NATIONAL BOARD FOR TECHNICAL EDUCATION

NATIONAL DIPLOMA

HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA

IN

PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY

CURRICULUM AND COURSE SPECIFICATIONS

PLOT B BIDA ROAD P.M.B. 2239 KADUNA

2005
 NATIONAL DIPLOMA

1.0 GOAL AND OBJECTIVES

This programme is designed to produce pharmaceutical technicians who will assist in production processes in
pharmaceutical and allied products manufacture as well as assist in carrying out identification and quality tests on
such products.

At the end of the programme the diplomate should be able to:

1.1 Assist in production processes in pharmaceutical and allied products manufacture.

1.2 Maintain and install simple pharmaceutical wares.

1.3 Assist in carrying out identity and quality tests on drugs and allied products.

1.4 Obtain information on drugs and other pharmaceutical substances using official reference books.
1.5 Assist in preparing simple extemporaneous medicament in duly recognized pharmacies and hospitals.

1.6 Read and interpret medical prescriptions and when necessary dispense such prescriptions.

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PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY
HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA

GOAL AND OBJECTIVES

GOAL

This programme is designed to produce pharmaceutical technologists who can take part in industrial production of pharmaceuticals and
allied products and carry out identification and quality tests on such products.

OBJECTIVES
At the end of the programme, the diplomate should be able to:

1.1 Take part in production processes in pharmaceutical and allied products manufacture.

1.2 Install and maintain pharmaceutical and allied products wares.

1.3 Carry out identification and quality tests on pharmaceuticals and allied products.

1.4 Obtain and analyse information on pharmaceutical substances using official reference books.

1.5 Prepare simple extemporaneous medicament in duly recognized pharmacies and hospitals.

1.6 Read and interpret medical prescriptions and when necessary dispense such prescriptions.

1.7 Market pharmaceutical wares and equipment.

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2.0 Entry Requirements

2.1 National Diploma

The entry requirement into National Diploma Pharmaceutical Technology programme are as follows:-
[a] Four credit level passes in GCE “O” level or Senior Secondary School certificate (SSCE) at not more than two
sittings.

The four subjects must include mathematics, chemistry, biology and any other subject Plus
at least passes in physics and English Language.

[b] Four credit passes in an NBTE recognized preliminary National Diploma course offered n a Polytechnic or similar
post secondary technical institution. The credit passes must include mathematics, chemistry, biology, physics.

2.2 Higher National Diploma

The minimum entry requirement into the Higher National Diploma in Pharmaceutical Technology is as follows-

The National Diploma in Pharmaceutical Technology obtained from an accredited programmes, with at least lower credit
pass or

In addition to [a], [b] and [c] above the candidate must have acquired not less than one year post ND cognate work
experience.

In exceptional cases, ND diplomats with a pass (CGPA of 2.0 – 2.49) in the ND examination with two or more years of
cognate experience in the specific field may be considered for admission into the HND programme.

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3.0 Curriculum

3.1 The curriculum of all ND and HND programme consists of four main components. These are:

I. General studies/education
II. Foundation courses.
III. Professional courses.
IV. Supervised Industrial work experience scheme (SIWES).

3.2 The General education component shall include course in

Art and Humanities – English Language, communication, History. These are compulsory.
Mathematics and Science (for non-Science based programmes)
Social Studies – Citizenship (the Nigerian constitution) Political science, sociology, Philosophy, geography, entrepreneurship
Studies.

The courses in citizenship, entrepreneurship, Philosophy of Science and Sociology are compulsory.
Physical and Health Education (one semester credit only).

3.3 The General Education component shall account for not more than 15% of total contact hours for the programme.

3.4 Foundation Courses include purses n Economics, Mathematics, Pure Sciences, Technical Drawing, Descriptive Geometry,
and Statistics, etc. the number of hours will vary the programmes and may account for about 10 – 15% of the total contact
hours.

3.5 Professional Courses are courses, which give the student the theory and practical skills he needs to practice his field of
calling at the technical/technologists level.

3.6 Student Industrial work Experience Scheme (SIWES) shall be taken during vacation following the end of the second
semester of the first year. See details of SIWES at paragraph 8.0

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4.0 Curriculum Structure

4.1 ND Programmes

The structure of the ND programme consist of four semesters of classroom, laboratory and workshop activities in the college
– and a semester (3 – 4 months) of supervised industrial work experience scheme (SIWES). Each semester shall be of 17
weeks duration made up as follows:
15 contact weeks of teaching, i.e. recitation, practical exercises quizzes, test, etc.; and
2 weeks for examinations and registration. SIWES shall take place at the end of the second semester of the first year.

4.2 HND Programme

The structure of the programme is similar to that the ND save that the SIWES at the end of the first year is not compulsory.

5.0 Accreditation

Each programme offered either at the ND or HND level shall be accredited by the NBTE before the diplomats can be awarded either
of the two diploma certificates. Details about the process of accrediting a programme for the award of the ND or HND are available
from the Executive Secretary, National Board for Technical Education, P. M. B. 2239,Kaduna, Nigeria.

6.0 Conditions for the award of the ND/HND

Institutions offering accredited programmes will award the National diploma to candidates who successfully completed the
programme after passing prescribed coursework, examinations, diploma project and the supervised industrial work experience. Such
candidates should have completed a minimum of between 72 and 80 semester credit units depending on the programme.

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 Diplomas shall be classified as follows:

Distinction - GPA of 3.50 and above

Upper Credit - GPA of 3.00- 3.49
Lower Credit - GPA of 2.50 – 2.99
Pass - GPA of 2.00 – 2.49
7.0 Guidance note for Teachers Teaching the Programme.

7.1 The new curriculum is drawing unit courses. This is keeping with the provisions of the National Policy on education which
stress the need to introduce the semester credit units which will enable a student who so wish to transfer the units already
completed in an institution of similar standard from which he is transferring.

7.2 In designing the units, the principles of the modular system by product has been adopted; thus making each of the
professional modules, when completed provide the students with technician operative skills, which can be used for
employment purposes.

7.3 As the success of the credit unit system depends on the articulation of programmes between the institutions and industry, the
curriculum content has been written in the behavioral objectives, so that is clear to all, the special Learning objective of the
student who successfully completed some of the courses or the diplomates of the programme. There is a slight departure in
the presentation of the performance based curriculum which state categorically, the special learning objective for the
students, also, there is a deliberate attempt to further involve the staff of the department teaching by having another column
called Teachers activities. This is to ensure that the teachers deliver the required learning objectives. There is a third column
for the Resources required for each learning objective. Each department is expected to develop its own teaching curriculum
from this minimum Guide curriculum and ensure that the resources required are available. The Academic Board of the
institution may vet departmental submission on the final curriculum. Our aim is to continue to see to it that a solid internal
evaluation system exists in each institution for ensuring minimum standard and quality of education in the programmes
offered throughout the polytechnic system.

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 7.4 The teaching of the theory and practical work should, as much as possible, be integrated. Practical exer8ses, especially those
in professional courses and laboratory work should not be taught in isolation from the theory. For each course, there should
be a balance of theory to practice in the ratio 50:50 or 60:40, or the reverse.

8.0 Guidelines on SIWES programme

8.1 For the smooth operation of the SIWES, the following guidelines shall apply:
Responsibility for placement of Students.

[a] Institution offering the ND programme shall arrange to place the students in industry. By April 30 of each year, six
copies of the master list showing where each student has been placed shall be submitted to the Executive Secretary,
NBTE which shall, n turn, authenticate the list and forward it to the Industrial Training Fund, Jos.

[b] The Placement officers should discuss and agree with industries on the following:

I. A task inventory of what the student should be expected to experience during the period of attachment. It may
be wise to adopt eh one already approved for each field.
II. The industry-based supervisor of the students during the period, likewise the institution based supervisor.
III. The evaluation of the student during the period. It should be noted that the final grading of the student during
the period of attachment should be weighted more on the evaluation by his industry-based supervisor.

8.2 Evaluation of Student during the SIWEWS

In the evaluation of the student, cognizance should be taken of the following items:

[a] Punctuality
[b] Attendance
[c] General attitude to work

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 [d] Respect for authority
[e] Interest in the field/technical area
[f] Technical competence as a potential technician in his field.

8.3 Grading of SIWES

To ensure uniformity of grading scales, the institution should ensure that the uniform grading of students’ work which has
been agreed to by all polytechnics is adopted.

8.4 The Institution based Supervisor

The institution-based supervisor should initial the log book during each visit. This will enable him to check and determine to
what extent the objectives of the scheme are being met and to assist students having any problems regarding the specific
given to them by their industry-based supervisor.

8.5 Frequency of visit

Institutions should ensure that students placed on the attachment are visited within one month of their placement. Other
visits shall be arranged so that:

I. There is another visit six weeks after the first visit; and
II. A final visit in the last month of the attachment.

8.6 Stipend for Students in SIWES

The rate of stipend payable shall be determined from time to time by the Federal Government after due consultation with the
Federal Ministry of Education, the Industrial Training fund and the NBTE.

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8.7 SIWESD as a component of the Curriculum

The completion of SIWES is important in the final determination of whether the student is successful in the programme or
not. Failure in the SIWES is a an indication that the student has not shows sufficient interest in the field or has no potential
to become skilled technician in his field. The SIWES should be graded on a fail or pass basis. Where a student has satisfied
all other r3equirements but failed SIWES, he may only be allowed to repeat another four months SIWES at his own expense

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 National Board for Technical Education,
Kaduna.
2002

PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY
NATIONAL DIPLOMA
YEAR I – SEMESTER I

COURSE COURSE TITLE L T P CU CH PRE-REQUISITE

STB 111 Cell Biology 15 - 45 3.0 60
BCH 111 General and Physical Chemistry 30 - 45 3.0 75
BPH 111 Mechanics and Properties of matter and Heat Energy 30 - 45 3.0 75
MTH 112 Algebra and Elementary Trigonometry
CHE 111 Introduction to Chemical Engineering and Processes 30 - - 2.0 30
PTD 111 Technical Drawing 30 - - 2.0 30
PCT 111 Introduction to Pharmacology
GNS 101 Use of English I 60 - - 3.0 60
30 15 - 3.0 45
45 - - 2.0 45
STB - Science Laboratory Technology
BCH - Basic Sciences (Chemistry) 420
BPH – Basic Sciences (Physics)
MTH – Basic Sciences (Mathematics) 21.0 420
CHE – Chemical Engineering Technology
PTD – Basic Science (Technical Drawing)
GNS – General Studies

11
 PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY
NATIONAL DIPLOMA
YEAR I – SEMESTER II

COURSE COURSE TITLE L T P CU CH PRE-REQUISITE

BCH 121 Organic and In organic chemistry 30 - 45 30 75
EGT 123 Introduction to Water Treatment Technology 15 - 30 2.0 45
STM 211 Introductory Microbiology 15 -
CME 122 Basic workshop practice 15 45 3.0 60
COM 101 Introduction to computing 60 - 30 40 90
GLT 111 General Laboratory Techniques 45 3.0 60

Module -
i. Care and maintenance of laboratory and simple -
equipment 15 1.0 15
ii. Safety in the laboratory -
iii. Preparation of laboratory and side shelf reagents - -
iv. Separation techniques and sample management - 15 1.0 15
PCT 121 Pharmaceutical calculations - 15 1.0 15
GNS 102 Communication in English - -
15 - 15 1.0 15
45 30 3.0 45
- 2.0 45

FST – Food Technology 240 480

GLT – General Laboratory Techniques

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 PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY
NATIONAL DIPLOMA
YEAR II – SEMESTER I

COURSE COURSE TITLE L T P CU CH PRE-REQUISITE

FST 212 Food Analysis 30 - 45 3.0 75
GLT 111 General Laboratory Techniques - - 15 1.0 15
v. Photography and audiovisuals - - 15 1.0 15
vi. Vacuum techniques 30 - 45 3.0 75

CME 212 Unit Operations I 15 - 45 2.0 60

PCT 211 Compounding I 15 - 45 2.0 60
PCT 212 General Dispensing of Practice 15 - 35 2.0 45
PCT 213 Introduction to Drug quality control 30 - - 2.0 30
COM 123 Computer packages I 15 - 60 30 75
GNS 123 Introduction to medical sociology
STC – Science Laboratory Technology 21.0 375
EHT – Environmental Health Technology 16.0 450

13
 PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY
YEAR II – SEMESTER II

COURSE COURSE TITLE L T P CH CH PRE-REQUISITE

CHE 222 Unit Operations II 30 - 20 30

FST 215 Food Microbiology 15 - 45 3.0 60

COM 215 Computer application package II - - 90 4.0 95

PCT 221 45
Pharmacy laws and ethics 15 - - 1.0 15
PCT 222
Seminar 15 - - 1.0 15
PCT 223
Project - - - 6.0

17.0 285
18.0 215

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 PHARMATICAL TECHNOLOGY

HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA

YEAR I –SEMESTER I

COURSE COURSE TITLE L T P CU CH PRE-REQUISITE

COM 311 Computer Programming 15 - 45 3.0 60

STM 413 Pharmaceutical Microbiology 15 - 45 3.0 60

GLT 301 Laboratory Management 30 - - 2.0 30

STY 312 General Principles of Pharmacology I 15 - 45 2.0 60

PCT 311 Good Manufacturing Practice 30 - 45 3.0 75

PCT 312 Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry 30 - 60 4.0 90 STC 313

GNS 111 Use of English III 30 - - 2.0 30

TOTAL 19.0 405

COM – Computer

STY – science Laboratory Technology

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 PHARMATICAL TECHNOLOGY

HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA

YEAR I –SEMESTER II

COURSE COURSE TITLE L T P CU CH PRE-REQUISITE

GLT 302 Instrumentation (general) 15 - 30 2.0 45

STH 301 Biochemical Method 15 - 90 2.0 105

STC 313 Organic Chemistry 15 - 30 2.0 45

STM 312 Microbiological Techniques 15 - 30 2.0 45

STY 321 General Principles of Pharmacology II 15 - 30 2.0 45

PCT 321 Tablets, Capsules and Solid Dosages 30 - 60 4.0 90

GNS 302 Communication in English III 30 - - 2.0 30

TOTAL 18.0 375

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 PHARMATICAL TECHNOLOGY

HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA

YEAR I1–SEMESTER I

COURSE COURSE TITLE L T P CU CH PRE-REQUISITE

GLT 303 Biological and Chemical Instrumentation 30 - 45 3.0 75

STY 412 Clinical Pharmacology I 30 - 45 3.0 75

STY 423 General Principles of Pharmacology II 15 - 45 3.0 60

PCT 411 Liquid and Semi-liquid Pharmaceutical Products 30 - 45 3.0 75

PCT 412 General and Hospital Dispensing Practice 15 - - 1.0 15

GNS 420 Industrial Management 30 - 60 4.0 50

TOTAL 17.0 350

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 PHARMATICAL TECHNOLOGY

HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA

YEAR I I–SEMESTER II

COURSE COURSE TITLE L T P CU CH PRE-REQUISITE

STH 404 Forensic Biochemistry 15 - 30 2.0 45

PCT 421 Antimicrobial agents 30 - 60 4.0 90

PCTY 422 Chemical Sterilants 15 - 45 2.0 60

PCT 423 Infusions, Injections, Aseptic/Sterile Products 30 - 60 4.0 90

PC T 424 Quality Control Techniques 30 - 45 3.0 75

PCT 424 Seminar 15 - - 1.0 15

PCT 425 Research Project - - - 6.0

GNS 402 Literary Appreciation Oral Compresition 30 - - 2.0 30

TOTAL 24.0 405

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PROGRAMME: Pharmaceutical Technology National Diploma

COURSE: Introduction to Pharmacology

CODE: PCT 111

DURATUON (Hours/Week): Lecture: 2 Tutorial: 1 Practicals: 0

UNITS: 2.0

GOAL: This course is designed to provide students with knowledge of how drugs act on living cells.

General Objectives: On completion of this course, the diplomate will be able to:

1.0 Know basic principles involved in Pharmacology.

2.0 Know the principles of drug administration, adsorption, distribution and excretion

3.0 Know mechanism of drug action in the body

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PROGRAMME: Pharmaceutical Technology: Nation Diploma
COURSE CODE/TITLE PCT 111 Introduction to Pharmacology Theory only
Course Specification Provide the students with the knowledge of how drugs act on living cells
WEEK General Objective 1.0 Know basic principles involved in Pharmacology
Special Learning Objective: Teaching Learning Activities Resources
BASIC PRINCIPLES IN PHARMACOLOGY

1.1 Define Pharmacology.

1.2 Explain the broad divisions of pharmacology

thus:-

(i) Pharmacokinetics and

(ii) Pharmacodynamics

1.3 Explain Pharmacotherapeutics and

Toxiocology

1.4 List sources of drugs (plants, animal, Shows students some medicinal Samples of medicinal plants
mineral, synthetic and semi-synthetic plants, animals mineral, etc. animals.

1.5 Explain basic for drug classification.

1.6 Classify common drugs based on the criteria Show students extraction Extractions equipment
in 1.5 above. equipment.

1.7 Explain in outline the form of occurrence of

drug substances in plants, animal.

1.8 Describe an outline methods of extraction of

drug substances of plant and animal origin

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 1.9 Extract medicinal portions from common Supervise extraction practicals.
local plants.
General Objective 2.0 Know the principles of drug administration, adsorption distribution and excretion
Special Learning Objective: Teaching Learning Activities Resources

2.1 Identify common routes of drugs Use human models human models
administration with special emphasis
on oral, intravenous intramuscular and
subcutaneous.

2.2 Identify other routes of drug

administration e.g. sublingual rectal, Use human models human models
intraperitoneal etc.

2.3 List factors that influence the choice

of route of drug administration e.g. Use human models human models
pharmacokinetic principles of drugs
absorption in the body,
Pharmacokinetic principles of drugs
distribution in the body. Excretion
from the body ways of drug
metabolism in the body.

2.4 .Describe the forms of the drugs that

may be administered through the
routes listed in 2.1 and 2.2 above.

2.5 Describe methods of drug absorption Use human modules human models
in the body.

2.6 Describe methods of drugs Use human models human models

distribution in the body.

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 2.7 Identify routes and methods or drugs Use human models human models
excretion from the body.

2.8 Explain Metabolism of drugs

2.9 Describe various ways of drug

metabolism in the body

2.10 Describe the passage of drugs across

the cell membrane.

2.11 Describe active and passive diffusion

of drugs across a cell membrane.

2.12 Explain how the various routes affect

absorption and distribution of drugs.

2.13 Explain factors that affect absorption

distribution, metabolism and excretion
of drugs.

General Objective 3.0 Know mechanism of drug action in the body

Pharmacodynamic Principles

3.1 Identify various mechanism of drug action in Demonstrate drug actions using Laboratory animals
the body. laboratory animals.

3.2 Explain receptor and non-receptor action of

drugs with examples.

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 3.3 Define agonist, partial agonist, antagonist,
potentiation synergism, etc.

3.4 Explain drug potentiation and antagonism in

a biological system.

3.5 Explain close-response relatonshp.

3.6 Define dose, concentration and

response/effect.

3.7 Explain graded and quanta responses.

3.8 Distinguish between affinity and potency of

a drug.

PRACTICAL CONTENTS
WEEK PRACTICALS TEACHERS ACTIVITIES RESOURCES
1.6 Classify common drugs based on the criteria in Show students extraction Extractions equipment
1.5 above. equipment.
1.9 Extract medicinal portions from common local Supervise extraction practicals
plants.

