. Question Marks CO
1 2
2 2
. .
. .
10 2

2/21/2024
ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 15
End Semester Question Paper Templates

SECTION B
2. Attempt any three of the following: 3 x 10 = 30

Q.No. Question Marks CO


1 10
2 10
. .
5 10
SECTION C
3. Attempt any one part of the following: 1 x 10 = 10
Q.No. Question Marks CO

1 10
2 10
2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 16
End Semester Question Paper Templates
4. Attempt any one part of the following: 1 x 10 = 10

Q.No. Question Marks CO

1 10
2 10
5. Attempt any one part of the following: 1 x 10 = 10
Q.No. Question Marks CO
1 10
2 10
6. Attempt any one part of the following: 1 x 10 = 10
Q.No. Question Marks CO

1 10
2 10

2/21/2024
ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 17
End Semester Question Paper Templates

7. Attempt any one part of the following: 1 x 10 = 10

Q.No. Question Marks CO

1 10
2 10

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 18


Prerequisite

• The student should have knowledge of


– Networking
– Layout of computer
– Hardware
• The basic knowledge of C

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 19


Brief Introduction to Subject

• Computer network is a group of devices connected with each


other through a transmission medium such as wires, cables
etc.

• These devices can be computers, printers, scanners, Fax


machines etc.

• The purpose of having computer network is to send and


receive data stored in other devices over the network.

ACSE0602 CN 2/21/2024
Unit 1 20
Communication (CO1)

Topic Objective
• The student will get an insight of communications, networking
• Medium used for transmission
• Various topologies used
• The LAN, WAN and MAN concept

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 21


Communication (CO1)

• For communication we share the information


• Data refers to any information
• Data communication
– exchange of data between two devices by some transmission
medium.
• Effectiveness of data communication depends on
– Delivery
– Accuracy
– Timeliness
– Jitter

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 22


Computer Networks (CO1)

• A computer network is an interconnection of two or more


computers that are able to exchange information
• Network is a set of devices connected by communication link
• The computer may be connected via any data communication link
• Computers can be personal or main frames
• The computer network may be located anywhere in the world and
its size can vary
• Generally follow a client server model.

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 23


Computer network Communication(CO1)

• Components
– Message – information to be communicated
– Sender – a device that sends the data
– Receiver – a device that receives the data
– Transmission medium – physical path by which message
transmits
– Protocol – a set of rules that govern data communications
• We transmits information or data by two types of signals
– Analog – telephones and radios
– Digital - computers

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 24


Data representation

• Text
– Bit pattern, sequence of bits
– set of bits – code, process is coding
• Numbers
– Number system
• Images
– Matrix of pixels
– Size of the pixel depends on resolution
• Audio
– Continuous
• Video
– Continuous / combination of images

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 25


Modes of transmission(CO1)

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 26


Computer networks

• A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected


by communication links. A node can be a computer, printer, or any
other device capable of sending and/or receiving data generated by
other nodes on the network.
• Types of connections

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 27


Computer networks

• Distributed Processing
– Most networks use distributed processing, in which a task is
divided among multiple computers.
– Instead of one single large machine being responsible for all
aspects of a process, separate computer (usually a personal
computer or workstation) handle a subset.

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 28


Computer networks
• Network Criteria
– Performance
• Transmit time is the amount of time required for a message
to travel from one device to another.
• Response time is the elapsed time between an inquiry and a
response.
• depends on
– the number of users,
– the type of transmission medium,
– the capabilities of the connected hardware,
– and the efficiency of the software.
• evaluated by two networking metrics: throughput and delay.

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 29


Computer networks

• Network Criteria
– Reliability
• the frequency of failure,
• the time it takes a link to recover from a failure.
– Security
• protecting data from unauthorized access,
• protecting data from damage and development,
• and implementing policies and procedures for recovery from
breaches and data losses.