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PROGRAMME: PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY: NATIONAL DIPLOMA

COURSE: PHARMACEUTICAL CALCULATIONS

CODE: PCT 121

DURATION (Hour/Week): Lecture: 1 Tutorials: 0 Practicals: 3

UNITS: 2.0

GOAL: This course is designed to enable the diplomate determine accurate dosage in drug

preparation.

General Objective: On completion of this course, the student will be able to:

1.0 Know how to calculate the percentage strength of a preparation

2.0 Know the use of aliquot proportion in dilution of small quantities

3.0 Know calculations for aliquot proportion in dilution of small quantities.

4.0 Know the art of weighing and measurement

5.0 Know methods of filtration and straining

6.0 Know how to make solutions

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PROGRAMME: Pharmaceutical Technology
Course: Pharmaceutical Calculations Course Code: PCT 121 Contact Hours: Hrs (Units) 45

WEEK General Objectives: THIS COURSE ID DESGNED TO ENABLE THHE STUDENT DERTERMINE ACCURATE
DOSAGE IN DRUGS PREPARATON
Special Learning Objective: Teachers Activities Resources

WEEK General Objective: 1.0 Know how to calculate the percentage strength of a preparation
Special Objective Teachers Activities Resources

1.1 Explain strength of a solution as parts of Demonstrate portions admixture Scales, measuring cylinders
1-2 dissolved substance in parts of solution
e.g. 1 in 4,000 = 1/4000 x 100/1 = 1/40 =
0.025%

1.2 Explain the formula for weight in volume Assignments

(W/V) solution as Solid 1 part by weight.

1.3 Explain 1% solution as 1g of solution in

100ml i.e. 1g in 100ml = 1%

1.4 Explain the equivalent weight of solute

W/W mixtures of solids with solids
V/V solution of liquid in liquid.

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 General Objective: 2.0 Know the use of aliquot proportion in dilution of small quantities
Special Objective Teachers Activities Resources.

3-4 2.1 Explain small quantities in powders by Demonstrate 2.1 for students Glasswares
dilution using aliquot portion of diluents
e.g. lactose 1 in 10 or1in 1000.

2.2 Explain aliquot portions of solution as Demonstrate 2.2 Glasswares

1 in 1000 or 0.1g n 100ml = 100mg in
100ml.
2.3 Define aliquot portions in powders and
solution as powders aliquot titration.

General Objective: 3.0 Know calculations for aliquot proportion in dilution of small quantitiesa.
Special Objective Teachers Activities Resources.

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5-6 3.1 Define calculation on bulk preparations as Show students homogenous Homogeneous
scaling up, scaling down and heterogeneous mixture and
show the different Heterogeneous mixture
3.2 Explain dilution and dilution factor

3.3 Calculate from experimental data. degree

of dilution to determine required volume
from concentrate.

3.4 Identify homogeneous mixtures, Supervise practicals Mortar, pistel solvents,

heterogeneous mixtures. Identification of mixtures glassware.

3.5 Produce homogeneous and heterogeneous

mixtures, using mortar and pestle.

3.6 Classify mixtures as

Mixtures of solids
Mixtures of liquid and solid
Mixture containing semi solids.
Mixture of liquids

3.7 Explain the contribution of incorrect

mixing on incorrect dosage

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 General Objective: 4.0 Know the technique of weighing and measurement
Special Objective Teachers Activities Resources.
7-8 .
4.1 Identify various methods of weighing and Demonstrate weighing and Scales, measuring cylinders,
measuring. measuring for students. balances

4.2 Weigh and measure substances using.

Various weighing instruments.

4.3 Identify true and false meniscus. Supervise practicals

4.4 Identify correct holding of bottle with

medicament during weighing.

4.5 Align the bottom of meniscus with Supervise practicals

graduation line for accurate measure of
volume between graduaton

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 General Objective: 5.0 Know methods of filtration and straining
Special Objective Teachers Activities Resources.
9-10
5.1 Describe types of filtration coarse Demonstrate filtration for Filters
filtration, fine filtration students.

5.2 Identify materials for the types of

filtrations in 5.1 above. Supervise filtration. Filters

5.3 Filter various liquids and mixtures Supervise practicals. Filters glasswares.
using the materials and equipment in
5.2 above.
Filteration medium
5.4 Reduce the viscosity of a given liquid
using a filtration medium of high
porosity.

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 General Objective: 6.0 Know how to make solutions
Special Learning Objective Teachers Activities Resources.
11-12
6.1 Define solution as a process of mass
transfer.

6.2 Describe the processes of finely

powdering solid, agitation; elevating
the temperature of the liquid to increase
the rate of solubility of the solid.

6.3 Prepare the following solutions and Supervise Practical preparation Laboratory glasswares
adjust to the volume of solutions.
Mist magnesium tricilicate;
Calamine lotion;
Linctuses

PRACTICAL CONTENTS
WEEK PRACTICALS TEACHERS ACTIVITIES RESOURCES
3.3 Calculate from experimental data,
degree of dilution to determine Demonstrate weighing and Scales, measuring cylinders,
required volume. From concentrate measuring for students. balances
3.5 Produce homogeneous and
heterogeneous mixtures, using mortar
and pestle

30
4.1 Identify various methods of weighing Supervise practicals
and measuring.

4.2 Weigh and measure substances using

Various weighing instruments.
Supervise practicals
4.3 Identify true and false meniscus.

4.4 Identify correct holding of bottle with

medicament during weighing.

4.5 Align the bottom of meniscus with

graduation line for accurate measure
of volume between graduaton

5.2 Identify materials for the types of

filtrations in 5.1 above.

5.3 Filter various liquids and mixtures

using the materials and equipment in
5.2 above.

5.4 Reduce the viscosity of a given liquid

using a filtration medium of high
porosity.

6.3 Prepare the following solutions and

adjust to the volume
Mist magnesium tricilicate;
Calamine lotion;
Linctuses

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PROGRAMME: PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY: NATIONAL DIPLOMA

COURSE: COMPOUNDING 1

CODE: PCT 211

DURATION (HOURS/WEEK) Lectures 1 Tutorials 0 Practicals 3

UNITS: 2.0

GOAL: This course is designed to enable the diplomate understand and carry out basic compounding operations.

GENERAL OBJECTIVES: On completion of this course, the diplomate should be able to:

1.0 Know the fundamental operations in compounding.

2.0 Know the technologies of size reduction and size separation.

3.0 Know the techniques and operation of dispensing balances.

4.0 Carry out basic compounding operations.

5.0 Know the basic equipment requirement for a hospital compounding unit.

6.0 Know construction requirements of a hospital compounding unit.

7.0 Know the basis and selection procedure for galenicals used in the formulation of preparations in compounding unit

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Programme: Pharmaceutical Technology National Diploma
Course: Compounding I Code: PCT 211 Duration 1 – 0 – 3 (30 Hrs)
Course Objectives: To enable student understand and carry out basic compounding operations.
WEEK General Objectives: 1.0 Know the fundamental operations in compounding.
Specific (Performance) Objectives Teachers Activities Resources

Fundamental Operations in Compounding

1.2 Identify units of measurement for solid Show students various scales Weighing scales
Substances.

1.3 Weigh of solid and liquids

1.4 Identify units of measurement for liquids

1 substances;

1.5 Identify apparatus used for liquid measurement;

Show various measuring cylinders/ Glassware
1.6 Calculate accuracy of weights/volumes; Glassware

1.7 Carry out basic proportional calculations and

allegations of quantities.

1.8 Carry out compounding operations using official Supervise compounding practicals. Utensils
references on brake and Manu graph

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General Objectives 2.0 Know the technologies of size reduction and size separation
2.1 Explain the concept of size reduction.
Show students instrument and Setters, series etc.
2.2 Identify instruments and equipment use in size equipment
reduction in compounding e.g. mortars.

2.3 Reduce particle size using homogenizers, mills

e.g. the equipment and instruments in 2.2 Supervise practicals Mills, homogenizers
2 above.

2.4 Describe different methods for determining

particle size.

2.5 Determine particle size by any of the methods Supervise practicals

in 2.4 above.

General Objectives 3.0 Know the techniques and operation of dispensing balances

3.1 Classify different weighing instruments (pan, Show students various weighing Weighing instruments
analytical, top loading, beam, chain balances, instruments
etc.).

3.2 Weigh compounding substances using Supervise weighing practicals "

3 weighing balances;.
"
3.3 Calibrate of weighing balances "

3.4 Services of weighing balances. " "

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General Objectives 4.0 Carry out basic compounding operations

4.1 Describe the techniques of trituration of solid Demonstrate technique for students Utensils
with solid substances.

4.2 Prepare divided powders. Supervise practicals Packaging and labeling machines
4.2 – 4.5
4.3 Prepare effervescent powders. 4.7 and 4.9

4.4 Prepare bulk powders, dusting powders, etc

4.5 Package and label of powders;

4
4.6 Describe the techniques of mixing solids and
liquids substances.

4.7 Mix solid and liquid substances.

4.8 Describe the techniques of mixing liquids

substances.

4.9 Mix liquid substances applying the techniques Mixing machine.

in 4.8 above.

35
General Objectives: 5.0 Know the basic equipment requirement for a hospital compounding unit
Hospital Compounding Unit
5.1 Explain the criteria for selection of basic List the requirements with examples ST2
compounding apparatus for hospital Equipment for size reduction water
compounding production falling apparatus compounding
Show the reframe Glassorares
5.2 Identify types and unit quantities of weighing 5.2 – 5.6 to students to make Packaging
and measuring equipments for hospital sketches. Waterrals.
compounding.

5.3 Identify types and quantities of size reduction

5 equipment for hospital compounding.

5.4 Identify types and sizes of water production

equipment in hospital compounding

5.5 Identify types and sizes of product filling and

distribution apparatus in hospital compounding

5.6 Identify types of glass wares for compounding

operations

5.7 Select containers and other packaging materials

for the preparations.

5.8 Describe the placement and arrangement of

equipment in the compounding unit.

36
 General Objectives 6.0 Know construction requirements of a hospital-compounding unit.
Compounding unit
6.1 Outline the set up of a compounding unit. Show a sketch of a compounding
unit
6.2 Describe the location and size of compounding
room in relation to other units of the pharmacy.

6.3 Describe the requirements for floor

construction and maintenance in a
compounding unit.

6 6.4 Describe the wall construction and furnishing Lead students on a visit to hospital Compounding unit.
of a compounding unit compounding unit

6.5 Identify types of slabs, benches and furnishings

for a compounding unit.

6.6 Describe types of provisions ventilation and air

control considerations in a compounding unit.

General Objectives 7.0 Know the basis and selection procedure for galenicals used in the formulation of preparations in compounding unit

7.1 Identify the nature and size of products for Show students various sizes of Products for compounding.
preparation in compounding unit. products for compounding.

7.2 Identify galenicals and other chemicals required for

different extemporaneous preparation.

7.3 Select galenicals and other chemicals for different Galenicals.

37
 extemporaneous stock control and purchasing
processes.

7 7.4 State various galenicals for extemporaneous

preparation * storage consideration of galenicals and
finished.

7.5 Store various galenicals for extemporaneous

preparations.

7.6 Select monographs and compilation of formularies.

PRACTICAL CONTENTS
WEEK PRACTICALS TEACHERS ACTIVITIES RESOURCES
1.3 Weigh of solid and liquids

1.5 Identify apparatus used for liquid

measurement;

1.8 Carry out compounding operations using Supervise compounding Utensils

official references on brake and Manu graph practicals

2.2 Identify instruments and equipment use

in size reduction in compounding e.g.
mortars.

2.3 Reduce particle size using homogenizers, Supervise practicals Mills homogenizers
mills e.g. the equipment and instruments
in 2.2 above.

38
3.2 Weigh compounding substances using Supervise weighing practicals ”
weighing balances
”
3.3 Calibrate of weighing balances ”
”
3.4 Services of weighing balances ”

4.2 Prepare divided powders. Supervise practicals Packaging and labeling

42 – 45 machines
4.3 Prepare effervescent powders. 47 and 49

4.4 Prepare bulk powders, dusting powders, etc

4.5 Package and label of powders;

4.7 Mix solid and liquid substances.

4.9 Mix liquid substances applying the

techniques in 4.8 above.

5.2 Identify types and unit quantities of weighing Show the reframe Glassware
and measuring equipments for hospital 52 – 56 to students to make Packaging
compounding. sketches Materials

5.3 Identify types and quantities of size reduction

equipment for hospital compounding.

5.4 Identify types and sizes of water production

equipment in hospital compounding

5.5 Identify types and sizes of product filling and

39
 distribution apparatus in hospital
compounding

5.6 Identify types of glass wares for

compounding operations

5.7 Select containers and other packaging

materials for the preparations.

6.5 Identify types of slabs, benches and

furnishings for a compounding unit

7.1 Identify the nature and size of products for Show students various sizes of Products for compounding
preparation in compounding unit. products for compounding.

7.2 Identify galenicals and other chemicals

required for different extemporaneous
preparation.

7.3 Select galenicals and other chemicals for

different extemporaneous stock control and
purchasing processes..

7.5 Store various galenicals for extemporaneous

preparations.

40
PROGRAMME: PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY: NATIONAL DIPLOMA
COURSE: GENERAL DISPENSING PRACTICE
CODE: PCT 212
DURATION (HOURS/WEEK) Lectures 1 Tutorials 0 Practical 3
UNITS: 2.0
GOAL: This course is designed to provide the student with a basic knowledge of general hospital dispensing practice
GENERAL OBJECTIVES: On completion of this course, the diplomate should be able to:
1.0 Know the scope of hospital dispensing practice.
2.0 Know the history of pharmacy practice in Nigeria.
3.0 Understand the difference between dispensing and prescription.
4.0 Know how to interpret prescriptions.
5.0 Know general dispensing procedures.
6.0 Know different kinds of containers for dispensing.
7.0 Know different kinds of container labels.
8.0 Know preparations used in extemporaneous dispensing.
9.0 Understand the dosage and uses of galenicals in the laboratory.
10.0 Know doses of dispensed products.
11.0 Understand methods of preparation and uses of emulsifying agents.
12.0 Know how to prepare oral unit dosage forms.
13.0 Know preparation of ointments pastern and jells.
14.0 Know how to prepare suppositions and pastries

41
PROGRAMME: Pharmaceutical Technology: National Diploma
General Dispensing Practice: Code: PCT 212 Duration 60 Hours
Course: This course is designed to provide the student with knowledge of general hospital dispensing practice.
WEEK General Objectives: 1.0 Know the scope of hospital dispensing practice
1 Specific Objectives Teacher Activities Resources
1.1 Define dispensing as provided in the Pharmacy Explain with a sketch and organogram Hospital dispensary prescriptions.
and Poisons Act of 1993. of hospital dispensary.

1.2 Outline the scope and components of hospital

dispensing.

1.3 Differentiate between dispensing and

compounding.

1.4 Explain prescription as covered by law.

1.5 Outline the general principles of dispensing a

prescription.

42
General Objective 2.0 Know the history of pharmacy practice in Nigeria

2.1 Outline the history of pharmacy practice in

2 Nigeria.

2.2 Outline the legislature covering pharmacy

practice in Nigeria Provide copy of the legislature Copy of Law

2.3 Outline the organogram of a hospital pharmacy

2.4 Outline the organogram of a community

pharmacy.

2.5 Identify hospital pharmacy personnel and their

functions

General Objective 3.0 Understand the difference between dispensing and prescription.

3.1 Define dispensing.

3.2 Define prescription.

3.3 Identify parts of a prescription.

3.4 Explain the role of the following n dispensing Show students descriptions for Sample
and prescription
3 Medical practitioner interpretation. Prescriptions
Veterinary surgeon
Pharmacist
Pharmaceutical technologist
Pharmacy assistant

43
 Nurse attendant

General Objective 4.0 Know how to interpret prescriptions

4.1 Explain Latin terms used in prescription.

4.2 Identify prescribed drugs and doses.

4 4.3 Explain other instruction on a prescription e.g. Use samples of prescriptions Chart
method of administration
Duration of treatment

4.4 Identify route of administration e.g. through

mouth, ear, eye, anus skin injection,
intramuscular intravenous etc.

4.5 Identify parts of the body to which preparation Use human model Human models
is to be applied of for external use

General Objective 5.0 Know general dispensing procedures.

5.1 Explain general dispensing procedures.

5.2 Identify hygienic factors for reducing

contamination of dispensed products.
5
5.3 Obtain dispensing information from reference Show students reframe books Reframe books

44
 books.

5.4 Identify possible risk of errors in dispensing.

General Objective 6.0 Know different kinds of containers for dispensing.

6.1 Identify desirable features of containers for
dispensing e.g. easy to clean and sterilize, non Explain feactures with samples of Container samples
coercers etc. containers

6 6.2 Identify dispensing containers that could be

airtight, security closed, hermetically sealed. "
"
6.3 Identify materials that could be used for
making dispensing containers e.g. glass, plastic
rubber, metal

6.4 Describe other methods of packaging " "

prescription other than in containers e.g. paper
wrappings plastic bags etc.

General Objective 7.0 Know different kinds of containers for labels.

7.1 Explain labeling.

7.2 Identify types of labeling.

7
7.3 Identify information that should be on a label
e.g. dosage; route of administration; Show types of labels and labeling Labeling machines
contraindication; expiring date; shelf life; machines
storage conditions, disposal methods etc.

45
 7.4 Dispose drugs following 6.1 – 6.7 above.
7.5 Explain proper name label and proper name

General Objectives 8.0 Know preparations used in extemporaneous dispensing

8.1 Explain extemporaneous preparations.

8.2 Identify examples of extemporaneous

preparations. Show samples of extemporaneous Extemporaneous preparations
preporation
8.3 Explain the effect of light on extemporaneous
preparations.

8.4 Describe methods of protecting Demonstrate 8.3 – 8.5 for students

extemporaneous preparations from light.

8.5 Protect extemporaneous preparations from

light.

8.6 Describe methods of extraction in Show preparations affected by light Chemical Science
extemporaneous preparations. Pharmacy laboratory

8 8.7 Identify alcoholic and igneous extemporaneous

preparations.

8.8 Explain uses of water, tinctures, spirit, and Lectures and Practicals
extract in extemporaneous preparation.

8.9 Assist in preparing various extemporaneous Supervise practicals

preparations for dispensing.

46
General Objective 9.0 Understand the dosage and uses of galenicals in the laboratory

9.1 Explain galenicals. Show samples of galeticals Galeticals

9.2 List various galenicals

9 9.3 Explain uses of powders.

9.4 Identify poisons and non poisons.

9.5 Describe the temperature and methods of

storage of galeticals

General Objectives 10.0 Know doses of dispensed products.

10.1 Classify dispensed products as Show samples of solutions Samples of solutions

Solutions
Suspensions;
Emulsions;
Creams;
Powders;
Oral dosages;
Ointment;
10 Ellies;
Suppositions;
Peccaries.

10.2 Identify medium for preparation of the

products in 10.1 above e.g. aromatic waters.

47
 10.3 Explain uses of aromatic waters as flavoring,
preservatives etc.

10.4 Identify different forms of solutions.

General Objectives 11.0 Understand methods of preparation and uses of emulsifying agents.

11.1 Explain suspensions and emulsions as solids. Show samples of suspensions and Suspensions emulsions
emulsions.
11.2 Identify diffusible and non-dffusible solide.

11.3 Identify suspending and emulsifying agents.

11
11.4 Determine when to apply the agents in 11.3
above
11.5 Classify emulsion as
Oil in water
Water in oil.

General Objectives 12.0 Know how to prepare oral unit dosage forms

12.1 Define powder and oral unit

- dosage forms Show examples of each of 12.1 Samples of powders and oral units
- bulk powders for internal use
- bulk powders for external use
- divided (i.e single dose powder)
12 - granutes or effervescent granutes
- sachets
- hard capsules.

12.2 Prepare and package individual powders.

48
 12.3 Identify tablets and capsules.

12.4 Explain granulation.

12.5 Describe the techniques for filling capsules. Supervise practicals Capsule filler.

12.6 Fill capsules.

General Objectives: Know preparation of ointments pastern and jells

13.1 Identify ointments pastes and gells. Show samples of ointments, pastes Samples of ointments, pastes and
and gells. gells.
13.2 Identify ointment bases.
13
13.3 Describe the characteristic of ointment bases.

13.4 Describe methods of preparation of\ ointment

by fusion.

13.5 Prepare ointment by fusion.

13.6 Explain factors affecting the stability of

ointments.

49
General Objectives. 14.0 Know how to prepare suppositions and pastries.

14.1 Define suppositories and pastries. Show samples of suppositions and Suppositions pastries.
pastries
14 14.2 Identify types of suppository base.

14.3 Describe characteristics of suppository base.

14.4 Describe shapes and sizes of suppositories

and pastries.

WEEK PRACTICALS TEACHERS ACTIVITIES RESOURCES

4.6 Identify parts of the body to which preparation is Use human model Human models
to be applied of for external use.

9.4 Identify poisons and non poisons

10.2 Identify medium for preparation of the products in

10.1 above e.g. aromatic waters

10.3 Identify different forms of solutions

11.2 Identify diffusible and non-diffusible solid

11.3 Identify suspending and emulsifying agents

50
12.2 Prepare and package individual powders

12.3 Identify tablets and capsules

12.6 Fill capsules

13.1 Identify ointments pastes and gells Show samples of ointments, Samples of ointments, pastes and
pastes and gells gells
13.2 Identify ointments bases

13.5 Prepare ointment by fusion

14.2 Identify types of suppository base

51
PROGRAMME: Pharmaceutical Technology (ND)

COURSE: INTRODUCTION TO DRUG QUALITYCONTROL

CODE: PCT 213

UNITS: 2.0

DURATION (Hour/Week): Lecture: 1 Tutorials: 0 Practicals: 2

GOAL: This course is designed to introduce students to the basic theory and practice of the quality control of

drugs and related substances.

General Objectives: On completion of the course, diplomatges will be able to:

1.0 Know the concept of quality control of drugs.

2.0 Know the use of official reference books in drug quality control analysis.

3.0 Know how to carry out basic identity tests on pharmaceutical substances.

4.0 Know the maintenance of quality control laboratory

52
PROGRAMME: Pharmaceutical Technology (ND)
Course: Introduction to Drug Quality control PCT 213 Duration 1 – 0 - 2
Course Objectives: To introduce students to the basic theory and practice of the quality control of drugs and related substances.
WEEK General Objectives 1.0 Know the concept of quality control of drugs.
Special Learning Objective: Teacher Activities Resources

1.1 Define quality control.

1.2 Explain the terms

Substandard Show students’ samples of Samples of substandard fake
Fake substandard fake and and adulterated drugs.
Adulterated adulterated drugs.

1.3 List the components and types of drugs in

quality control.

1.4 Explain the objectives and need for quality

control of drugs and related substances.

1.5 Explain the official limits of chemical

substances.

1.6 List factors that contribute to error

interpretation of results in quality control of
drugs.

1.7 Describe the layout and setting of a drug Take students into a quality
quality control laboratory. control laboratory and explain
the layout.

53
General Objectives: 2.0 Know the use of official reference books in drug quality control analysis.

Specific Objectives:

2.1 Define reference book

2.2 List types of reference books in quality control

of drugs and related substances. Reference books
Show students different
2.3 Describe methods and techniques of using reference books and explain the
reference books in quality control of drugs and content and use to them.
related products.

WEEK General Objectives 3.0 Know how to carry out basic identity tests on pharmaceutical substances.

3.1 Classify quality control tests.

3.2 Describe types of physical identity tests on

pharmaceutical substances.-: odour, taste, co
lour, appearance, density.

3.3 Describe the methods and procedure for

determining the physical characteristics of
pharmaceutical substances.

3.4 List types of organoleptic tests for

pharmaceutical substances
Deformed diver minatory
Descriptive;
Preference

54
3.5 List common pharmaceutical raw materials.
Plant, animal, mineral

3.6 Describe procedures for quality control of

pharmaceutical raw materials.

3.7 Describe raw material sampling techniques.

3.8 Describe product sampling techniques.

3.9 Describe stock control techniques in

pharmaceuticals quality control.

3.10 Explain test method validation of

pharmaceutical substances.

3.11 Describe test methods for validation of

pharmaceutical substances. Show students the various Spectrophotometer colorimeter
instrument and explain their flame photometer
3.12 Identify analytical instruments for validation of functions. Roman spectrophotometer
pharmaceutical substances e.g Demonstrate their uses. Atomic absorption
Colorimeter spectrophotometer
Spectrophotometer X ray spectroscope phmeter
Flame photometer Gas liquid chromatograph
Raman spectrophotometer
Atomic absorption spectrophotometer
X-ray spectroscope
Ph meter
Gas liquid chromatograph
Column chromatograph
Polar meter
Refract meter

55
 Microscopes
Centrifuge
Incubator
Colony conniver etc.

General Objective 4.0 Know the maintenance of quality control laboratory

4.1 Explain the importance of quality control

laboratory in pharmaceutical products Conduct students through a Quality control laboratory
manufacture. quality control laboratory and
point out the features
4.2 Describe the physical requirements for a
pharmaceutical quality control laboratory. Size,
furnishing, location, waste disposal.

4.3 List the basic equipment requirements for a Visit a pharmaceutical

pharmaceutical manufacture quality control manufacturing industry
laboratory.

4.4 Identify the type of personnel for quality

control in pharmaceutical manufacture.

4.5 List special precautions in the care of quality

control instruments and laboratory.

56
PRACTICAL CONTENTS

WEEK PRACTICALS TEACHERS ACTIVITIES RESOURCES

3.12 Identify analytical instruments for Show students the various Spectrophotometer colorimeter
validation of pharmaceutical substances e.g instrument and explain their flame photometer
Colorimeter functions. Roman spectrophotometer
Spectrophotometer Demonstrate their uses. Atomic absorption
Flame photometer spectrophotometer
Raman spectrophotometer X ray spectroscope phmeter
Atomic absorption Gas liquid chromatograph
spectrophotometer
X-ray spectroscope
Ph meter
Gas liquid chromatograph
Column chromatograph
Polar meter
Refract meter
Microscopes
Centrifuge
Incubator
Colony conniver etc.

57
PROGRAMME: PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY: NATIONAL DIPLOMA

COURSE: PHARMACY LAWS AND ETHICS

CODE: PCT 221

DURATION (HOURS/WEEK) Lectures 1 Tutorials 0 Practicals 0

UNITS: 1.0

GOAL: This course is designed to enable the diplomate acquire a basic knowledge of the laws and ethics of the practice of pharmaceutical

technology as a profession.

GENERAL OBJECTIVES: On completion of this course, the diplomate should be able to:

1.0 Know the history of pharmacy and pharmaceutical technology in Nigeria.

2.0 Know schedule poisons

3.0 Know some legal terms used in pharmacy and pharmaceutical technology.

4.0 Know criminal offences in pharmaceutical manufacture and pharmacy practice.

58
PROGRAMME: Pharmaceutical Technology: National Diploma
Course: Pharmacy laws and Ethics Course Code: PCT 221 Contact hours 15 (1 – 0) unit
Course Objectives This course is designed to enable the diplomate acquire a basic knowledge of the laws and ethics of the practice of pharmaceutical
Technology profession.
1.0 Know the history of pharmacy and pharmaceutical
technology in Nigeria.

1.1 List manufacturing companies of drugs,

detergents, food and nutrients, additive in
Nigeria.

1.2 Outline the origin of the companies in 1.1

above and their locations.

1.3 Identify the products of the companies in 1.1

above.

1 1.4 Identify the sources of raws materials for the Show samples of classified drugs. Classified drugs
companies in 1.1 above.

1.5 Classify the drugs manufactured by the

companies in 1.1 above..

1.6 Explain the pharmacy ordnance of 1927, 1936

and 1960.

1.7 Explain poison and pharmacy act 1964.

1.8 Explain dangerous drugs law cap 48.

59
General Objectives: 2.0 Know schedule poisons

2.1 Define poisons.

2.2 Classify schedule poisons. Under part

one, part two and part three.

2.3 List examples of poison Show samples of poison Samples of poison

2.4 Identify poison.

2.5 Describe methods of labeling of poisons

2
2.6 Describe methods of storage of poisons.

2.7 Describe methods of disposal of poisons.

2.8 Store, label and dispose of poisons.

2.9 Outline methods of manufacture act

common poisons

60
General Objectives: 3.0 Know some legal terms used in pharmacy and pharmaceutical technology.

3.1 Define drugs

3.2 Explain the following dispense,

pharmacy, patient, proprietary, medicine

3.3 Explain the term dangerous drugs. Provide samples of the drugs Samples of dangerous drugs.

3 3.4 Explain the following drugs as dangerous

Prepared opium
Medicinal opium
Indian hemp
Cocaine

3.5 Identify other socially and medically

dangerous drugs

General Objective: 4.0 Know criminal offences in pharmaceutical manufacture and pharmacy practice
4.1 List offences considered criminal in law in
pharmaceutical manufacture and practice. E.g.
refusal to dispense dispensing negligence
adulteration products practicing in without
registration.

4 4.2 List penalties for the offences in 4.1 above.

4.3 Identify national agencies responsible for

controlling the quality of the manufacture of
pharmaceutical

61
PRACTICAL CONTENTS
WEEK PRACTICALS TEACHERS ACTIVITIES RESOURCES
1.3 Identify the products of the companies in
1.1 above.
Show samples of classified drugs Classified drugs
1.4 Identify the sources of raw materials for
the companies in 1.1 above.

2.4 identify poison

2.8 Store, label and dispose of poisons

3.6 Identify other socially and medically

dangerous drugs

62
HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA

PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY

63
PROGRAMME: HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY
OURSE: PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY CODE STM 413 2 0 3
Course Specification: THEORY AND PRACTICAL
WEEK General Objectives: 1.0 Outline the scope of pharmaceutical microbiology
Special Learning Objective. Teachers Activities Resources
SCOPE OF PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY

1.1 Explain the general principles of drug Blackboards

production. Over head projectors

1.2 Explain the general principles of drug action.

Conduct visit to pharmaceutical
1.3 Outline the laws regulating the production, establishments
scale and uses of drugs.

1.4 Outline microbiological standards in the

pharmaceutical industry.

WEEK General Objectives: 2.0 Know the various sources of drugs and the importance of microorganisms in the pharmaceutical Industry
Special Learning Objective. Teachers Activities Resources

64
 Microorganisms in Pharmaceutical Industry
Plant materials
2.1 Identify plant sources of drugs.

2.2 Identify animal sources of drug.

Show students plants with
2.3 Identify microbial sources of drugs. medicinal properties e.g. Nim
2 (Azadichasrita)
2.4 Explain synthesis drugs.

2.5 Differentiate between drugs from sources 2.1 to 2.3

and drugs from 2.4.

2.6 Explain the role of microorganisms in the spoilage of

drugs

WEEK General Objectives: 3.0 Understand the role of microorganisms as the main sources of antibiotics.
Special Learning Objective. Teachers Activities Resources

65
 MICROBIAL ANTIBIOTICS

3.1 Describe the production of penicillin antibiotic from Petri dishes

microbial sources. Media multo-disc
Filter paper
Antibotcs
3-4 3.2 Explain the semi-synthetic production of penicillin.Attempt to isolate soil
microorganism with antibiotic
3.3 Explain the modifications of the basic structure of properties
penicillin to produce other antibiotics. Test their antibiotic activity

3.4 Describe the production of Cephalosporins.

3.5 Describe the production of Streptomycin and related

antibiotics.

3.6 Describe the production of Tetracycline.

3.7 Describe the production of Chloramphenicol.

3.8 Describe the production of antibiotics from Bacillus

spp.

3.9 Describe production of synthetic antibiotics.

66
WEEK General Objectives: 4.0 Understand the general principles and mechanisms of action of the various kinds of antimicrobial
agents
Special Learning Objective. Teachers Activities Resources

67
 4.1 Define the following terms: -
i) antimicrobial agents Do same as above
ii) antibiotic spectrum
iii) bacteria static activity
iv) bactericidal activity
v) antiseptics/disinfectants. Demonstrate antibiotic
5-6 sensitivity using paper, disc
4.2 Explain antibiotic synergism and antagonism and MIC

4.3 Explain the mode of action of antibiotics on cell wall Demonstrate antimicrobial
synthesis. properties of common
disinfectants/antiseptics.
4.4 Explain the mode of action of an ell membrane.

4.5 Explain the mode of action of antibiotics that inhibit

protein synthesis.

4.6 Explain the mode of action antifungal agents

4.7 Explain the mode of action of sulphonamides.

4.8 List the qualities of a good disinfectant/antiseptic

4.9 Explain the mode of action of disinfectant.

4.10 Explain the factors that affect the mode of action of

disinfectant antiseptics.

4.11 Describe the various methods of testing for

efficiency of disinfectants/antiseptics.

68
WEEK General Objectives:: 5.0 Understand the factors that determine the sensitive or resistance to antibiotics by microorganisms
Special Learning Objective: Teachers Activities Resources

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE

5.1 Explain susceptibility/resistance of microorganisms Same as above

to different antibiotics.

5.2 List factors that can affect susceptibility/resistance

of microorganisms to ant microbial agent. Demonstrate the effect of
physiochemical factors on the
5.3 Explain changes in susceptibility/resistance of susceptibility/resistance of
microorganisms to ant microbial agent. microorganisms to some
antibiotics.
5.4 Explain the effects of age, nutritional factors,
temperature, PH and water activity on
susceptibility/resistance by microorganisms Carry out antibiotic sensitivity
tests.
5.5 Test for microbial susceptibility/resistance to
antibiotics using various techniques. Carry out MIC tests.

5.6 Explain the resistance of microorganisms to

antibiotics due to genetic factors of chromosomal
origin.

5.7 Explain resistance due to genetic factors of extra

chromosomal origin (Plasmids)

5.8 Explain resistance due to non-genetic factors..

69
WEEK General Objectives:: 6.0 Understand the principles involved in the microbiological assay of ant microbial agents
Special Learning Objective: Teachers Activities Resources

MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSAY
6.1 Explain though term Biological potency Same as above

6.2 Explain the physical and chemical methods of

assay.
Carry out microbiological assay
6.3 Describe the microbiological methods of assay of to demonstrate bioactivities
ant microbial.

6.4 Explain the units of measurement in assay

6.5 Carry out a microbiological assay using a given

sample e.g. blood, setum, urine and tissue fluid

70
WEEK General Objectives: 7.0 Know the role of microorganism n the production of vitamins and amino acids
Special Learning Objective Teachers Activities Resources
MICROORGANISMSIN THE PRODUCTION OF
VITAMINS AND AMINO ACIDS

7.1 Explain the general principles of vitamin

synthesis.

7.2 Describe vitamin B3 synthesis by

Pseudomonas spp

7.3 Describe vitamin B3 synthesis by Asbbva

gossypi, and Premothecium asbbvii

7.4 Describe the principles of amino acid

synthesis.

7.5 Describe L-Lysine production by E coli

combine wth Acrobacter aero genes

7.6 Describe L-Gutamin acid production by

Microcosms, Arthrobacter and
Brevibacterium spp.

7.7 Explain the advantages of L-form of amino

acids produce by microbes.

71
WEEK General Objectives: 8.0 Understand drug tolerance and addiction and the factors governing them
Special Learning Objective Teachers Activities Resources

DRUG TOLERANCE ABUSE AND

ADDICTION
8.1 Define the terms
13-14 i) tolerance Conduct visit to drug addiction
ii) abuse rehabilitation centre
iii) addiction

8.2 Explain the individual responses to drugs.

8.3 Explain the factors affecting drug disposition in

the body e.g. age, diet, and physiological state.
Etc.

8.4 Describe the different types of drug abuse

8.5 Explain the characteristics of drug addicts.

8.6 Explain addiction to the central nervous system

(CNS) by stimulants/depressants..

8.7 Describe different methods of control of drug

abuse and addiction.

72
PRACTICAL CONTENTS
WEEK PRACTICALS TEACHERS ACTIVITIES RESOURCES
2.1 Identify plant sources of drugs.

2.2 Identify animal sources of drug.

Show students plants with
2.3 Identify microbial sources of drugs medicinal properties e.g. Nim
(Azadichastrita)
5.5 Test for microbial susceptibility/resistance to. Carry out MIC tests
antibiotics using various techniques
6.5 Carry out a microbiological assay using a given
sample e.g. blood, setum, urine and tissue fluid

73
PROGRAMME: Higher National Diploma Pharmaceutical Technology
COURSE: General Principles of Pharmacology 1
CODE: STY 312
UNIT: 2.0
DURATION: (Hours/Week): Lecture: 1 Tutorials: 0 Practicals: 3
GOAL: The course is designed to provide the students with an introduction knowledge at pharmacology
GENERAL OBJECTIVES: On completion of this course, the diplomate should be able to:

1.0 Definition and Introduction to pharmacology

2.0 Know sources of drugs

3.0 Understand the concept of drug dosage

4.0 Know factors modifying drugs actions

5.0 Know routes of drug administration

6.0 Understand basic Pharmacokinetics

74
PROGRAMME: Higher National Diploma Pharmaceutical Technology
COURSE: General Principles of Pharmacology 1 Course Code STY 312 Contact Hours: 60 Hours (2.0 Units
Course Specification: Theory/Practicals
WEEK General Objective: 1.0 Definition and Introduction to pharmacology
Special Learning Objective: Teachers Activities Resources
1.1 Define pharmacology

1.2 List branches of pharmacology Show chart of branches of

Pharmacology
1.3 Define pharmacodynamics, pharmaco kinetics
and toxicology.
Charts
1.4 Explain the relationship between
pharmacology, physiology and patho-
physiology

75
WEEK General Objective: 2.0 Know sources of drugs
SPECIAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE TEACHERS ACTIVITIES RESOURCE

2.1 Identify various sources of drugs from plants; Show samples of sources of Prepare samples of plant and animal
animals; minerals; synthetic and semi- drugs. sources of drugs
synthetic materials.

2.2 Collect samples of the sources identified in

3–4 2.1 above.

2.3 Explain the active ingredients in the sources in

2.1 above.

2.4 Outline methods of extraction of the drugs

from the source in 2.1 above.

2.5 Explain active ingredients of drugs from the

source in 2.1 above.

General Objective: 3.0 Understand the concept of drug dosage.

3.1 Explain drug dosage

5-6 3.2 Define the following terms n relation to

drugs and dosage.

Side effect;
Cummulation;
Antagonistic;
Overdose;
Under dose.

76
 WEEK General Objective: 4.0 Know factors modifying drugs actions
Special Learning Objective Teachers Activities Resources
Show chart of modified action
4.1 Explain physico-chemical properties of
drugs, PH, pka

4.2 Physio-pathological status – disease

state.
7–8
4.3 Explain possible genetic factors that
modify drug action.

4.4 Explain the effects of notation, age, rest,

weight on drug actions.

4.5 List examples of 4.3 and 4.4 above

77
WEEK General Objective: 5.0 Know routes of drug administration
Special Learning Objective Teachers Activities Resources
5.1 Identify routes of drug administration Demonstrate routes of drug Syringes; dispensing cups
emphasizing on oral; intravenous; sub- administration
cutameous (SC); intramuscularly (IM);
sub-lingual; pulmonary; rectal;
intraperitoneal; topical; routes (eye, nose
9 - 10 skin weight intradermal
.
5.2 Distinguish between oral and parenteral
routes.