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 30


Computer networks

• Goals of networking
– Resource sharing
– High reliability
– Saving Money
– Interprocess Communication
– Flexible access
– Distribution of Process
– Peer to Peer communication (equal)
– Centralized communication (one)

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 31


Computer networks

• Applications of networking
– Accessing Remote Database
– Virtual Access Communication Facility
– Marketing & Sales
– Financial Services
– Manufacturing
– E-messages
– Direct Services
– Teleconferencing
– Cable TV

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 32


Topology(CO1)

• Categories of topology

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 33


Topology(CO1)

• Mesh Topology
– every device has a dedicated point-to-point link to every other
device.
– the number of physical links in a fully connected mesh network
with n nodes = n(n - 1)/2
– Advantages
• carry its own data load
• Robust
• privacy or security
• fault identification and fault isolation easy
– Disadvantages
• amount of cabling and the number of I/O ports required
• installation and reconnection are difficult
• sheer bulk of the wiring
• expensive

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 34


Topology (CO1)

Mesh Topology
2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 35
Topology (CO1)

• Star Topology
– each device has a dedicated point-to-point link only to a central
controller, usually called a hub. The devices are not directly
linked to one another
– Advantages
• less expensive
• easy to install and reconfigure
• less cabling
• Robustness
• easy fault identification and fault isolation
– Disadvantages
• dependency of the whole topology on one single point, the
hub
• often more cabling is required

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 36


Topology (CO1)

Star Topology

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 37


Topology (CO1)

• Bus Topology
– Multipoint
– One long cable acts as a backbone to link all the devices in a
network
– Nodes are connected to the bus cable by drop lines and taps.
– A drop line is a connection running between the device and the
main cable
– Advantages
• ease of installation
• less cabling than mesh or star topologies
– Disadvantages
• difficult reconnection and fault isolation
• difficult to add new devices
• a fault or break in the bus cable stops all transmission

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 38


Topology (CO1)

Bus Topology

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 39


Topology (CO1)
• Ring topology
– each device has a dedicated point-to-point connection with only the
two devices on either side of it.
– A signal is passed along the ring in one direction, from device to device,
until it reaches its destination.
– Each device in the ring incorporates a repeater.
– When a device receives a signal intended for another device, its
repeater regenerates the bits and passes them along
– Advantages
• easy to install and reconfigure
• To add or delete a device requires changing only two connections
• fault isolation is simplified
– Disadvantages
• constraints are media and traffic considerations (maximum ring
length and number of devices)
• unidirectional traffic can be a disadvantage
• a break in the ring can disable the entire network

2/21/2024 Sanjay Nayak ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 40


Topology (CO1)

Ring topology

2/21/2024 Sanjay Nayak ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 41


Types of Networks (CO1)

• LAN
– A local area network (LAN) is usually privately owned and links
the devices in a single office, building, or campus
– resources can be shared
– In addition to size, LANs are distinguished from other types of
networks by their transmission media and topology

2/21/2024 Sanjay Nayak ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 42


Types of Networks (CO1)

• MAN
– A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a network with a size
between a LAN and a WAN. It normally covers the area inside a
town or a city.
– It is designed for customers who need a high-speed
connectivity, normally to the Internet, and have endpoints
spread over a city or part of city

2/21/2024 Sanjay Nayak ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 43


Types of Networks (CO1)

• WAN
– A wide area network (WAN) provides long-distance transmission
of data, image, audio, and video information over large
geographic areas that may comprise a country, a continent, or
even the whole world

2/21/2024 Sanjay Nayak ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 44


Internet(CO1)

• When two or
more networks
are connected,
they become an
internetwork, or
internet.

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 45


Physical layer (CO1)

Topic Objective
• To understand the Physical Layer
• Various transmission medium and
• Switching methods

Recap of previous topic


• The layered architecture of OSI and TCP/IP model
• Comparison of both the models

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 46


OSI & TCP/IP models (CO1)

Topic Objective
• To understand the OSI and TCP/IP models
• Differences between two and the protocols supported

Recap of previous topic


• The basic networking layout and topology were studied
• Data flow mode supported

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 47


OSI Reference model(CO1)

• ISO OSI Reference model


• Standardization of protocols used in various layers
• Developed in 1983 revised in 1995
• layers based on
– A layer should be created where a different abstraction is
needed
– Each layer should perform a well-defined function
– The function of each layer should be according to internationally
standardized protocols
– The layer boundaries should be chosen to minimize the
information flow across the interfaces
– The number of layers should be large enough for necessary
functions required and small enough not to become unwieldy

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 48


Layered architecture(CO1)

• Peer to peer process


• Interfaces
• Protocols
• Header and trailer
• Encapsulation
• Seven layers
– Physical
– Data link
– Network
– Transport
– Session
– Presentation
– Application
2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 49
OSI Model(CO1)

• Physical layer - coordinates the functions required to carry a bit stream


over a physical medium
– Physical characteristics of interfaces and medium
– Representation of bits
– Data rate
– Synchronization of bits
– Line configuration
– Physical topology
– Transmission mode
• Data Link Layer - transforms the physical layer, a raw transmission
facility, to a reliable link
– Framing
– Physical addressing
– Flow control
– Error control
– Access control