5.3 State advantages and disadvantages of

the various routes stated in 5.1 above.

5.4 Administer drugs through the various Supervise drug administration

route in 5.1 above. by students

78
WEEK General Objective: 6.0 Understand basic Pharmacokinetics
Special Learning Objective Teachers Activities Resources

11 - 13

79
 Chalk board.
6.1 Describe transportation of drugs across Discussion models
body cell membrane. Demonstration
Explain with models
6.2 Describe factor responsible for
transportation of drugs through the body.

6.3 Explain the involvement of protein in drug

movement through the body.

6.4 Explain drug intervention.

6.5 Explain drug metabolism.

6.6 List types of drug metabolism.

6.7 Identify sites of drug metabolism n the

body.

6.8 Explain drug interaction in

enhancing/inhibiting microsonal enzymes.

6.9 Identify routes of drug excretion.

6.10 Identify sites of drug excretion.

6.11 Explain factors affecting drug excretion

80
PRACTICAL CONTENTS

WEEK PRACTICALS TEACHERS ACTIVITIES RESOURCES

2.1 Identify various sources of drugs from plants;
animals; minerals; synthetic and semi-synthetic
materials.

2.2 Collect samples of the sources identified in 2.1

above.
5.4 Administer drugs through the various routes in Supervise drug administration
. 5.1 above by students
6.9 Identify routes of drug excretion
6.10 Identify sites of drug excretion

81
PROGRAMME: Higher National Diploma Pharmaceutical Technology
COURSE: Good Manufacturing Practice
CODE: PCT 311
DURATION: (Hours/Week): Lecture: 2 Tutorials: 0 Practicals: 3
UNIT: 3.0
GOAL: This course is designed to enable the diplomat know the routine practices in a pharmaceutical manufacturing Industry.
GENERAL OBJECTIVES: On completion of this course, the diplomate should be able to:

1.0 Know the scope of pharmaceutical industry.

2.0 Know the organizational structure of a pharmaceutical manufacturing industry.

3.0 Know the principles of equipment maintenance in pharmaceutical manufacture.

4.0 Know types and principles of pharmaceutical manufacturer

5.0 Know various storage methods in pharmaceutical manufacture.

6.0 Know the principles of validation.

7.0 Know the principles of products complain and recall

82
Course: Good Manufacturing Practice
Theory/Practicals Code PCT 311 Duration: 75 hours
General Objectives: 10 Know the scope of pharmaceutical industry.
Specific Objective
Week
1.1 List range of pharmaceutical products. Display pharmaceutical Sample of pharmaceutical
products: products.
1.2 Explain the main characteristics of
pharmaceutical industries- Drugs;
Cleanliness; Detergents;
Aseptic and sterile conditions, Antiseptics, etc.
1-2 Extreme care in production

1.3 List measures in ensuring safe manufacturing

environment in pharmaceutical industries.

1.4 Explain the conditions specifying the

following in the drug industry
Health and cleanliness of personnel;
Cleanliness sanitation and protection
of utensils and materials
service sanitation.

1.5 Explain the major position of the food and

drug Act of 1974.

1.6 Describe the importance of codea

83
 atimentarius.

1.7 Explain the sanitary standards for water used

in pharmaceutical manufacture.

1.8 Identify cleaning agents for pharmaceutical

industry.

1.9 Describe methods of pharmaceutical plant

cleaning and disinfectant.

1.10 Clean and disinfect pharmaceutical plant.

1.11 Identify factors that influence choice of Cleaning agents and materials.
cleaning materials for a pharmaceutical plant.

1.12 Describe the basic principles for hygienic

design of pharmaceutical plants Conduct students through
cleaning of pharmaceutical
1.13 Explain good manufacturing practice (GMP). plant environment and utensils

1.14 Identify the components of good

manufacturing practice as it affects
pharmaceutical manufacturing.

84
WEEK General Objective 2.0: Know the organizational structure of a pharmaceutical manufacturing industry.

2.1 Describe the layout of a pharmaceutical

manufacturing plant. Distribute sketches of typical Plant design
layout of a pharmaceutical
2.2 Explain the features of a typical manufacturing plant
pharmaceutical manufacturing plant e.g.
Cleanliness;
3-4 Sterility etc.

2.3 Describe the organizational of structure of

a typical pharmaceutical manufacturing
company.

2.4 Explain the critical role of the quantity

control section in pharmaceutical
manufacture.

2.5 Identify the roles of pharmaceutical

technology in pharmaceutical
manufacture.

2.6 Explain quality assurance.

2.7 Explain the objectives of quality

assurance.

2.8 .Describe methods of quality assurance in

pharmaceutical manufacture.

85
WEEK General Objectives 3.0 Know the principles of equipment maintenance in pharmaceutical manufacture.

3.1 Identify various equipment used in Guide students to identifying Pharmaceutical equipment for
5-6 pharmaceutical manufacture. and sketch the various milling, mixing, emulsifying,
Millings; equipment 3.1. – 3.3. Grade separating, filtering, distilling,
Mixing; sketches. tableting, concentrating,
Emulsifying; pelleting, coating, powdering,
Separating; gellating, drugging, sealing,
Filtering; packaging.
Distilling;
Table ting;
Concentrating;
Pelleting;
Coating;
Powdering;
Gellating;
Drugging;
Sealing;
Packaging

3.2 Identify equipment for quality control

of pharmaceutical practice.

3.3 Identify equipment for sanitizing,

sterilizing utensils equipment and
environment in pharmaceutical
manufacture.

86
 3.4 Carry out the processes listed in 3.1
above using the listed equipment.

3.5 Carry out the processes listed in 3.2

above using the identified equipment.

3.6 Carry out the processes listed in 3.3 Involve students in the various
above using the identified equipment. activities in 3.1 – 3.3 in the
pharmacy workshop. Grade
3.7 Describe the sanitary and other factors reports.
necessary for good choice of
equipment in the pharmaceutical
industry.

3.8 Describe the economic factors in

equipment selection including
capacity, total equipment or material
cost, installation cost, maintenance
cost, estimated life and replacement
cost, depreciation cost.

3.9 Identify various materials for

equipment construction.
WEEK General Objective 4.0 Know types and principles of pharmaceutical manufacturer

4.1 Explain batch and continuous manufacture.

7-8
4.2 Describe method of accepting and recording
raw materials for various pharmaceutical Recording book
products manufacture.

87
 4.3 Receive and records raw materials for Supervise work receipts and
various pharmaceutical products recording
manufacture.

4.4 Interpret and apply various formula and

methods in various pharmaceutical products
manufactures

4.5 Explain and apply various manufacturing Supervise and grade reports of Pharmaceutical workshop
techniques e.g. sterile manufacture. manufacture in the
pharmaceutical workshop.
4.6 Explain contract manufacture

4.7 Describe and apply various process controls

during batch or continuous manufacture..

WEEK General Objectives: 5.0 Know various storage methods in pharmaceutical manufacture.
9 - 10
5.1 Explain product stability.

5.2 Describe various methods of storing Conduct Storage raw materials

pharmaceutical raw materials. Students on visit to storage to
rectify raw materials and
5.3 Store various pharmaceutical raw materials. storage conditions. Grade
Reports.
5.4 Identify pharmaceutical packaging materials.

5.5 Identify various storage conditions for

pharmaceutical product.

5.6 Explain primary, secondary packaging

88
 materials.

5.7 Identify factors that affect product stability.

5.8 Explain stability testing.

5.9 Test for stability.

Conduct stability test. Grade
reports.

WEEK General Objectives: 6.0 Know the principles of validation.

11 - 12 6.1 Explain drug validation.

6.2 Describe the process of validation.

6.3 Explain concurrent validation.

6.4 Explain retrospective validation.

6.5 Explain revalidation.

6.6 Explain analytical validation.

6.7 Explain validation of the analyst.

89
WEEK General Objectives: 7.0 Know the principles of products complain and recall

13 - 14 7.1 List possible courses of products complaints Display product recall forms Display product recall forms
and recall.

7.2 Describe the process of products recall.

7.3 Describe categories of recall.

PRACTICAL CONTENTS
WEEK PRACTICALS TEACHERS ACTIVITIES RESOURCES
1.8 identify cleaning agents for pharmaceutical
industry
1.10 Clean and disinfect pharmaceutical plant Cleaning agents and materials

3.1 Identify various equipment used in Guide students to identifying Pharmaceutical equipment for
pharmaceutical manufacture. and sketch the various milling, mixing, emulsifying,
Millings; equipment 3.1. – 3.3. Grade separating, filtering, distilling,
Mixing; sketches. tableting, concentrating,
Emulsifying; pelleting, coating, powdering,
Separating; gellating, drugging, sealing,
Filtering; packaging.
Distilling;
Table ting;
Concentrating;
Pelleting;
Coating;
Powdering;
Gellating;
Drugging;
Sealing;
Packaging

90
3.2 Identify equipment for quality control of
pharmaceutical practice.

3.3 Identify equipment for sanitizing, sterilizing

utensils equipment and environment in
pharmaceutical manufacture.

3.4 Carry out the processes listed in 3.1 above

using the listed equipment.

3.5 Carry out the processes listed in 3.2 above

using the identified equipment.

3,6 Carry out the processes listed in 3.3 above Involve students in the various
using the identified equipment activities in 3.1 – 3.3 in the
pharmacy workshop. Grade
3.9 Identify various materials for equipment reports.
construction.

4.1 Receive and records raw materials for

various pharmaceutical products
manufacture.

4.2 Interpret and apply various formula and

methods in various pharmaceutical
products manufactures
5.3 Store various pharmaceutical raw materials

5.9 Test for stability

Contact stability test. Grade
reports.

91
92
PROGRAMME: Higher National Diploma Pharmaceutical Technology
COURSE: Pharmaceutical and Medicinal
Chemistry
CODE: PCT 312
DURATION: (Hours/Week): Lecture: 2 Tutorials: 0 Practicals: 4
UNIT: 2.0
GOAL: This course is designed to enable the diplomate understand the chemical nature of drugs and their manufacture.
GENERAL OBJECTIVES: On completion of this course, the diplomate will be able to:

1.0 Understand the Physiochemiical properties of drugs in relation to biological acction.

2.0 Understand the metabolic changes in drugs in the body system.
3.0 Understand the chemistry of antimaterials.
4.0 Understand the chemistry of the antineophastic agents.
5.0 Understand the chemistry of the sulfnmides, sulfones and folate reductase inhibitors with antibacterial action.
6.0 Understand the chemistry of the antibacterial antibiotics
7.0 Understand the chemistry of steroids and steroid harmones.
8.0 Understand the chemistry of the vitamins
9.0 Understand the chemistry of the pesticides.
10.0 Know the general techniques applied in the analysis and quality control of drugs.

93
PROGRAMME: PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA
Course: Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Course Code: PCT 312 Contact Hours: 2-0-3 Hrs: 75
Course Specification: This is course is designed to provide the student with an understanding of the application of chemical processes
in the manufacture and analysis of selected drugs
WEEK General Objective: 1.0 Understand the
Special Learning Objective: Teachers Activities Resources

1.1 Define a drug. Explain and illustrate the

1 activities in 1.1 to 1.15 with Chalkboard, chalk,
1.2 Outline the history of the development of drugs.
appropriate examples. recommended textbooks,
1.3 Describe the various routes of the distribution of Ask students questions on the lecture notebook.
drug in the body system. E.g. subject matter taught to assess
- Oral administration their learning out come.
- Parental administration
- Protein binding
- Drug metabolism
- Extretion.

1.4 Define acid and base according to the lowry and

brousted principle.
1.5 Classify types of drugs e.g. acidic, basic or
neutral.
1.6 Classify drugs according to their physiological
activities, viz.
- anti malarial agents
- anti infective agents
- anti bacterial agents
- anti viral agents
-
Special Learning Objective: Teachers Activities Resources

94
 - antineophastic agents
- central nervous system depressants
- central nervous system stimulants
- sulfonamides, fulfones and solate reductase
inhibitors with antibackterial action
- adrenergic agents
- cholinergic drugs and related agents
- diuretics
- cardiorascular agents
- local anesthetic agents
- histamine and antihistamine agent
- analgesic agents
- steroids and therapeutically related
compounds
- prostaglandins, leukotrienes and other
eicostanoids
- hormones
- vitamins and related compounds, etc.
1.7 Define degree of ionization (IPKA)
1.8 Explain how the degree of ionization
effects the activities of some drugs e.g
sulphonamides.
1.9 Explain the following concepts in drug
- structure activity relationships (SAR)
- partition coefficient
- combinatorial chemistry
1.10 Explain the use of i.1. above in the
statistical prediction of pharmacological
activities of drugs

95
Special Learning Objective: Teachers Activities Resources
1.11 Define biological receptor
1.12 Describe how the interaction of a drug
and receptor can result to
pharmacological responses in the body
system.
1.13 Describe the forces involved in the drug
– receptor interactions.
1.14 Explain isomerism
1.15 Explain the effects of stereoisomerisms
on pharmacological activities of drugs.
1.16 Explain molecular modification in drug
design
1.17 Explain the meaning of calculated
conformations,
1.18 Describe how 1.17 above can be used in
molecular modeling of drugs (computer
added drug design).
1.19 Modify a named drug by applying
molecular modeling.

96
General Objective: 2.0 Understand the metabolic changes in drugs in the body system.
Special Learning Objective: Teachers Activities Resources

97
 2.1 Explain the role of the liver enzymes in drug
metabolism Show the three samples in each Drug samples
2.2 Explain the two phases in drug metabolism of the classes in 2.2
(phases I and II)
2-3
2.3 Explain phase I a involving the modification of
the drug via oxidation and reduction reactions,
etc.

2.4 Explain phase II as involving the conjugation

of phase I products mainly into water
excretable products, e.g. glucoronids;
sulphates, etc.

2.5 Explain the term bioavailability.

2.6 Explain how the site of biotransformation of

drugs affects oral bioavailability.

2.7 Explain how the effect (metabolism) of a drug

in the body system depends on such factors as:-
- The structure of the drugs
- Route of administration
- Sex
- Strain and species of animal
- Age
- Diet
- Presence of other chemicals, etc.

98
WEEK General Objective:
Special Learning Objective: Teachers Activities Resource
2.8 Explain the following terms:-
- Chemical carcinogenesis
- Cancer chemotherapy
- Isosterism
- Taxcity
- Multagenicty
- Tetragenicity, etc.
2.9 Explain the effects of drugs on tissues in terms
of 2.8 above.
2.10 Explain how the metabolism of a drug may
enhance or lower toxic effect of a drug or make Industry
an innocuous compound toxic Conduct industrial visit

99
WEEK General Objective: 3.0 Understand the chemistry of Antimalarials
Special Learning Objective: Teachers Activities Resource
3.1 Outline the historical development of
antimalarial drug.
3.2 Classify antimalarial drugs according to their The activities in 3.1 to 3.7 Chalk board Chalk
4 physiological activities, namely:-
- sporozoitocides Explain, illustrate with relevant
- exoerythrocyttic schizontoices examples and ask students
- Erythrocytic schizontocides. relevant question
- Sporontocides.
3.3 Classify antimalarial drugs according to their
chemotherapentical actigities, namely:
- Cinchona alkaloids
- 4-aininoquinolines
- 9-animonoacridines
- 8-Aninoquillnolines
- biguanides
- pyrimidines
- sulfones
3.4 Explain alkaloids.
3.5 List alkaloids isolated from plants and animal
tissues, e.g. quinine; nicotine, cocains,
ephedrine, etc.
3.6 Describe the major sources, chemical
structures and physiological activities of the
drugs listed in 3.5 above.

100
3.7 Describe the stereochemistry and the
metabolic changes of the drugs listed in 3.5
above. Supervise desgining of Drawing boards
3.8 Design a plan for the isolation of drugs listed extraction plan
in 3.5 above from their natural source. Soxhlet extraction equipment
3.9 Extract alkaloids from named plants Supervise extraction of
3.10 Describe the general methods of the alkaloids from plants Chalkboard chalk
preparation of quinine in the laboratory.
3.11 Prepare quinine in the laboratory. Explain and illustrate the Glass wares
3.12 rite and describe the general structure of the activities in 3.10 to 3.45 with
4-aminoquino line antimalarial drugs. appropriate examples and ask
3.13 Derive the structure of the important members students relevant questions.
of the series 3.12 above and give their generic
as well as their IUPAC names e.g. Supervise quinine preparation
chloroquine, hydrochloroquine, santoquine, in the laboratory.
camoquine, etc.
3.14 Describe the general method of preparation of
the 4-aminoquinolines antimalarilals
3.15 Prepare chloroquine and camoquine in the
laboratory.
3.16 Describe the modification of the 4 aminoquino
structure and explain their effect on the
activities of their derivatives.
3.17 Explain the chemotherapentic uses of the 4-
aminoquinoline antimalarials.
3.18 Write and describe general structure of 8- Supervise preparation in the Glass wares
aminoquinolines antimalarials. laboratory
3.19 Deriv the structures of the important members
of the series from 3.18 above and give their
generic as well as their IUPAC names e.g.
pamaquine, etc.

101
3.20 Describe the general method of the synthesis
of 8-aminoquinoline antimalarials
3.21 Prepare a named 8-aminoquinoline
antimalarial in the laboratory.
3.22 Describe the various modifications of the 8-
aminoquinoline structrure and their effects on Supervise laboratory prepara- Glass wares
the activities of the derivatives tion of the named drug
3.23 Describe the metablic changes that occur in
the 8-aminoquinolines.
3.24 Describe the physiological uses of
8aminoquinolines.
3.25 Write and describe the general structure of 9-
aminacridines
3.26 Derive the structure of quinacrine (mepacrine)
from 3.25 above and give vts IUPAC name.
3.27 Describe the method of preparation of
quinacrine in the laboratory.
3.28 Prepare quinacrine in the laboratory. Supervise laboratory prepara- Glass wares
3.29 Describe the physical properties of quinacrine tion of quinancrine
and state its physiological uses.
3.30 Write and describe the general structure of
biquanide antimalarials
3.31 Derive the structures of the important
members of the series and give both their
generic and IUPAC names – e.g. proguanil,
chloroproguanil, etc.
3.32 Describe the synthesis of proguanil.
3.33 Synthesis proguanil in the laboratory
3.34 Describe the modification of the structure of
biguanide and its effects on the physiological
activities of the derivatives.

102
3.35 Explain the metabolism of the biguanides and
give the chemicalo names of the metabolites
e.g. 4,6-diamino, 1-para-chlorophenyl, etc.
3.36 Describe the physical properties of proguanil
and state its physiological uses.
3.37 Write and describe the general structure of the
pyrimidines.
3.38 Derive the structures of the important
members of the series from 3.37 above and
give both their generic and IUPAC names e.g
primethamine (Daraprim).
3.39 Describe the synthesis of pyrimethanine in the
laboratory.
3.40 Synthesise pyrimethanimine (Daraprime) in
the laboratory.
3.41 Describe the modification of the structure of
pyrimidine and the effects on the
physiological activities of the derivatives.
3.42 Explain the physiological uses of
pyrimethamine.
3.43 Write and describe the general structure of the
suplphone antimalarials .
3.44 Derive the structures of the important members of the
series and give both their generic and IUPAC names
e.g. 4,4’ Dianino diphemyl sulfome (Dapsonal DDS)
3.45 Describe the modification of the structure of dapsone
and its effect on the physiological activities of
derivatives (diacetyl and monoacetyl derivatives)

General Objective: 4.0 Understand the chemistry of the Antineophastic agents

Special Learning Objective: Teachers Activities Resource

103
 4.1 Explain antineophastic agents.
4.2 Classify antineophastic agent into the Explain and illustrate the
following given examples:- activities in 4.1 to 4.20 with Chalkboard chalk
- Alaaylating agents appropriate examples.
- Antimetabolites
- Hormones Ask students relevant questions
- Miscellaneous group 20 determine their learning
5-6 4.3 Classify the alkylating agents into:- outcome
- Nitrogen musterds
- Ethyleneic imine
- Esters of sulfonic acid
-
4.4 describe the general mode of action of the
alkylating agents.
4.5 Write the general formula of the nitrogen
musterds.
4.6 Describe with chemical equation the
mechanism of action of the nitrogen musterds
with the biological materials of the body
system.