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 50


OSI Model(CO1)

• Network Layer - responsible for the source-to-destination delivery


of a packet, possibly across multiple networks
– Logical addressing
– Routing
• Transport Layer - process-to-process delivery of the entire message
– Service-point addressing
– Segmentation and reassembly
– Connection control
– Flow control
– Error control
• Session Layer - establishes, maintains, and synchronizes the
interaction among communicating systems
– Dialog control
– Synchronization
2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 51
OSI Model(CO1)

• Presentation Layer - concerned with the syntax and semantics of


the information exchanged between two systems
– Translation
– Encryption
– Compression
• Application Layer - enables the user to access the network
– Network virtual terminal
– File transfer, access, and management
– Mail services
– Directory services

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 52


OSI Model(CO1)

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 53


TCP/IP model(CO3)

• Prior to OSI Model


• Basically had 4 layers
– Host –to-network
– Internet
– Transport
– Application
• TCP/IP is a hierarchical protocol made up of interactive modules,
each of which provides a specific functionality
• TCP/IP protocol suite contain relatively independent protocols that
can be mixed and matched depending on the needs of the system

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 54


TCP/IP Model(CO3)

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 55


Comparison between OSI and TCP/IP(CO1)

TCP/IP OSI
TCP refers to Transmission Control Protocol. OSI refers to Open Systems Interconnection.

TCP/IP has 4 layers. OSI has 7 layers.


TCP/IP is more reliable OSI is less reliable

TCP/IP does not have very strict boundaries. OSI has strict boundaries

TCP/IP follow a horizontal approach. OSI follows a vertical approach.

TCP/IP uses both session and presentation OSI uses different session and presentation
layer in the application layer itself. layers.

TCP/IP developed protocols then model. OSI developed model then protocol.

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 56


Comparison between OSI and TCP/IP

TCP/IP OSI
TCP does not clearly distinguish between
OSI has explicit distinction between these.
service, protocols and interfaces

Specific protocols protocols are better hidden


Protocols can be replaced as technology
Protocol based model
changes

Description of the protocols General model

Protocols do not fit in the function Protocols do not fit in the function

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 57


Physical layer

Addressing
• Physical addressing
• Logical addressing
• Port Address
• Specific address

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 58


Physical Layer(CO1)

• Analog data and digital data


– Continuous values and discrete values
• Analog and digital signals
– Infinite number of values and limited number of values
• Periodic and non periodic signals
– Repeat a pattern
• Data communications uses periodic analog signals
– Sine wave
• Peak amplitude
• Period and Frequency (f=1/t)
• Phase
• Wavelength
• Time and frequency domain
• Composite signals
• Bandwidth

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 59


Digital to Analog

• Digital-to-analog conversion is the process of changing one of the


characteristics of an analog signal based on the information in
digital data.
• Digital data needs to be carried on an analog signal.
• A carrier signal (frequency fc) performs the function of transporting
the digital data in an analog waveform.
• The analog carrier signal is manipulated to uniquely identify the
digital data being carried.

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 60


Digital to Analog conversion(CO2)

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 61


Digital Data

• PERIODIC ANALOG SIGNALS


– A simple periodic analog signal, a sine wave.
– A composite periodic analog signal is composed of multiple sine
waves.
• The three parameters: the peak amplitude, the frequency, and the
phase
• Time and Frequency Domains
• Bandwidth
• Bitrate
• Bit length

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 62


Transmission impairment

• Causes
– Attenuation – loss of energy
– Distortion– change in shape & form of signal
– Noise – extra signal

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 63


Data Rate(CO2)

• A very important consideration in data communications is how fast


we can send data, in bits per second, over a channel. Data rate
depends on three factors:
• 1. The bandwidth available
• 2. The level of the signals we use
• 3. The quality of the channel (the level of noise)
▪ Noiseless Channel: Nyquist Bit Rate
▪ Noisy Channel: Shannon Capacity
▪ Using Both Limits

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 64


Physical Layer

• Digital signals
– 0 and 1
– For no. of levels (L) require log2 L bits
– Bit rate – no. of bits send per second(bps)
– Bit length
• Transmitted by
– Baseband transmission
– Broadband transmission (using modulation)
• TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENT

Impairment causes

Attenuation Distortion Noise

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 65


Physical Layer
• Data rate limit
– The bandwidth available
– The levels of signals that we use
– The quality of channel
– To calculate data rate
• Nyquist for noiseless channel
• Shannon for noisy channel
– Performance
• Bandwidth
– In hertz and bits per second
• Throughput
• Latency
– Propagation time + transmission time +queuing time +
processing time
– Jitter

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 66


Physical Layer

• Conversion from digital to analog


– ASK
– FSK
– PSK
– QAM

• Bandwidth utilization
– Multiplexing
– Spreading
– three basic multiplexing techniques:
• frequency-division multiplexing,
• wavelength-division multiplexing,
• time-division multiplexing

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 67


Encoding

Different Conversion Schemes

2/21/2024 Chitvan Gupta KCS603 CN Unit Number:1 68


Encoding
Digital to Digital Encoding

2/21/2024 69
Encoding
Types of Digital to Digital Encoding

2/21/2024 70
Encoding

Unipolar Encoding

2/21/2024 Sanjay Nayak ACSE0602 CN Unit Number:1 71


Encoding
Types of Polar Encoding

2/21/2024 Sanjay Nayak ACSE0602 CN Unit Number:1 72


Encoding
NRZ-L and NRZ-I Encoding

2/21/2024 Sanjay Nayak ACSE0602 CN Unit Number:1 73


Encoding
Manchester and Diff. Manchester Encoding

2/21/2024 Sanjay Nayak ACSE0602 CN Unit Number:1 74


Transmission medium(CO2)

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 75


Transmission media(CO2)

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 76


Transmission Media

2/21/2024 Sanjay Nayak ACSE0602 CN Unit Number:1 77


Twisted-Pair Cable

2/21/2024 Sanjay Nayak ACSE0602 CN Unit Number:1 78


Noise Effect

2/21/2024 Sanjay Nayak ACSE0602 CN Unit Number:1 79


Transmission media
Noise on Twisted-Pair Lines

2/21/2024 Sanjay Nayak ACSE0602 CN Unit Number:1 80


Transmission media
Unshielded Twisted-Pair Cable

2/21/2024 Sanjay Nayak ACSE0602 CN Unit Number:1 81


Figure 7-9
Transmission media
UTP Connectors

2/21/2024 Sanjay Nayak ACSE0602 CN Unit Number:1 82


Transmission media - guided
• Twisted Pair cable

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 83


Transmission media - guided
• Twisted Pair cable

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 84


Transmission media - guided

• Coaxial Cable

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 85


Transmission media - guided

• Fiber Optic Cable based on

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 86


Transmission media - guided

• Fiber optic Cable

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 87


Transmission media

2/21/2024 Sanjay Nayak ACSE0602 CN Unit Number:1 88


Transmission media
Multimode Step-Index

2/21/2024 Sanjay Nayak ACSE0602 CN Unit Number:1 89


Transmission media

Multimode Graded-Index

2/21/2024 Sanjay Nayak ACSE0602 CN Unit Number:1 90


Transmission media
Single Mode

2/21/2024 Sanjay Nayak ACSE0602 CN Unit Number:1 91


Transmission media
Fiber Construction

2/21/2024 Sanjay Nayak ACSE0602 CN Unit Number:1 92


Transmission media - unguided

• Unguided media transport electromagnetic waves without using a


physical conductor. This type of communication is often referred to
as wireless communication.

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 93


Transmission media - unguided

• Propagation modes

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 94


Transmission media - unguided

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 95


Transmission media - unguided

• Wireless communication
– Radio waves are used for multicast communications, such as
radio and television, and paging systems. They can penetrate
through walls. Highly regulated. Use omni directional antennas

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 96


Transmission media - unguided

• Wireless communication
– Microwaves are used for unicast communication such as cellular
telephones, satellite networks,
and wireless LANs. Higher frequency ranges cannot penetrate
walls. Use directional antennas - point to point line of sight
communications.

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 97


Transmission media - unguided

• Wireless communications
– Infrared signals can be used for short-range communication in a
closed area using line-of-sight propagation.
• Disadvantages of wireless channels
– Are subject to a lot more errors than guided media channels.
– Interference is one cause for errors, can be circumvented with
high SNR.
– The higher the SNR the less capacity is available for transmission
due to the broadcast nature of the channel.
– Channel also subject to fading and no coverage holes.

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 98


Switching methods(CO2)

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 99


Switching methods(CO2)

• Circuit switched
– consists of a set of switches connected by physical links.
– A connection between two stations is a dedicated path made of
one or more links.
– Each connection uses only one dedicated channel on each link.
– Each link is normally divided into n channels by using FDM or
TDM.