4.7 Classify nitrogen musterds into their three

groups and give examples of the members of
each follows:
(i) Alkyl group – mechlorethamine HCL
(ii) Phenyl group – chloram bucil
(leukeran) - melphelan
(iii) Heterocylic group - uracil

4.8 Describe the method of synthesizing melphalan

in the laboratory.

104
4.9 Synthesising melphalan in the laboratory Supervise synthesis of Glass wares equiment
4.10 Write the general structure of the melphanlam in the laboratory
ethylenimines and derive the formulas and
nomenclatures of the members of the group.
4.11 Describe the mechanism of action of the
ethylenimines mentioned and in 4.10 above
and relate them to physiological activities.
4.12 Give the general structure of the sulphonic acid
Esters and derive the formula and generic name
of the most active compound in the group
(myceram).
4.13 Explain the meaning of anti-metabolites.
4.14 Classify the Anti-metabolite as:
- Folic acid antagonists
- Pyrimideine antagonists
- Purine antagonists
4.15 write the structure folic acidand derive the
formula of the folic acid antaogonist
(ethotrexate)
4.16 describe the mode of action of the folic acid
antagonists in the synthesis of nucleic acid
4.17 Identify a sample of pyriminde Antagonist and
describe their mode of action in the synthesis
nucleic acid.
4.18 List examples of purine antagonists and
describe their mechanism of action in the
synthesis of nucl;eic acid.
4.19 Classify the miscellaneous antineoplastic
agents as:
- Urathaine
- Alkaloids from vinca sosea.

105
 4.20 Write the structure of the most important
member of the urethaine group.
4.21 Describe the modification of the structure of
urethaine and the effect on its physiological
activities.

WEEK General Objective: 5.0 Understand the chemistry of the sulfonamides; sulfones, and folate reductase inhibitors with
antibacterial action
7 Special Learning Objective: Teachers Activities Resource

106
5.1 Outline the historical development of Explain and illustrate the
sulphonamide or sulphanilamide drugs. activities in 5.1 to 5.14 with Chalkboard chalk
5.2 Draw the chemical structure of the appropriate examples.
sulphanilamide molecule. Textbooks.
Ask relevant questions to the
5.3 Explain why azodyes containing students
sulphanilamide molecule have antibacterial
activities e.g Prontosil ( 2’ 4’ Diamino
azobenzene – 4 - sulphonamide.

5.4 Describe the synthesis sulphanilamide and N-

substituted sulphamilamide.

5.5 Synthesise sulphanilamide and a name N- Supervise laboratory synthesis Glass wares
substitute sulphanilamide e.g sulphapyridine. of the named drug

5.6 Describe the mode of therapentic action of

sulphonamides.

5.7 Explain the significanc of folic acid in the

therapeutic action of sulphonamides.

5.8 Describe the synthesis of folic acid

5.9 Synthesis folic acide in the laboratory

5.10 Describe the effect of the modification of the

structure of sulphonamide on its therapeutic
action..

107
 5.11 Explain the relationship between invitro
activities of sulphonamides and their degrees
of ionization.
5.12 Describe the metabolism of sulphonamides in
the body
5.13 Classify sulphonamides according to their uses and give
examples of each class:
- Sulphonamides used for systemic infections
- Sulphonamides used for intestinal infections
- Miscellaneous sulphonamides.
5.14 Describe the physical and chemical properties of each of
sulphonamides listed in 5.13 above.

WEEK General Objective: 6.0 Understand the chemistry of the Anti-bacterial Anti-bSpecial Learning Objective:

108
 Teachers Activities
Resources
8 6.1 Outline the origin of anti-bacterial anti-biotics

6.2 Classify anti-bacterial anti-biotics as:

- B-lactam antibiotics (Penicillins and cephalosporius)

- The aminoglycosides
- The Tetracyclines
- Te macroclides
- The Linconcycines
- The Polypeptides

6.3 Write the general structure of penicillins

6.4 Derive the structure of important homologeous members of the penicillins and give their IUPAC names

6.5 Describe the various methods of preparing pencillins, namely:

- Preparation from natural source.

- Synthesis
- Semi synthesis

6.6 Apply the various methods described in 6.5 above in the preparation of the pencillins in the laboratory

6.7 Describe the physical and chemical properties of the pencillins.

6.8 Identify drugs from each class in 6.5 above.

6.9 Identify the active ingredient in antineophastic agents.

Explain and illustrate activities in 6.1 to 6.47 with appropriate examples.

Ask students relevant questions to determine the learning outcome

109
6.8 Describe the clinical features of the pencillins
e.g. hydrolysis by gastric juice, etc.
6.9 Classify the pencillins into:
- Natural pencillins
- Acid resistant pencillins
- Pencillinase resistant pencillins
- Broad spectrum pencillins.
6.10 Describe the mode of the therapentic action of
each class of pencillins mentioned in 6.9
above.
6.11 Test prepared pencillins for effectiveness on Supervise test Glass wares culture micro-
microbes scopes
6.12 Define the cephalosporins and write their
general structure.
6.13 Outline the sources of cephalosporins and
name the product e.g. Cephalosporins C
6.14 Describe hydrolysis of cephalosporin C to 7-
Aminocephalosporamic acid (7 – ACA)
6.15 Describe how 7 – ACA can be used in the
preparation of semi-synthesic cephalosprins.
6.16 Write the chemical structures and give the
generic names of the important semisynthetic
cephalosporins.
6.17 Prepare a named important semisynthetic
cephalosporin from cephalosporin C.
6.18 State the factors responsible for oral
inactivation of cephalosporin s.
6.19 Define the tetracyclines and state their natura
sources .
6.20 Write the general structure Tetracyclines .

110
6.21 Derive and name the important members of
the Tetracyclines from 6.19 above.
6.22 Describe the effect of the following on the
Tetracyclines:
- Acid (epmerisation)
- Base
- Catt, Fett and Alttt
6.23 Describe the effect of Tetracyclines on newly
formed bones and teeth.
6.24 Describe the effect structural modification of
the Tetracyclines on their therapeutic
activities.
6.25 Outline the natural sources of chloramphenicol
(chloromycetin)
6.26 Write the structure of chloramphenicol.
6.27 Explain the incident of Diastereoisomerism in
chloramphenicol and give the IUPAC names
of isomers (Threo and Erythro isomers)
6.28 Describe the method of preparing the two
isomers of cloramphenicol
6.29 Describe the method of preparing
chloramphenicol from its threo-isomers.
6.30 Prepare the two isomers of chloramphenicol in Supervise laboratory prepara- Glass wares microscopes
the laboratory and from threo-isomers prepare tion of chloramphenicol and
chloramphenicol. test
6.31 Test the prepared chloramphenicol for
effectiveness.
6.32 Describe the effect of modify the structure of
chloramphenicol on its therapeutic activities.
6.33 State the uses of chloramphenicol and its
effect in the body system.

111
6.34 Define the macrlides.
6.35 Identify the sources of the natural macrolides.
6.36 Describe how the natural macrolides can be
isolated from their natural sources and name
the isolates.
6.37 Write the structure of the most important
macrolides namely Erythromycin and
oleanddmycin.
6.38 Describe the general characteristics of the
structure of macrolides.
6.39 Describe the physical and chemical properties
of the macrolides.
6.40 Define Aminoglycosides.
6.41 State the sources of the natural
Aminoglycosides.
6.42 Classify the aminoglycosides into:
- Streptomycin
- Kanamycin
- Neomycin
- Paromomycin
- Neutamycin
6.43 State the uses of the classss of
Aminoglycosides listed in 6.40 above.
6.44 Describe the physical and chemical properties
of the Aminoglycosides.
6.45 Write the chemical structure of streptomycin
6.46 Describe the physical properties of
streptomycin
6.47 State the uses of streptomycin.

112
WEEK General Objective: 7.0 Understand the chemistry of the stereoids and stereoids hormones.
Special Learning Objective: Teachers Activities Resources
7.1 Define the stereoids Explain and illustrate the
activities in 7,1 to 7.22 with
7.2 Classify the important therapeutic stereoids appropriate examples.
as:-
9 - Male and female hormones. Ask the students appropriate Chalkboard chalk
- Female contraceptive question to determine their
- Anti-inflammatory agents learning outcome Textbook
- Cardiac stereoid.
- Diuretics
- Anti-biotics
- Digestants (bile acids)
- Vitamin D Precursors

7.3 Explain the nomenclature, stereochemistry

and numbering system of the stereoid.

7.4 Explain the importance of stereochemistry in

the physiological activities of the stereoids.

7.5 Write the chemical structures and names of

the parent stereoid compound from where the
other steroids are derived e.g. Chlolestane,
Androstane, Pregnane, Estrane, etc.

7.6 Write the chemical structure and the IUPAC

names of specific example of the parent
compound listed in 7.5 above e.g.
Cholesteraol; Testosterone, 17 B-Estadiol and
Cortisone.

113
7.7 Differentiate between the male and female
sex hormones as estrogens and progresterone
for female Testosterone for male
7.8 Explain progrestrins estrogens and their uses.
7.9 Classify estrogens into:-
- Human estrogens and derivatives e.g.
Estradiol
- Equinine estrogens e.g Equitenin
- Synthetic estrogens e.g diethyl stibesterol
(DES)
7.10 Write the chemical structures of the examples
given in 7.9 above.
7.11 Explain the metabolism of estrodio to give the
less active estrone.
7.12 Describe the two major ways of protecting
estradiol from oxidation as:
- Temporary Protection
- Permanent Protection
7.13 Classify progestins as:
- Progesterone and derivatives
- Testosterone derivative and 19 – nor
testesterone derviatives
7.14 Write the chemical structure of progresterone
and outline its origin.
7.15 Describe the modification of progresterone to
produce the following more active
derivatives.
- 17 & Hydroxy Progesterone Caproate
- Medroxy Progesterone.
7.16 Explain the effect of light on the progesterone
derivatives

114
 7.17 Describe the metabolism of testosterone to
produce the following more physiological
active derivatives:-
- Ethisterone (17 & Ethinyl Testosterone)
- Dimethisterone
- Norethymodrol
- Norethymodrone
- Norgestrel
7.18 Describe the therapeutic activities of the
derivatives listed in 7.17 above.
7.19 Describe the metabolism of estrogens to
produce the following metabolites
- Estrone
- Estriol
- 2 – Methoxy Estrone

7.20 Describe the conjugation of Estrogen

7.21 Describe te properties and uses of the
conjugates produced in 7.20 above.
7.22 Explain the meaning of Anabolic/Androgenic
ratio and give examples.

WEEK General Objective: 8.0 Understand the chemistry of the vitamins.

Special Learning Objective: Teachers Activities Resources

115
 8.1 Define the vitamins. Explain and illustrate the
activities 8.1 to 8.8 with
8.2 Explain the importance of vitamin in the appropriate examples.
body. Hormone samples drug sa,[;es
Ask relevant questions from the
8.3 List the important vitamins as: A, B, C, D, students to determine the level
E and K. of understanding of the subject
matter
10 8.4 Draw the structures of the vitamins listed
in 8.3 above and explain their chemical Give appropriate assignment
nature

8.5 Classify vitamins as:

- Fat soluble ( A, D, E and K)

- Water soluble (B and C

8.6 State the sources of and requirements for

the fat soluble and water soluble vitamins

8.7 Describe the methods of preparing the

vitamins listed in 8.5 above

8.8 Prepare the vitamins listed in 8.5 above in Supervise laboratory prepara- Glasswares
the laboratory tion of vitamins

116
WEEK General Objective: 9.0 Understand the chemistry of Pesticides
11 Special Learning Objective: Teachers Activities Resources
9.1 Explain the term: Pesticides Explain and illustrates activities Chalkboard chalk
in 9.1 to 9.11 with appropriate
9.2 List types of Pesticides and write their examples Textbook
chemical structures

9.3 Describe the biochemical action of Pesticides.

Ask relevant questions and give
9.4 Illustrate with chemical equation degradative assignment
products of the Pesticides in a system

9.5 Explain insect pheromones as active

substances that mediate humeral correlations
among individuals of a given species e.g. sex
attractants of insects.

9.6 Explain the use of insect pheromones as a pest

control measure.

9.7 List the three important insecticides of plant

origin as nicotine, rotenone and the pyrethrins.

9.8 Write the chemical structures of the

insecticides listed in 9.7 above.,

9.9 List the two important synthetic insecticides

as:-

- Benzene hexachloride (BHC)

- Dichlorodipheny/trichloroethane (DDT).

117
 9.10 Describe the methods of synthesing the
insecticides listed in 9.9 above.

9.11 Synthesise the insecticides listed in 9.9 above

WEEK General Objective: 10.0 Know the general techniques applied in the analysis and quality control of drugs.
12 Special Learning Objective: Teachers Activities Resources

118
10.1 Define quality control
Explain and illustrate activities
10.2 Explain the significance of 10.1 above in . in 10.1 to 10.19 with Chalkboard chalk
industry appropriate examples.
10.3 Explain the role of Regulatory bodies (e.g.
National Agency for Food and Drug Ask relevant questions to the
Administration and Control) (NAFDAC; students and give them
Pharmaceutical Council of Nigeria (PCN); assignment
standard organisation of Nigeria (SAN; Institute
of chartered chemists of Nigeria (ICCONS) etc.
for long industries.

10.4 List the various bodies of standards available

for analysis in drug industries (e.g. British
Pharmacopocia etc.)

10.5 Explain the uses of 10.4 above

10.6 List the steps involved in quality control

procedure (i.e. raw materials, intermediate,
finished product)

10.7 Explain the following terms commonly used in

drug analysis:-

- Bio-availability
- Bio-activity
- Stability

119
10.8 Describe the methodology used in the
determination of the quality of drugs isolated
from natural sources as:-

- Extraction
- Separation (purification)
- Isolation
- Theoretical deductions
- Pharmacological testing (Qualitative and
Quantitative).

10.9 Describe the pharmacological testing procedure

as:-

- *Qualitative methods
- Microscopic examination
- Histo-chemical examination
- Qualitative chemical analysis
- *Quantitative methods
- Detection of foreign matter
- Determination of moisture in drug
- Determination of ash value
- Determination of active principles

10.10 Describe the methods listed in 10.9 above.

10.11 Identify the analytical instruments commonly Assist students to carry out the Listed equipment
used in drug analysis and quality control. (PH physical identification of the
spectrophotometer, mass spectrophotometer, named instruments
Atomic Absorption spectrophotometer,

120
 Nuclear Magnetic Resonace, Refractometer,
Polarimeter, X-ray diffractor weighing
balance

10.12 Describe a plan for the extraction of named Supervise design plan, extract Soxhet Extraction apparatus
drugs from their natural sources e.g. active components of drugs
Alkaloids. using equipment in 10.11. IR, UV/Visible spectrophoto-
meter. Gas Chromatograph
10.13 Extract named and drugs from a named plant. Characterise using instruments
in 10.11 above Polarimeter Weighing balance.
10.14 Characterise by instrumental analysis the
products from 10.13 above. Determine chemical contents
by analysis.
10.15 Determine the chemical contents of selected
synthesized drugs e.g. Aspirin, Quinine,
Chloramphenicol, etc.

10.16 Compare results obtained in 10.14 and 10.15

above with normal levels (data) set by
NAFDAC, SON, PCN, WHO, ICCON and
similar bodie

10.17 Make proper deductions from all available

data.

10.18 Describe the methods of monitoring drug

therapy (immuno assay)

10.19 Monitor drug therapy using the methods in Supervise the monitoring of Microtitre plate reader.
above . drug therapy

121
PRACTICAL CONTENTS
WEEK PRACTICALS TEACHERS ACTIVITIES RESOURCES
3.8 Design a plan for the isolation of drugs listed in Supervise designing of Drawing boards.
3.5 above from their natural source extraction plan

3.11 Prepare quinine in the laboratory Explain and illustrate the

activities in 3.10 to 3.45 with Glass wares
3.15 Prepare chloroquine and camoquine in the appropriate examples and ask
laboratory students relevant questions
3.21 Prepare a named 8-aminoquinoline ant malarial
in the laboratory.
3.28 Prepare quinacrine in the laboratory, Supervise laboratory Glass wares
preparation of quinancrine
3.40 Synthesise pyrimethanimnine (Daraprine) in the
laboratory.
5.5 Synthesise sulphanilamide and a name N- Supervise laboratory synthesis Glass wares
substitute sulphanilamide e.g. sulphapyridine. of the named drug.

5.9 Synthesise folic acide in the laboratory.

6.6 Apply the various methods described in 6.5

above in the preparation of the pencillins in the
laboratory
6.8 Identify drugs from each class in 6.5 above.
6.9 Identify the active ingredient in antineophastic
agents.
6.11 Test prepared pencillins for effectiveness on Supervise test Glass wares culture
microbes. microscopes
6.17 Prepare a named important semisynthetic
cephalosporin from cephalosporin C.

122
6.30 Prepare the two isomers of chloramphenicol in Supervise laboratory prepara- Glass wares microscopes
the laboratory and from threo-isomers prepare tion of chloramphenicol and
chloramphenicol. test

6.31Test the prepared chloramphenicol for

effectiveness.

6.35 Identify the sources of the natural macrolides

8.8 Prepare the vitamins listed in 8.5 above in the Supervise laboratory Glassware
laboratory preparation of vitamins
10.11 Identify the analytical instruments commonly
used in drug analysis and quality control. (PH
spectrophotometer, mass spectrophotometer, Characterise using instruments
Atomic Absorption spectrophotometer in 10.11 above
Nuclear Magnetic Resonace, Refractometer,
Polarimeter, X-ray diffractor weighing
Balance

10.13 Extract named and drugs from a named plant Polarimeter Weighing balance
10.14 Characterise by instrumental analysis
products from 10.13 above Supervise the monitoring of
10.15 Determine the chemical contents of selected drug therapy
synthesized drugs e.g. Aspirin, Quinine,
Chloramphenicol, etc.

10.17 Make proper deductions from all available

10.19 Monitor drug therapy using the methods in Microtitre plate reader
above .

123
PROGRAMME: Higher National Diploma Pharmaceutical Technology
COURSE: General Principles of Pharmacology II
CODE: STY 321
DURATION: (Hours/Week): Lecture: 1 Tutorials: 0 Practicals: 2
UNIT: 2.0
GOAL: This course is designed to enable the student acquire knowledge of drug actions.
GENERAL OBJECTIVES: On completion of this course, the diplomate should be able to:

1.0 Know drug response curves.

2.0 Know pharmacodynamics

3.0 Know drug Valuation & Screening

124
PROGRAMME: PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY: HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA
Course: GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF PHAR.MACOLOGY II Course Code: STY 321 Contact Hours: 76 Hrs. 2 Units
Course Specification: Theory/Practicals
WEEK General Objective: 1.0 Know drug response curves.
Special Learning Objective: Teachers Activities Resources
1–5 Charts.
1.1 Explain the mechanism of drug effects. Explain with responses curve
charts
1.2 Explain dose-effect relationship and
determination
1.3 Determine I.D50. ED50. TD50 and Therapeutic
index.
1.4 Explain the arithmetic/Log dose-response
curves.

1.5 Explain the advantage of log dose-response.

1.6 Interpret response curve competitive and non-

competitive antagonisms.

WEEK General Objective: 2.0 Know pharmacodynamics

Special Learning Objective: Teachers Activities Resources

125
6–8 Lecturer Chalk board
2.1 Explain the general mechanism of drug action Discussion Chalk
Demonstration Charts.
2.2 Explain agonists, antagonists, partial agonists
potentiation, synergism, additive with regard
to drugs.

2.3 Explain concepts of drug – receptor

interaction and effect production.

126
WEEK General Objective 3.0 Know drug Valuation & Screening
Special Learning Objective. Teachers Activities Resources
9 - 14
3.1 Explain drug valuation and screening
Report
3.2 Explain biological assay.

3.3 List types of biological assay.

3.4 Explain the perpetration and procedure for

biological assay. Supervise students to carryout
biological assay and drug
3.5 Carry out biological assay of given drug. screening. Grade Reports.

3.6 Explain drug screening.

3.7 List types of screening – simple or blind

3.8 Explain drug screening applying various

methods.

3.9 Explain dry evaluation in potency, affinity.

3.10 Evaluate drugs for potency affinity

3.11 Explain traicity.

3.12 Describe methods of screaming for traicity.

3.13 Screen drugs for toxicity.

127
PRACTICAL CONTENTS
WEEK PRACTICALS TEACHERS ACTIVITIES RESOURCES
3.5 Carry out biological assay of given drug. Supervise students to carryout
3.13 Screen drugs for toxicity. biological assay and drug
screening. Grade Reports

128
PROGRAMME: Higher National Diploma Pharmaceutical Technology
COURSE: Tablets, Capsules and Solid Dosages.
CODE: PCT 321
DURATION: (Hours/Week): Lecture: 2 Tutorials: 0 Practicals: 4
UNIT: 4.0
GOAL: This course is designed to enable the diplomate know the techniques of manufacture of tablets, capsules and solid dosages.
GENERAL OBJECTIVES: On completion of this course, the diplomate should be able to:

1.0 Know fundamentals of pharmaceutical manufacturing operations

2.0 Know the techniques of tablet manufacture

3.0 Know the principles and techniques of capsule manufacture

4.0 Know the principle and technique of manufacturing other solid dosages powder packages.

5.0 Know the theory of sustained formulations.

129
PROGRAMME PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY; HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA
COURSE Tablets, capsules and solid dosages Course Code PCT 321 Duration 2-0-4 Unit 4.0
COURSE GOAL:
WEEK Learning Objectives Theory/Practicals Teachers Activity Resources
General Objective 1.0 Know fundamentals of pharmacentical
manufacturing operations
1.1 Explain the scope of pharmacentical industry Conduct visit to Transport
1.2 List products that constitute pharmacenticals pharmacentical industry
1-3 1.3 Identify the characteristics of a pharmacentical industry e.g. “
Cleanliness
Sterility
1.4 Differentiate between compounding and manufacturing “

General Objective: 2.0 Know the techniques of tablet manufacture.

WEEK Specific Learning Objectives Teachers Activity Resources
2.1 Identify different types of tableting machines Tableting machines and
2.2 Identify machines for Physically identify the utensils
4-7 - weighing machines
- size reduction
- size separation
- for tableting
2.3 Describe the working principles of the machines in 2.2 above.
2.4 Weigh formulation and other materials for tableting, reduce
sizes and separate sizes.
2.5 Identify powers for pharmacenticals. Physically identify the
2.6 Describe the techniques of preparing powder for tableting powders
2.7 Identify equipment for preparing powder for tableting

130
 2.8 Prepare powder for tableting Supervise practical of Machines for powder
2.9 Explain the principles of tablet formulation powder preparation preparation
2.10 Describe the technique of tablet production
2.11 Identify different types of conventional tableting machines Physically identify Tableting machine
2.12 Explain the operational principles of conventional tableting tableting machines and
machine its parts
2.13 Produce tablets of various formulations using conventional Supervise practical Tableting machine
tableting machine production of tablets
2.14 Describe the techniques for coating of tablets Tablet coating machines
2.15 Identify tablet coating machines Supervise crating of
2.16 Coat tablets using coating machines tablets
2.17 Explain precautionary measures in the manufacture of tablets
2.18 Apply the precautionary measures in 2.17 above in the
manufacture of tablets.
2.19 Identify different containers for packaging of tablets.
2.20 Identify different tablet packaging machines. Supervise packaging of Packaging containers
2.21 Package tablets. tablets
2.22 Identify storage conditions for tablets
2.23 Store tablets

General Objective: 3.0 Know the principles and techniques of capsule manufacture
Show samples of various Samples of capsules
3.1 Explain capsules. types and shapes of
capsules
8-9 3.2 Explain the advantages of capsulated drugs.

3.3 Identify drugs that need copsulating.

3.4 List the advantages and disadvantages of capsulated drugs.

3.5 Identify various types and shapes of capsules.

131
 3.6 Identify capsulating machines.

3.7 Describe the working principles of capsulating machines.

Students should see Capsulating machines
3.8 Identify the various parts of the capsulating machines capsulating machines and
identify and draw the
3.9 Describe the techniques of preparing power for capsulating. parts

3.10 Prepare powder for copulating.

Students should prepare Size reduction, seiving
3.11 Capsulate using convantenal machines. powder for capsulating equipment and utensils
and capsulate using Capsulating machines
3.12 Package and label capsules. machines

General Objective: 4.0 Know the principle and technique of manufacturing other solid dosages powder packages)

4.1 Explain powder packages. Show powder, packages, Powders sachets, Sachet
10 - 12 various sachets, machines
4.2 Identify preparations suitable for sutainting as powder machines

4.3 Explain the characteristics of good sachet.

4.4 Identify various types of sachets

4.5 Choose sachets for various types of powder.

4.6 Prepare powder for satcheting

4.7 Formulate powder for satcheting

4.8 Identify satcheting machines

132
 4.9 Explain the working principles of astcheting machines

4.10 Sachets powder.

General Objective: 5.0 Know the theory of sustained formulations.
Special Objective: Show students sample of Sample of liquid oral
5.1 Explain sustained motion preparation. liquid oral medicine. medicine
13 - 15
5.2 Identify liquid oral drugs.

5.3 Explain suspending agenda.

5.4 List examples of suspending agents Samples of suspending

agents
5.5 Identify suspending agents.

5.6 Explain the processes involved in sustained action preparation

PRACTICAL CONTENTS
WEEK PRACTICALS TEACHERS ACTIVITIES RESOURCES
1.3 Identify the characteristics of a
pharmaceutical industry e.g.
Cleanliness
Sterility
2.1 Identify different types of tableting machines
2.2 Identify machines for
- weighing
- size reduction
- size separation
- for tableting

2.4 Weigh formulation and other materials for

133
 tableting, reduce sizes and separate sizes.
2.5 Identify powers for pharmacenticals.

2.7 Identify equipment for preparing powder for

tableting
2.8 Prepare powder for tableting
2.11 Identify different types of conventional Supervise crating of tablets
tableting machines
2.13 Produce tablets of various formulations
using conventional tableting machine
2.15 Identify tablets coating machines
2.16 Coat tablets using coating machines
2.18 Apply the precautionary measures in 2.17 Supervise packaging of tablets Packaging containers
above in the manufacture of tablets
2.19 Identify different containers for packaging
of tablets
2.20 Identify different tablet packaging
machines.
2.21 Package tablets.
2.22 Identify storage conditions for tablets
2.23 Store tablets
3.3 Identify drugs that need copsulating
3.5 Identify various types and shapes of capsules
3.6 Identify capsulating machines
3.8 Identify the various parts of the capsulating Capsulating machines
machines
3.10 Prepare powder for copulating Students should prepare Size reduction, sieving
3.11 Capsulate using convantenal machines powder for capsulating and equipment and utensils
3.12 Package and label capsules. capsulate using machines Capsulating machines

4.4 Identify various types of sachets

134
4.5 Choose sachets for various types of powder.

4.6 Prepare powder for satcheting

4.7 Formulate powder for satcheting

4.8 Identify satcheting machines

4.10 Sachets powder.

5.2 Identify liquid oral drugs

5.5 Identify suspending agents

135
PROGRAMME: Higher National Diploma Pharmaceutical Technology
COURSE: Clinical Pharmacology I
CODE: STY 412
DURATION: (Hours/Week): Lecture: 2 Tutorials: 0 Practicals: 3
UNIT: 3.0
GOAL: This course is designed to give the diplomate a general knowledge of effect of drugs on body organs.
GENERAL OBJECTIVES: On completion of this course, the diplomate should be able to:

1.0 Know Cardio Vascular Pharmacology.

2.0 Know pharmacology of the respiratory system.
3.0 Know renal pharmacology
4.0 Know Gastro-intestinal pharmacology
5.0 Know endocrine and reproductive pharmacology
6.0 Know antacid (local Hormones) pharmacology
7.0 Know pharmacology of the ANS and neuromuscular system
8.0 Know pharmacology of the central nervous system
9.0 Know hypnotic and secretive drugs - diazepam
10.0 Know drug management of diseases of the musco skeletal system
11.0 Know drug management of diseases of the genito urinary system
12.0 Know drug management of diseases of the skins and soft tissues
13.0 Know drug management of diseases of ear, nose and throat.
14.0 Know drug management of diseases of hair and nail.
15.0 Know drug management of diseases of the eye.

136
PROGRAMME: PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY: HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA
Course: Clinical Pharmacology I Course Code: STY 412 Contact Hours: 60 Hrs (3 Unit)
Course Specification: Designed to give general knowledge of how drugs affect different body organs.
WEEK General Objectives: 1.0 Cardio Vascular Pharmacology
Special Learning Objectives: Teachers Activities Resources
1.1 List blood diseases e.g. anaemia and Iron
1 imbalance and therapy such as; Iron,
Vitamin B, Folic acid. Identify diseases with charts Charts
1.2 List diseases of iron inbalances
1.3 Explain therapy for the diseases in 1.1 and
1.2 above
Identify drugs physically
1.4 Identify diseases of the heart: (arrhythmias,
cardiac failures and angine pectoris).

1.5 Identify drugs for heart diseases. Identify drugs physically Heart drugs

1.6 List disease of the blood vessels.

(hypertension).

1.7 Identify anti-typertensive drugs.

1.8 Identify sources of active ingredients for the

drugs in 1.5 above.

137
WEEK General Objectives: 2.0 Pharmacology of sthe Respiratory Sysstem.
Special Learning Objectives Teachers Activities Resources
2.1 Identify irritant and toxic gases and vapours Chalk Board.
with examples; Co, HCN, CCL4, Gasoline, Discussion
Kerosine. Use models Visit to hospital
2.2 Identify signs of respiratory irritation by
gases and ram pour.
2.3 Identify drugs that control respiratory
irritation.
2.4 Describe the mode of action of the drugs in
2.3.

2.5 Explain asthma and coughs with the

bronchodilators-suebustamol (B2 - agonist)
and anti-tissue mucohytics.

2.6 Explain treatment of asthma and coughs

with brochod. Tatus – suebushamol (Bz –
agorst) and antitsine draltor.

2.7 Identify the active ingredients in the drugs Carry out analysis Analytical instruments
in 2.3 and 2.6 above.

138
WEEK General Objectives: 3.0 Know Renal Pharmacology
Special Learning Objectives Teachers Activities Resources
Lecture
3 3.1 List known human renal disorders Discussion
3.2 Describe clinical symptoms of the disorder
in 3.1 above.
3.3 List drugs influencing the renal system in
abnormal functions.
3.4 Identify the active ingredients in the drugs
in 3.3 above.
3.5 Explain the mode of action of the drugs in
3.3 above
3.6 Identify diuretic with examples Show samples of diuretics Manufacturing flow chart.
3.7 Describe the manufacturing process of Explain with flow charts. Visit Samples of diuretics
drugs listed in 3.3 above manufacturing plant
WEEK General Objectives: 4.0 Know Gastro-intestinal Pharmacology
Special Learning Objectives Teachers Activities Resources

139
 4.1 Identify drugs influencing the GIT system Display drugs Drug Samples
4 in an abnormal condition, e.g. gastic acid
production, diarrhea, constipation..

4.2 Describe the clinical symptoms of the

ailments in 4.1 above.

4.3 Identify the sources of the active

ingredient in the drugs in 4.1 above Explain manufacturing process
with flow chart. Visit to Flow chart
4.4 Describe the manufacturing process of manufacturing plant
each of the drugs in 4.1. above

WEEK General Objectives: 5.0 Know Endocrine and Reproductive Pharmacology

Special Learning Objectives Teachers Activities Resources
Show samples of drugs and Drug samples flow chart.
5.1 List all known disorder of the endocrine flow chart of the manufacturing
5 and reproductive system. process.
5.2 Identify various endocrine glands and
drugs influencing them. E.g Thyroid,
ACTH, Pancreatic glands – insulin,
oestrogen, progesterone and rogens

5.3 Identify the active ingredients of the

drugs in 5.2 above.

5.4 Explain the mode of action of the drugs

in 5.3 above.

5.5 Describe the manufacture of the drugs

in 5.2 above

140
WEEK General Objectives: 6.0 Know Antacid (Local Hormones) Pharmacology
Special Learning Objectives Teachers Activities Resources
Show samples of drugs and Drug samples flow charts.
6.1 Describe the action of antacid. flow chart of manufacturing
6 6.2 Describe the influence of various process.
neuromodulators and mediators affecting
the function of body organs.
6.3 Explain the action of 5, HTT Histamine,
PG, Vasymessin, Kesrmis, angrotensm.
6.4 Describe the processes of manufacture of
antacid.
6.5 Identify the sources of the active
ingredients of the drugs in 6.2. above

General Objective: 7.0 Know Pharmacology of the ANS and Neuromuscular system
Special Learning Objective Teachers Activities Resource

141
 7.1 Explain define Neuro transmitters with Explain with charts and Charts models.
examples. models
7.2 Describe symptoms of various disorders

7 7.3 Describe uses of agents in influencing Show samples of Neurotransmitters

parasympathetic system: neurotransmitters

a) Acetyleholine, carbochnol
mesthacholne, nicotine.
b) Pilocarpine, muscarine, arecoline
c) Physsostigmine, neostiginine,
enclophronium, pyridostigmine
and organophosphate –malthin
d) Astropine, scopolamine,
homatropine, propantheline,
pirenzepines.

7.4 Explain the mode of action of the agents in

7.3.
7.5 Describe uses of agents influencing
sympathetic system:
a) Adrenaline, noradrenaline,
isoprenaline, dopamine.
b) Phenylepherine, methoxamne,
tyramine, amphetamine,
ephedsrine.
c) Blockers: Phenoxybenzamine,
phentolamine, tolazoline, ergot
alkaloids.
7.6 Describe symptoms of disorders of the
sympathetic system
7.7 Describe the mode of action of the agents in
7.5. above.
7.8 Identify sources of the active ingredients of
the drugs in 7.3. and 7.5 above. 142
WEEK General Objective:
Special Learning Objective: Teachers Activities Resources
Propanod, practojol, guanethidine, methyldopareserpne Show drug samples Drug samples
bretylilum
7.9 Identify the following drugs:
a. Ganglion blockers –s stimulants
(icotine),. Blockers
Hexamethonium, mecamylemine
pempdine, Pentamethonium,
Tryphtophan.

b. Neuro muscular blockers –

tubocurarine, Suxamethonium,
Decamethonium and their
Therapeutic uses

c. Anstaicoagulants: Heparm, oral

anticoagulants, courmarins,
warfarin.

d. Lsocal anaesthetcs: cocaine,

procaine, procarrids, Ldoaine. Its
uses.
7.10 Describe the mode of action of the drugs in 7.9 above. Flow chart
7.11 Describe the production process of the drugs in 7.9 Use flow diagram to explain.
above. Visit to pharmaceutical Pharmaceutical industry.
industry

143
WEEK General Objective: 8.0 KnowPharmacology of the Central Nervous System.
Special Learning Objective: Teachers Activities Resources

144
8.1 Explain general Anaesthesia and theories of Show samples Samples
anaesthesia.
8.2 Explain the theories of anaethesia

8.3 Identify voltatile and gaseous anaesthesia, Halothane,

Chloroform, ether, pentobabiitones.

8.4 Describe the application of the various type of

anaesthesia through I.V;L.P I.M; S.C

8.5 Identify the Signs and different stages of anaesthesia. Visit to hospital Visit to hospital

8.6 Explain the effect of Narcotic analgesic on the CNS;

morphine, or codeine.

8.7 Explain drug tolerance, physical dependence and abuse.

8.8 Identify alcohol (ethanol, methanol) by physical tests Conduct physical tests. Show Drug samples
drug samples
8.9 Identify non-narcotic analgesic in Pain – Aspirn and ts
derivatives.
Drug samples
8.10 Identify hypnotic and Scsrative drugs – Diazepam

8.11 Identify CNS stimulants – Strychmine, Picrofoxie, Conduct practical distillation

Penthlenetetrasol.
Distillation still
8.12 Identify anticunculsant drugs

8.13 Describe process of manufacture of 8.3, 8.8, 8.9, 8.10,

8.11, 8.12.

8.14 Produce alcohol by distillation.

145
WEEK General Objective 9.0 Know Hypnotic and Secretive drugs – Diazepam.
Special Learning Objective: Teachers Activities Resources
9 9.1 Identify the following drugs: Show drug samples
(i) CNS Stimulants Drug samples
– strychnine,
Pcrofoxic,
Penthlenetetrazol
to induce
convulsion and
Anticonvulsant
drugs.
(ii) Anti-anexiety
drugs.
(iii) Anti-depressant
drugs.
(iv) Neuroleptic
drugs.
Visit industries
9.2 Identify the sources of the active Visit industries that
ingredients in the drugs in 9.1. above manufacture hyponotic and
9.3 Describe the mode of action of the drugs in secretive drugs
9.1 above.
9.4 Describe the manufacturing process of the
drugs in 9.1. above.

General Objective: 10.0 Know drug management of theracrea of the musco-slyeletor system
Special Objective; Teachers Activities Resources
10.1 List diseases of the musco-skeletor system. Show students samples of the Drug samples
drugs.
10.2 Identify drugs commonly used in treating
10 diseases of the musco-skeletol system.

146
 10.3 Explain the safe dosage for the drugs in 10.2
above.

10.4 Explain the mechanism of action of the drugs

in 10.2 above.

10.5 Identify the sources of the active ingredients

of the drugs in 10.2 above.
Conduct visit to manufacturing Industrial visit
10.6 Describe possible side effects of the drugs in plant
10.2 above

10.7 Outline the process of manufacturing of the

drugs in 10.2 above
General Objective 11.0 Know drug management of diseases of the genitor-urinary system
11.1 List diseases of the genito-urinary system. Drug samples
Show picture to student
11.2 Identify the external symptom of the disease
in 11.1 above.

11 11.3 Identify drugs commonly used in treating Show students samples of the
diseases of the genito urinary system. drugs

11.4 Explain the safe dosage for the drugs in 11.3

above.

11.5 Explain the mechanism of action of the drugs

in 11.3 above.

11.6 Identify the sources of the active ingredients

of the drugs in 11.3 above

147
 11.7 Describe possible side effects of the drugs n Industrial visit
11.3 above.