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 100


Switching methods(CO2)

• Delay in Circuit switched

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 101


Switching methods(CO2)

• Delay in datagram network

2/21/2024 ACSE0602 CN Unit 1 102


Switching methods(CO2)

• Packet switched
– send messages from one end system to another.
– If the message is going to pass through a packet-switched
network, it needs to be divided into packets of fixed or variable
size.
– The size of the packet is determined by the network and the
governing protocol.
– In a packet-switched network, there is no resource reservation;
resources are allocated on demand.

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Switching methods(CO2)

Packet switched – Datagram network

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Switching methods(CO2)

• Packet Switched – Datagram Network


– Routing table
• A switch in a datagram network uses a routing table
that is based on the destination address.
• The destination address in the header of a packet in a
datagram network remains the same during the entire
journey of the packet.

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Switching methods(CO2)

• Packet Switched - Virtual-circuit network


– a cross between a circuit-switched network and a datagram
network.
– It has some characteristics of both.
– all packets belonging to the same source and destination travel
the same path;
– but the packets may arrive at the destination with different
delays
if resource allocation is on demand.

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Switching methods(CO2)

• Packet Switched - Virtual-circuit network

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Switching methods(CO2)

• Packet Switched - Virtual-circuit network

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Switching methods(CO2)

• Packet Switched - Virtual-circuit network

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Switching methods(CO2)

• Delay in virtual circuit

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Switching

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Switching

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Switching

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Switching

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Switching

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Multiplexing

Multiplexing is a technique used to combine and send the multiple data streams over
a single medium. The process of combining the data streams is known as multiplexing
and hardware used for multiplexing is known as a multiplexer.
Multiplexing is achieved by using a device called Multiplexer (MUX) that combines n
input lines to generate a single output line. Multiplexing follows many-to-one, i.e., n
input lines and one output line.
Demultiplexing is achieved by using a device called Demultiplexer (DEMUX) available
at the receiving end. DEMUX separates a signal into its component signals (one input
and n outputs).

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Multiplexing

Multiplexing techniques can be classified as:

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Multiplexing

Frequency-division Multiplexing (FDM)


• It is an analog technique.
• Frequency Division Multiplexing is a technique in which the available bandwidth of a single
transmission medium is subdivided into several channels.

• In the above diagram, a single transmission medium is subdivided into several


frequency channels, and each frequency channel is given to different devices.
Device 1 has a frequency channel of range from 1 to 5.
• FDM is mainly used in radio broadcasts and TV networks.

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Multiplexing

Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)


• Wavelength Division Multiplexing is same as FDM except that the optical signals are
transmitted through the fibre optic cable.
• WDM is used on fibre optics to increase the capacity of a single fibre.
• It is used to utilize the high data rate capability of fibre optic cable.
• It is an analog multiplexing technique.

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Multiplexing

Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)


• It is a digital technique.
• In Frequency Division Multiplexing Technique, all signals operate at the same time with
different frequency, but in case of Time Division Multiplexing technique, all signals operate at
the same frequency with different time.
• In Time Division Multiplexing technique, the total time available in the channel is distributed
among different users. Therefore, each user is allocated with different time interval known as
a Time slot at which data is to be transmitted by the sender.
• There are two types of TDM:
Synchronous TDM
Asynchronous TDM

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IEEE Standards

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IEEE Standards

IEEE 802 STANDARD

IEEE802.1 Internetworking

IEEE802.2 Logical Link control(LLC)

IEEE802.3 Ethernet/CSMA

IEEE802.4 Token Bus

IEEE802.5 Token Ring

IEEE802.6 DQDB

IEEE802.11 Wi-Fi
IEEE802.15 Bluetooth

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MCQ s

1. A communication between a computer and a keyboard depicts


a) full duplex transmission
b) half duplex transmission
c) simplex transmission
d) Both A and B
2. _________ model is a protocol based model
a) OSI
b) IEEE
c) TCP/IP
d) All of the above

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MCQ s

3. Computer Network can be defined as


a) Multiple devices interconnected with a communication
channel
b) Collection of hardware components and computers
c) Sharing of resources and information
d) All of the above
4. The information to be communicated in the data communication
system is the
a) Message
b) Medium
c) Protocol
d) Transmission

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MCQ s

5. The Full form of ANSI is


a) American Notation for standard international
b) American national standardization Institute
c) American notion standards Institute
d) American national Standards Institute
6. The oldest and the still most commonly used transmission media
is
a) Twisted pair cable
b) Coaxial cable
c) Fiber optic
d) WiFi

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MCQ s

7. The example of guided media is


a) Twisted pair cable
b) Coaxial cable
c) Fiber optic cable
d) All of the above
8. Effectiveness of a data communication depends on
a) Timeliness
b) Delivery
c) Accuracy
d) All of the above

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Glossary

• ___________ are used for unicast communication such as cellular


telephones, satellite networks
• One long cable acts as a backbone to link all the devices in a
_____Topology
• A computer network is an interconnection of two or more computers that
are able to _____ _______
• _______ _______ is a physical path by which message transmits
• _______a set of rules that govern data communications
• the number of physical links in a fully connected mesh network with
n nodes = ______
• The devices are connected through a _____ in star topology
• LANs are distinguished from other types of networks by their ______ and
_________

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Weekly Assignment

1. Compare and contrast the ISO OSI model with TCP/IP model. CO1
2. Give advantages and disadvantages of fiber optic cable over metallic
cable. Explain the use and design of latest technology used for
transmission. CO1
3. A device is sending out data at the rate of 2000 bps. How long does
it take to send out 100 bits? CO1
4. If you have to set up a lab of 50 computers, which topology will you
use and why? CO1
5. Differentiate between connection oriented and connectionless
communication. CO1

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Weekly Assignment

6. List some applications of networking. CO1


7. Discuss the design issues for the layers in computer Networks.CO1
8. We modulate several voice signals and send them through the air. Is
this baseband or broadband transmission. CO1
9. A periodic composite signal contains frequencies from 20 to 30 kHz,
each with an amplitude of 8V. Draw the frequency spectrum. CO1
10. A signal travels from point A to point B. At point A, the signal
power is 200 W. At point B, the power is 170 W. What is the
attenuation in decibels? CO1

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Faculty Video Links, Youtube & NPTEL Video Links and Online
Courses Details

• Youtube/other Video Links


• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kNKHM_isojI
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vv4y_uOneC0

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Old Question Papers

• 18-19
• https://drive.google.com/open?id=17OUMNnX0kFDc9UB8tx8qd8zyE
j7lCD5P
• 17-18
• https://drive.google.com/open?id=1oFmw__qC7wdUP85gUkKbkohZ
vd9Vopm_
• 16-17
• https://drive.google.com/open?id=1eDrOkj2wVsxdTZPb7-
A78YuYn16HC1ob
• 15-16
• https://drive.google.com/open?id=1ljNxmZP1_pl10rbxJvK6xB1ybG7
AMuqU
• 14-15
• https://drive.google.com/open?id=1tjERKPwEA9icWcQTBZQnKUq_tt
qBDeo5

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Question paper of University Exam

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Question paper of University Exam

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Question paper of University Exam

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Question paper of University Exam

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Expected Questions for University Exam

• Write the function of physical layer of ISO-OSI reference model.CO1


• What is a protocol? CO1
• List some applications of networking. CO1
• Explain different transmission media used for networking? CO1
• What are the goals of networking? CO1
• Explain the difference between OSI and TCP/IP model. CO1
• Define topology with advantage and disadvantage. CO1

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Summary

• Understanding of Network structure and Architecture.


• The layout of OSI reference model and TCP/IP model.
• Various Network Topology Design used .
• The different Networking.
• Physical Layer and types of Transmission Media.
• Overview of ISDN and Terminal Handling.

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References

1. Forouzen, "Data Communication and Networking", TMH


2. A.S. Tanenbaum, Computer Networks, Pearson Education
3. W. Stallings, Data and Computer Communication, Macmillan Press
4. Gary R.Wright, W.Richard Stevens "TCP/IP Illustrated,Volume2 The
Implementation" Addison-Wesley
5. Michael A. Gallo and William M. Hancock "Computer
communication and Networking Technology" Cengage Learning
6. Bhavneet Sidhu, An Integrated approach to Computer Networks,
Khanna Publishing House
7. Anuranjan Misra, “Computer Networks”, Acme Learning
8. G. Shanmugarathinam, ”Essential of TCP/ IP”, Firewall Media

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Text Books

1. Behrouz Forouzan, “Data Communication and Networking”, McGraw Hill

2. Andrew Tanenbaum “Computer Networks”, Prentice Hall.

3. William Stallings, “Data and Computer Communication”, Pearson.

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Thank You

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