11.8 Describe the process of manufacturing of the

drugs in 11.3 above.

General Objective: 12.0 Know drug management of diseases of the skin and soft tssues.
12.1 List diseases of the skin and soft tissues. .Show students drug samples Drug samples

12.2 Identify the external symptoms of the diseases

in 12.1 above.
12 Show pictures of the diseases
12.3 Identify drugs commonly used in treating
diseases of the skin and soft tissues.

12.4 Explain the mechanism of action of the drugs Drugs samples

in 12.3 above.
Show drug samples
12.5 Identify the sources of the active ingredients
of the drugs in 12.3 above

12.6 Describe possible side effects of the drugs n

12.3 above.
Use flow charts Flow charts
12.7 Describe the process of manufacturing of the
drugs in 12.3 above.
General Objective: 13.0 Know drug management of diseases of ear, nose and throat
13.1 List diseases of the ear, nose and throat.
Show pictures of diseases
13.2 Identify symptoms of the diseases in 13.1 manifestation Pictures

148
13 above.

13.3 Identify drugs commonly used in treating Show drug samples

diseases of the ear, nose and throat. Drug samples
13.4 Identify the sources of active ingredients in the
drugs in 13.3 above Industrial Visit
13.5 Describe possible side effects of the drugs in
13.1 above. Industry
13.6 Describe the process of manufacturer of the
drugs in 13.3 above.

General Objective: 14.0 Know drug management of diseases of hair and nail

14.1 List diseases of the hair and nal

Show pictures of diseases hair Pictures.
14 14.2 Identify external symptoms of the diseases in and nail.
14.1 above.

14.3 Identify drugs commonly used in treating

diseases in 14.1 above.

14.4 Identify the sources of the ingredients in the

drugs in 14.3 above.

14.5 Explain the mechanism of action of the drugs Industrial visit Industrial visit
in 14.1 above.

14.6 Describe the preparations of the drugs in 14.3

above.

149
 General Objective: 15.0 Know drug management of diseases of the eye.

15.1 List diseases of the eye. Show pictures Pictures

15
15.2 Identify external symptoms of the diseases of
the eye.

15.3 Identify drugs commonly used in treating

diseases of the eye.

15.4 Identify sources of the active ingredients of

the drugs in 15.3 above.

PRACTICAL CONTENTS
WEEK PRACTICALS TEACHERS ACTIVITIES RESOURCES
1.4 Identify diseases of the heart: (arrhythmias,
cardiac failures and angine pectoris).
1.5 Identify drugs for heart diseases
1.7 Identify anti-hypertensive drugs
3.6 Identify diuretics with examples Show samples of diuretics Samples of diuretics
4.1 Identify drugs influencing the GIT system in an Display drugs Drug samples
abnormal condition, e.g. gastic acid production,
diarrhea, constipation

7.9 Identify the following drugs:

e. Ganglion blockers –s
stimulants (icotine),.
Blockers

150
 Hexamethonium,
mecamylemine
pempdine,
Pentamethonium,
Tryphtophan.

f. Neuro muscular
blockers – tubocurarine,
Suxamethonium,
Decamethonium and their
Therapeutic uses

g. Anstaicoagulants:
Heparm, oral
anticoagulants,
courmarins, warfarin.

h. Lsocal anaesthetcs:
cocaine, procaine,
procarrids, Ldoaine. Its
uses.
8.3 Identify voltatile and gaseous anaesthesia,
Hallothane Chloroform, ether, pentobabitones
8.14 Produce alcohol by distillation

9.1 Identify the following drugs: Show drug samples Drug samples
(i) CNS Stimulants
– strychnine,
Pcrofoxic,
Penthlenetetrazol
to induce
convulsion and

151
 Anticonvulsant
drugs.
(ii) Anti-anexiety
drugs.
(iii) Anti-depressant
drugs.
(iv) Neuroleptic
drugs.

10.2 Identify drugs commonly used in treating

diseases of the musco-skeletol system.

11.3 Identify drugs commonly used in treating Show drug samples Drug samples
diseases of the genitor urinary system
12.3 Identify drugs commonly used in treating
diseases of the skin and soft tissues.
13.3 Identify drugs commonly used in treating
diseases of the ear, nose and throat
14.3 Identify drugs commonly used in treating
diseases in 14.1 above
15.3 Identify drugs commonly used in treating
diseases of the eye.

152
PROGRAMME: PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY

COURSE: ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS

CODE: PCT 421

DURATION (HOURS/WEEK) Lectures 2 Tutorials 0 Practicals 4

UNITS: 6.0

GOAL: This course is designed to enable the student know the nature and methods of production oof
anticirobial agents.

GENERAL OBJECTIVES: On completion of this course, the diplomate should be able to:

1.0 Outline the historical development of antimicrobial agents.

2.0 Know the nature and mode of action of sulphonamides
3.0 Know the nature and mode of action of penicillins and cephalosporins.
4.0 Know how the nature and mode of action of the amoglyeosides.
5.0 Know the nature and mode of action of chloramphenicol and tetracyclines.
6.0 Know the nature and mode of action of the macrolides.
7.0 Know the nature and mode of action of peptide antibiotics.
8.0 Know syntheticantibiotics..
9.0 Know antimycotic agents.
10.0 Know polyene antimycotc agents.
11.0 Know imidazolecompounds.
12.0 Know antiviral agents.
13.0 Know the concept of drug resistance.
15.0 Know methods of antibiotic sensitivity.

153
PROGRAMME: ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA
General Dispensing Practice: Coe: PCT 421 Duration 60 Hours
Course: This course is designed to enable the student know the nature and methods of production of antimicrobial agents.
WEEK General Objectives: 1.0 Outline the historical development antimicrobial agents.
1 Specific Objectives Teacher Activities Resources

154
1.6 Define: Antimicrobial agents
Chemotherapeutic agents. Show students samples of naturaland Samples ofantibiotics
Antibiotics. synthetic antibotics
1.7 Explain two ways through which the agents in
1.1 above may be formed –
[I] naturally as by product of microorganisms;
[ii] synthetic.
1.8 Outline the contributions of thefollowing
persons to the development of antimicrobial
agents.
- Paul Ehlich
- Thomas and Bronmi
- C. H. Browning
- Ian fleming
- Do mag
- Woods
- Waksman.
1.9 Classify antimicrobial agents into
- chemical agents.
- Physical agents.
1.10 Explain:
- antibotic
- antiseptic
- disinfectant
- bacteriocidal
- bacteriostatic.

155
General Objective 2.0 Know the nature and mode of action of sulphonamides.
2.6 Describe thestructure of the sulphonamides. Show student samples of Samples of sulphonamides.
2.7 Explain theantimirobal of action of sulphonamides
2 thesulphonamides.
2.8 Explain the action of suphonamides in the
inhibiton ofsynthesis of folic acide.
2.9 Identify thesource of sulphonamides.
2.10 Describe the mode of production
ofsulphonamides.
2.11 Identify other derivatives of sulphonamides
e.g.
Sulphothiozole
Sulphopipizne.
2.12 Identify common sulphonamide baseddrugs
e.g. septrin, etc.
2.13 Describe the process of amnufacture of the
common sulphonamide drugs in 2.65 above.
2.14 Prepare sulphonamides in the laboratory.

156
General Objective 3.0 Know the nature and mode of action of penicillines, and sephalosporins.
3.5 Outline thehistorical development of
penicillins.
3.6 Identify pennicilium organisms that could be
used to produce penicillin e.g. Show various samples ofpenicillin Samples of penicillin
3 - P. notatum
- P. nofatum
- P chrysogenum.
3.7 Identify other organisms which are capable of
producing penicilline.g. speciies of
- Aspergillus
- Trycholphyton Practical microbscopic identification. Microscopes.
- Epidemophyton
- Cephalosporium.
3.8 Explain 6 – aninopennicillanic acide (6 APAS).
3.9 Describe methods of activating 6 APA.
3.10 Describe the structure of other penicllin tomily
– ampicillin, cabericillin, ampiclox.
3.11 Describe methods of industrial culturing of
penicilium for the production of penicillin.

157
 3.12 Culture penicillin in the laboratory. Supervise practical culturing of Incubators
3.13 Comparethe structure of penicillin with penicillin. Media
cephalosporin. Glasswares
3.14 Describe the lactam ring.
3.15 Describe the industrial production of penicillin. Conduct industrial visit. Industrialvisit.

General Objective 4.0 Know the nature and mode of action of the aminoglycosides.
4.7 List antibiotics of theaminoglycosidesgroup:
- streptomycin Show samples of antibiotics of the Antibiotic samples.
- kanamycin group
- gentramycin
4.8 Explain the relationship between antibiotics of
4 the aminoglycosides group
4.9 Identify theorganisms thatproduce
theantibotics:
- Streptomycin - stgreptomyces griseus
- Micromonospora
4.4. Culture and preserve pure cultures of the
organisms in 4.3 above.
4.5. Explain the clinical features and mechanism of Incubator, etc.
action of the aminoglycosides. Supervise culturing of organism
4.6. Explain the advantages of aminglycosides over
penicllin.
4.7. Explain the limitations of aminoglycosides.
4.8. Descrbe therange of activity of streptomycin,
kanamycn and gentamycin.
4.9. Describe the industrial process for the
manufacture of aminoglycosides.

158
General Objective 5.0 Know the nature and mode of action of chloramphenicol and tetracyclines.

5.5 Identify the microbial sources of Supervise culturing and microscopic Incubator
chloramphenicol andtetracyclines. identification.
5.6 Culture species of streptomyces for production
ofcholoramphenicol and tetracyclines.
5 5.7 Explain thestructure of choloramphenicol and
tetracycline.
5.8 Explain the mode of action of Incubator.
chloramphenicol, andtetracyclines. Supervise culturing and microscopic
5.9 Identify the following organisms. identification.
- streptomyces aureoficiens for production of
chlortetracycline
- Streptomyces rimosus for production of
oxytetracycline.
5.10 Culture and preserve pure culture of the
organisms in 5.5 above.
5.11 Explain the range of activities of Conduct industrial visit. Pharmaceutical industry.
chloramphenicol and tetracyclines.
5.12 Describe the industrial production of
chloramphonicol and tetracyclines.

159
General Objective 6.0 Know the nature and mode of action of the macrolides.
6.5 Describe the structure ofmacrolides as Show students samples of antibiotics Samples
moncyclic lactgone rings towhich suygars are
attached.
6.6 Identify antibiotics of the macrolides group:
6 - Erythromycin
- Oleandomycin.
6.7 Identify the sources of theantibuotics in 6.2
above.
- erythromycin from streptomyces
erythrems.

6.8 Identify the three types of erythromycins A, B Show students samples of antibiotics. Samples
and C and their sources.
6.9 Culture and store pure culture of S. erythreus.
6.10 Describe the industgrial production of Supervise culturing of bacteria Incubator, etc.
erythromycinand oleandomycin.

General Objective 7.0 Know the nature and mode of action of peptide antibiotics.

7.6 Describe the structure of peptide antibiotics. Show students samples of the Samples
7.7 List all known polypetideantibiotics: antibiotics
- baitracin
7 - gramicidins
- polymyxins.
7.8 explain the range ofactivities of theantibiotics
in 7.2 above. Supervise microscopic identification. Incubator refrigerator.
7.9 Explain why bacitracin and gramicidinare used
topically only.
7.10 Identify Bacillus polymyx as theorganism that
produces polymyxns.
7.11 Culture andstore pure cultures of B. polymyx. Supervise culturing

160
 7.12 Identify the five chemical varieties of
polymyxnsA B C D E.
7.13 Dessribe the commercial production of Pharmaceutical industry.
sulphate derivatives of polymyxin B; Visit pharmaceuticalindustry.
R1 = phenylalanine
R2 = 6 – methylheptanoy.
Polymyxin E
R1 = D leucine
R2 = 6 methyloctanoyl.

General Objectives 8.0 Know synthetic antibiotics

8.10 Describe the structure of nalidix acide.

8.11 Describe the chemical nature of nalidix acide. Show drug samples to students. Drug samples
8.12 Explain the mode of action of nalidix acid as
an antimicrobial agent. Show samples of extemporaneous Extemporaneous preparations
8.13 Describe the range of action of nalidix acid as preporation
antimicrobial agent.
8.14 Describe the commercial production of nalidix
acide.
8.15 Produce nalidix acide. Supervise laboratory production. Glasswares, etc.

161
General Objective 9.0 Know antimycotic agents.

9.6 Outline the scope of mycosis. Antimycotic drugs.

9 9.7 Explain why the development of antimyhcotic Show studentssamples of antimytcotic
agents have not been as successful as drugs.
antimicrobal agents.

General Objectives 10.0 Know polyene antimycotic agents.

10.5 Describe thenature of polyene antimycotic Show flow diagram of manufacture of Flow diagram
agents. polyene.
10.6 Describe the chemial structrure of antimycotic
agents.
10 - ampktericin B
- nystatin.
10.7 Explain the mode of action of the agents
in10.2 above.
10.8 Describe the mode of manufacture of polyene.

General Objectives 11.0 Know imidazole Compounds..

11.1 Describethe nature of imidazole Show students samples of imidozole Drug samples.
antimicrobial/antimycotic agents. drugs.
11.2 Explain the range of activities of the agents in
11.1 abnove.
11.3 Explain the mode of action of imidazole.
11.4 Explain the uses and modes of action of the
11 following imidazole.
- Cloytrimazole;
- Ketoconazole;
- Miconazole.
11.5 Explain the chemical nature of the agents in
11.4 above.

162
 11.6 Produce the agents in 11.4 above. Supervise practical production of Glasswares
11.7 Test the agents produced in 11.6 above for imidazoles. Reagents.
effectiveness.

General Objectives 12.0 Know antivities agents.

12.1 Explain the problems that have been

encountered in developingactiviraldrugs. Show examples to students. Drug Samples.
12.2 Explain the reasons for preferenceof vaccines
over antiviral drugs.
12.3 Identify antiviral drugs currently in use
12 - amantadine;
- acyclovir;
- cytosine arabinoside;
- 5 iodo – 2 – deoxyuridine;
- methisazone;
- vidarabine.
12.4 Describe the structure of the drugs in 12.3
above.
12.5 Explain the range of activities and side effects
of the drugs in 12.3 above.
12.6 Describe the process of manufacture of the Conduct industrial visit. Glassware pH meter
drugs in 12.3 above. spectrophotometer.
12.7 Prepare the drugs in 12.3 above in the Supervise laboratory preparation.
laboratory.

163
General Objectives: 13.0 Know the concept of drug resistance.

13.7 Explain the concept of drug resistance. Samples of ointments, pastes and
13.8 State the causes of drug resistance. gells.
13.9 List examples of drug resistance.
13 13.10 Describe possible ways of overcoming drug Give common examples.
resistance.

General Objectives. 14.0 Know methods of antibiotic sensitivity.

14.5 Define minimum inhibition concentration Supervise laboratory practical test. Petridishes antiglare incubator.
(MIC) of antibiotic.
14 14.6 Describe the procedure for establishing the
sensitivity of antibiotic through the minimum
Inhibition concentration test for any given
antibiotic.
14.7 Carry out the minimum inhibition Supervise laboratory practical test. Petridishes antiglare incubator.
concentration test for any given antibiotic.
14.8 Describe the types of Antibiotic diffusion
method of testing sensitivity of
microorganisms to antibiotics:
i. Cylinder method.
ii. Well method.
iii. Filter paper disc method.
14.9 Carryout the test methods in 14.4 above for
the effectiveness of antibiotics.
14.10 Describe the Kirby – Banner (K-B) standard
disc method of testing effectiveness of

164
 antibiotics.
14.11 Describe the agar overlay method of testing
effectiveness of antibiotics.
14.12 Test effectiveness of antibiotics using the Supervise laboratory practical test. Petridishes antiglare incubator.
methods in 14.6 and 14.7 above.
PRACTICAL CONTENTS
WEEK PRACTICALS TEACHERS ACTIVITIES RESOURCES
2.9 Prepare sulphonamides in the laboratory

3.2 Identify pennicilium organisms that could be Show various samples of Samples of pencillin
penicillin
used to produce penicillin e.g.
- P. notatum
- P. nofatum
- P chrysogenum.
Practical microbscopic Microscopes
3.3 Identify other organisms which are capable of
identification
producing penicilline.g. speciies of
- Aspergillus
- Trycholphyton
- Epidemophyton
- Cephalosporium.

Supervise practical culturing of Incubators

3.8 Culture penicillin in the laboratory
pencillin
4.3 Identify the organisms thatproduce the
antibotics:
- Streptomycin - stgreptomyces griseus
- Micromonospora

165
5.1 Culture species of streptomyces for
production of choloramphenicol and
tetracyclines
5.5 Identify the following organisms Supervise culturing and Incubator
5.6 Culture and preserve pure culture of the microscopic identification
organisms in 5.5 above

6.5 Culture and store pure culture of S erythreus

7.6 Culture and store pure culture of B polymyx Supervise culturing
8.6 Produce nalidix acid
11.6 Produce the agents in 11.4 above Supervise practical production Glassware
11.7 Test the agents produced in1.6 above for of imidazoles Reagent
effectiveness
14.8 Test effectiveness of antibiotics using the Supervise laboratory practical Petri dishes antiglare incubator
methods in 14.6 and 14.7 above. test

166
PROGRAMME: PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY: HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA

COURSE: CHEMICAL STERILIZERS (ANTISEPTICS, AND DISINFECTANTS)

CODE: PCT 422

DURATION: LECTURES I TUTORIALS O PRACTICALS 3

UNITS: 2.0

GOAL: This course is designed to enable diplomats know the nature and methods of production of chemical
sterilizers.

General Objectives: On completion of this course, the diplomats’ should be able to:

1.0 Know the scope of chemical sterilizers.

2.0 Know Halogens as disinfectants and antiseptics.

3.0 Know alcohols as disinfectants and antiseptics.

4.0 Know phenols and their derivatives as sterilizing agents.

5.0 Know the peroxides as sterilizing agents.

6.0 Know antiseptic dyes.

167
General Objective 1.0: Know the scope of chemical sterilizers

1.1 Define antiseptic

sterilant
1.2 Outline the history of antiseptic and disinfectants and the
contribution of the following:

Ignatz Semmelweis
Joseph Lister
Robert Koch
Neuber
Kronig and Paul.
General Objective 2.0: Know Halogens as disinfectants and antiseptics
2.1 List the halogens. Explain from the periodic
2.2 Describe the characteristics of halogens. the periodic table
2.3 Describe the mode of action of halogens as disinfectants table.
and antiseptics.
2.4 Describe the range of activities of halogens as Show some
disinfectants and antiseptics samples of
2.5 Describe the uses of halogen disinfectants and antiseptics halogen
e.g. in surgical operation, water treatment. disinfectants.
2.6 List available compounds of iodine and non ionic
compounds used for disinfection e.g.
polyvinylpyrrolidone.
2.7 Describe the nature of polyvinylpyrrolidone.

168
 2.8 Prepare polyvinylpyrrolidone Supervise Laboratory
2.9 Test the compound in 2.8 above for antiseptic activities. laboratory Wares
2.10 List derivatives of chlorine commonly used as antiseptics preparation and
and disinfectants e.g. test.
hypochloride;
parasulphunic dichloramide
benzoic acid (halazone)
succinchlorimide
2.11 Prepare the compounds in 2.10 above in the laboratory. “ “ “ “
2.12 Test the compounds in 2.10 above for antiseptic
activities.
2.13 Explain the limitations of chlorine compounds as
disinfectant.
General Objective 3.0 Know alcohols as disinfectants and antiseptics.
3.1 Explain the characteristics of alcohols. Show samples samples of
3.2 Describe the mode of action of alcohol as disinfectants. of alcohol. alcohol.
3.3 Identify the three alcohols used mainly as disinfectants Supervise elhanol,
ethanol physical methanol,
methanol identification isopropyl
isopropyl alcohol(CH3)CHOH). alcohol,
3.4 Prepare the three alcohols in 3.3 above in the laboratory. Supervise Laboratory
laboratory wares
Preparation
3.5 Test the alcohols prepared in 3.3 above for sterilizing and test
effect
3.6 Explain why isopropyl alcohol is the most effective of
the alcohols as a sterilizing agent.

169
General Objective 4.0 Know phenols and their derivatives as sterilizing agents.
4.1 Describe the structure of phenol (carbonic acid), o-
cresol, M-cresol, p-cresol, cresyla cetate.
4.2 Describe the structure of phenol derivative
hexachlorophene, chlorohexidene.
4.3 Explain the mode of action of phenol as disinfectant.
4.4 Explain phenol coefficient.
4.5 Describe the physical characteristics of phenols and
cresols.
4.6 Explain the uses of resyl acetate as an antiseptic and
analgesic.
4.7 Prepare phenols and cresols in the laboratory Supervise Laboratory
laboratory wares.
Preparation of
phenols and
cresols.

General Objective 5.0 Know the peroxides as sterilizing agents.

5.1 Explain the mode of action of peroxides as sterilizing Show samples Samples of
agents. of peroxides peroxides
5.2 Explain the uses of sodium peroxide,
Zinc peroxide in disinfection.
5.3 Prepare zinc peroxide , sodium peroxide Supervise
laboratory Laboratory
5.4 Test the prepared zinc peroxide, Preparation wares.
sodium peroxide for antiseptic action. and test of zinc
peroxide,

170
 sodium
peroxide.

General Objective 6.0 Know antiseptic dyes.

6.1 Identify dyes with antiseptic properties e.g. Show samples Samples of
acredine derivatives e.g of acriftavin dyes.
acriflavin crystal violet
rosaniline dyes, crystal violet.
6.2 Describe the mode of action of acredine derivatives.
6.3 Identify the scope of action of
acriflavin
crystal violet
PRACTICAL CONTENTS
WEEK PRACTICALS TEACHERS ACTIVITIES RESOURCES
2.8 Prepare polyvinylpyrrolidone Supervise laboratory Laboratory Wares
2.9 Test the compound in 2.8 above for preparation and test
antiseptic activities
2.11 Prepare the compounds in 2.10 ” ” ” ”
above in the laboratory

3.3 Identify the three alcohols used Supervise physical

mainly as disinfectants identification
ethanol
methanol
isopropyl
alcohol(CH3)CHOH).
3.4 Prepare the three alcohols in 3.3 in Supervise laboratory

171
 the laboratory. preparation

3.5 Test the alcohols prepared in 3.3 And test

above for sterilizing effect
5.2 Prepare zinc peroxide , sodium Supervise laboratory
peroxide Preparation and test of zinc Laboratory wares.
peroxide, sodium peroxide
5.3 Test the prepared zinc peroxide,
sodium peroxide for antiseptic
action

6.1 Identify dyes with antiseptic Show samples of acriftavin Samples of dyes
properties e.g. acredine derivatives crystal violet
e.g .
Acriflavin
Rosaniline dyes, crystal violet.
6.3 Identify the scope of action of
acriflavin
crystal violet

172
PROGRAMME: Higher National Diploma Pharmaceutical Technology
COURSE: General Principles of Pharmacology III
CODE: STY 423
DURATION: (Hours/Week): Lecture: 1 Tutorials: 0 Practicals: 3
UNIT: 2.0
GOAL: This course is designed to provide diplomate with further knowledge of drug actions.
GENERAL OBJECTIVES: On completion of this course, the diplomate will be able to:

1.0 Understand the basic principles of chemotherapy

2.0 Understand the uses and mechanism action of Ant microbial drugs
3.0 Understand the mechanism of action of antitiberculosis drug
4.0 Understand the use and mechanism of action of anti malaria drugs
5.0 Understand the use and mechanism of action of amebicidal drugs
6.0 Understand the use and action of antineoplastic drugs
7.0 Understand drugs that influence metabolic and endocrine functions. Thyroid hormones.
8.0 Know the role and actions of sex hormones.
9.0 Know corticosteroids and their action.
10.0 Know insulin and its importance

173
PROGRAMME: SCIENCE LAB, TECHNOLOGY (PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY OPTION) HND
Course: General Principles of Pharmacology III Course Code: STY 423 Contact Hours: 3 Hrs (3 Unit)
Course Specification:
WEEK General Objective: 1.0 Understand the basic principles of chemotherapy
Special Learning Objective: Teachers Activities Resources
1.1 Define chemotherapy, antibiotics, and Use diagrams + illustrate the
antiseptics. differences between the three in Diagrams
1 1.1 above
1.2 Outline the ontribution of Paul Ehrlich to
pharmacology.

1.3 Explain chemicals as selective nhibitors of

disease.
General Objective: 2.0 Understand the uses and mechanism of action of Anti microbial drugs
Special Learning Objective: Teachers Activities Resources
2.1 Classify the antimicrobial drugs
Show the three samples in each Drug samples
2.2 Identify 3 nos. drugs in each of the classes of the classes in 2.2
below:-
2-3
a) Sulfonamides, and sulfones
b) Penicillin and cephalosporins
c) Tetracycline
d) Urinary, antiseptics
e) Amin glycosides
f) Anti tuberculosis
g) Antifugals.

174
WEEK General Objective:
Special Learning Objective: Teachers Activities Resource
2.3 Explain the antimicrobial spectrum in terms of
gram negative or positive organism for three the
antibiotics in 2.2.

2.4 Explain broad or narrow spectrum activity of any

two antibiotics.

2.5 Identify the cellular site of action of anti

microbial drugs.

2.6 Explain the mechanism of action of the drugs in

2.2 above.

2.7 Justify the need for combine therapy.

2.8 Explain the problem of resistance to anti

microbial drugs.

2.9 Explain the term “cross resistance”

2.10 List the major adverse effects of associated

with some antimicrobial drugs. Conduct industrial visit Industry

2.11 escribe the methods of manufacture of the

drugs in 2.2 above.

175
WEEK General Objective: 3.0 Understand the mechanism of action of antitiberculosis drug
Special Learning Objective: Teachers Activities Resource
3.1 Identify major and secondary drugs used in the Show drug samples Drug samples
chemotherapy of tuberculosis.

3.2 State the preferred regimens, dosage, duration and

4 procedures for chemoprophylaxis used in the
treatment of tuberculosis.

3.3 Explain the mechanism of streptomycin and

Rifampin in the treatment of tuberculosis.

3.4 State the factors contributing to treatment failure.

3.5 Identify the sources of the active ingredients of the

drugs in 3.3 above

3.6 Describe the process of manufacture of the drugs in Conduct industrial visit Industry
3.3 above.

176
WEEK General Objective: 4.0 Understand the use and mechanism of action of anti malaria drugs
Special Learning Objective: Teachers Activities Resource
4.22 Describe the life-cycle of malaria parasites
Use charts
4.2 Describe the following therapeutic objectives: Chart
a) Causal prophylaxis
b) Suppression infection
c) Clinical cure
d) Radical cure
5-6 e) Game tocidal

4.3 Identify the drugs which are used to achieve each Show drug samples Drug samples
of the therapeutic objectives listed above.
a) Primaquine
b) Chloroquine
c) Chorquanide
d) Pyrimethamne
e) Quinine

4.4 Explain the mode of action of the drugs in 4.3.

above.
4.3 Identify the site(s) of action of the drug on
stage(s) of sthe life-cycle of the malaria
parasite.

4.4 List the major complications of P.

falciparum infection.

4.5 Describe the process of manufacture of the

drugs in 4.3 above

177
WEEK General Objective: 5.0 Understand the use and mechanism of action of amebicidal drugs
Special Learning Objective: Teachers Activities Resource
5.1 Define amebiasis

5.2 Identify the stages of the life cycle of the Conduct laboratory Microscope stains.
protozoa. identification Charts

5.3 Identify entamoeba in the laboratory Use life cycle charts

7 5.4 Indicate which stage is responsible for acute

symptoms or carrier state.

5.5 Identify the drugs use in acute intestinal

amoebiasis.

5.6 Identify two supporting drugs in the treatment of

amoebiasis.

5.7 Classify the drugs used in treating chronic

intestinal amebiasis.

5.8 Explain the mode of action of drug used in

treating amoebiasis.

178
 General Objective: 6.0 Understand the use and action of antineoplastic drugs
Special Learning Objective: Teachers Activities Resources
6.1 Explain cancer
Show students cancerous tissue
8 6.2 Explain the origin or etiology of cancer. Prepared specimen

6.3 Describe the general features of cancer.

Show students drug samples Drug samples
6.4 Identify antineoplastic agents

6.5 Classify the antineoplastic agents.

6.6 Describe the mode of action of antineoplastic

agents

6.7 Identify the site(s) and mechanism of action of

each class of antineophastic agent Conduct industrial visit Industry

6.8 Identify drugs from each class in 6.5 above.

6.9 Identify the active ingredient in antineoplastic

agents.

179
 General Objective: 7.0 Understand drugs that influence metabolic and endocrine functions. Thyroid hormones.
Special Learning Objective: Teachers Activities Resources
7.1 Explain the nature and synthesis of thyroid
hormones?

7.2 Explain the iodine cycle.

9 Students to physically identify Anti-thryroid drugs
7.3 Explain the physiological effects and action of anti-thyroid drugs
thyroid hormones.

7.4 Identify anti-thyroid drugs.

7.5 Explain the mode of action of the drugs in 7.4.

above

180
 General Objective: 8.0 Know the role and actions of sex hormones.
Special Learning Objective: Teachers Activities Resources
8.1 Explain the general concept of the sex hormones.

8.2 Locate sex hormones in the human body.

Supervise students identify Hormone samples drug sa,[;es
8.3 Identify the sex hormones-Estrogens, hormones and drugs
progesterone and Androgens.

8.4 Explain the concept of oral contraceptives and its

10 adverse effects.

8.5 Identify oral contraceptics.

Show students drug samples Drug samples
8.6 Explain the mode of action of oral contraceptics

8.7 Describe the process of manufacture of oral

contraceptics

181
 General Objective: 9.0 Know corticosteroids and their action
Special Learning Objective: Teachers Activities Resources

9.1 Explain the concept of adrenal steroids and the

pituitary – adrenal relationship. Show students samples of Drug samples
corticosteroids
9.2 Explain the effects and uses of the corticosteroids
11
9.3 Identify common corticosteroids.

9.4 Explain the metabolism and mode of action of

corticosteroids

9.5 Outline the mode of manufacture of

corticosteroids.

182
 General Objective: 10.0 Know insulin and its importance
Special Learning Objective: Teachers Activities Resources

10.1 Explain insulin deficiency and diabetes.

Show insulin samples Insulin samples
10.2 Explain the mode of action and factors that
12 influence action of insulin.

10.3 Describe insulin preparations and their

duration of action, and also their adverse
effect.

10.4 Explain the duration and mode of action of

insulin

10.5 Explain hypoglycemic agents

10.6 Prepare insulin.

183
PRACTICAL CONTENTS
WEEK PRACTICALS TEACHERS ACTIVITIES RESOURCES
2.2 Identify 3 nos. drugs in each of the classes Show the three samples in each Drug samples
below:- of the classes in 2.2

h) Sulfonamides, and sulfones

i) Penicillin and cephalosporins
j) Tetracycline
k) Urinary, antiseptics
l) Amin glycosides
m) Anti tuberculosis
Antifugals.
3.1 Identify major and secondary drugs used in the
chemotherapy of tuberculosis Show drug samples Drug samples

4.3 Identify the drugs which are used to achieve each

of the therapeutic objectives listed above. Show drugs samples Drug samples
f) Primaquine
g) Chloroquine
h) Chorquanide
i) Pyrimethamne
j) Quinine
6.3 Describe the general features of cancer
6.7 Identify drugs from each class in 6.5 above
7.4 Identify anti-thyroid drugs Show students drug samples Drug samples
8.4 Identify oral contraceptics
9.3 Identify common corticosteroids
10.6 Prepare insulin
Show students drug samples Drug samples

184
Programme: Pharmaceutical Technology HND

Course: Liquid and Semi Liquid PharmaceuticalProducts

Code; PCT 411

Duration: 90 Hours

Unit: 4.0

Goal: This course is designed to provide the student with knowledge of the techniques of the manurfacture of liquid and semi
liquid preparations.
General Objective: On completion of this course, the diplomae will be able to:

1.0 Understand the techniques in liquid and semi solid products manufacture
2.0 Know the principles and techniques involved in the preparation of mixtures (Liquid pharmaceuticals)
3.0 Know the principles and techniques involved in the preparation of solutions
4.0 Understand the principles and techniques involved in the preparation of suspensions
5.0 understand the principles and techniques involved in the preparation of emulsions
6.0 Understand the principles and techniques involved in the preparation of semi-solid pharmaceutical formulations.

185
 General Objective: 1.0 Understand the techniques in liquid and semi solid products manufacture
Special Learning Objective: Teachers Activities Resources
Specific )Performance) Objectives Conduct tutorials with Bulk measuring instruments m
1.1 Describe bulk measuring techniques for skeletons on bulk measuring Xers
1-2 liquid and semi-solid pharmaceutical
products manufacture.

1.2 Identify instruments for bulk measuring as

in 1.1 above.

1.3 Carry out bulk measurement for liquid and

semi-liquid pharmaceutical products
manufacture

1.4 Describe techniques of mixing of liquid

substances: for pharmaceutical products Supervise students measure out
manufacture. portions, mix and formulate
emulates
1.5 Identify equipment for the operation in 1.4
above. Students should identifying Mixing utensils and equipments
equipment mix liquid
1.6 Mix liquid substances for pharmaceutical substances
products manufacture.

1.7 Describe fusion and spatula methods in

liquid and semi-solid product mixing.

186
 1.8 Explain operation principles of liquid and
semi-solid mixing equipment

1.9 Describe the techniques of formulation of

suspending agents..

1.10 Describe the technique of formulation of

emulsifying agents.

1.11 Formulate suspending agents and

emulsifying agents

1.12 Maintain and care for liquid and semi solid

mixing apparatus.

1.13 Select containers for extemporaneous

liquid and semi-solid preparations.
General Objective: 2.0 Know the principles and techniques involved in the preparation of mixtures (Liquid
pharmaceuticals)
Specific Learning Objective: Teacher Activities Resources
2.1 Define Mixture Supervise students mix, prepare Mixers labeling machines,
pharmaceutical mixture and pharmacy workshop laboratory
3-4 2.2 Identify types of mixtures label

2.3 Describe techniques of preparing mixtures

containing diffusible solids.

2.4 Describe techniques of preparing mixtures

containing in diffusible solids.

2.5 Prepare mixture containing diffusible solids, Supervise student prepare Mixing utensils and equipment

187
 in diffusible solids. mixtures.

2.6 Identify containers and closures for

mixtures.

2.7 Label mixtures. Supervise student label Labeling machine

2.8 Carry out routine maintenance of equipment

used in preparing mixtures.
General Objective: 3.0 Know the principles and techniques involved in the preparation of solutions
Special Leering Objective Teachers Activities Resources
Conduct tutorials conduct Pharmaceutical laboratory
3.1 Define “solutions” physical identification of types utensils equipment
of solutions utensils equipment
5-6 3.2 Identify types of solutions (oral solutions: and instruments for preparing
draughts, slixir, linctuses, syrups, etc and solutions
topical solutions; colloidons, lotions,
paints, solutions for oral cavity:
mouthwashes and gargles) Supervise preparation of
3.3 Describes techniques of preparing solutions solution in the pharmaceutical
labeling package and label
3.4 Identify utensils, instruments and solutions
equipments for preparing solutions

3.5 Prepare the various solutions identifies as

in 2.1 above.

3.6 Identify package materials for solutions Supervise student package and Packaging materials labeling
label solutions machine.
3.7 Package solutions

3.8 Label packaged solutions

188
 General Objectives: 4.0 Understand the principles and techniques involved in the preparation of suspensions
Specific Objectives Teachers Activities resources
4.1 define suspensions. Tutorials on types of Utensils
suspensions and suspending
4.2 Identify types of suspensions. agents.
7-8
4.3 Identify suspending agents.
Supervise students formulate
4.4 Describe formulation techniques for package and label suspension.
suspensions. Libeling machine

4.5 Explain mode of operation of

homogenizes and other

4.6 Formulate suspensions.

4.7 Maintain equipment use in

manufacturing suspensions.

4.8 Identify labeling requirement for

suspensions.

4.9 Label suspensions

189
 General Objective 5.0 understand the principles and techniques involved in the preparation of emulsions
Specific Objectives Teachers activities Resources
Students to physically identity Pharmacy laboratory utensils
5.1 Define emulsions. emulsions and emulsifying
agents
5.2 Identify types of emulsions.
Supervise students produce
8-9 5.3 Identify emulsifying agents emulsions in the laboratory

5.4 Describe formulation techniques (wet

and dry gum method) for emulsions

5.5 Formulate maintenance and emulsion

care of equipment used in emulsion
compulsions

5.6 Produce emulsion

Packaging and labeling
5.7 Identify packaging materials for equipment
emulsions

5.8 Packaged emulsions

5.9 Label emulsions

190
 General Objectives 6.0 Understand the principles and techniques involved in the preparation of semi-solid
pharmaceutical formulations.
WEEK Special Learning Objective Teachers Activities Resources
10 - 12 6.1 Define semi-solid formulations ointment, Display examples of semi-solid Pharmacy workshop laboratory
creams. formulations; ointment bases
supervise student formulate
6.2 List examples of semi-solid formulations ointments, paste and gels

6.3 Classify semi liquid formulations. Utensils

6.4 List properties of ointments.

6.5 Identify various ointment bases, types,

and characteristics.

6.6 Describe the characteristics of the

various ointment basis formulation
techniques for ointments

6.7 Describe formulation techniques for

ointments

6.8 Formulate ointments .

6.9 Label of ointments.

6.10 Routinely maintain machines use in Supervise students formulate Utensils, packaging and
making ointments creams paste, gels, package and labeling machines.
label
6.11 Explain creams

191
 6.12 Identify various types of creams

6.13 Identify cream bases

6.14 Describe cream formulate techniques

6.15 Formulate creams

6.16 Describe the characteristics of other

semi-solid preparations paste, gels

6.17 Describe the technique for formulation

of paste and gels

6.18 Formulate pastes and gels.

6.19 Show and care for equipment used in the

formulation semi-solid preparations

6.20 Identify containers and closures for paste

and gels

6.21 Label paste and gels

PRACTICAL CONTENTS
WEEK PRACTICALS TEACHERS ACTIVITIES RESOURCES
1.2 Identify instruments for bulk measuring as
in 1.1 above.

1.3 Carry out bulk measurement for liquid

and semi-liquid pharmaceutical products

192
 manufacture
1.5 Identify equipment for the operation in
1.4 above

1.6 Mix liquid substances for pharmaceutical

products manufacture

1.12 Maintain and care for liquid and semi

solid mixing apparatus
1.13 Select containers for extemporaneous
liquid and semi-solid preparations

.
2.2 Identify types of mixtures Supervise student to prepare Mixing utensils and equipment
mixture
2.5 Prepare mixture containing diffusible
solids, in diffusible solids.
2.6 Identify containers and closures for
mixtures.

2.7 Label mixtures. Supervise students label Labeling machine

2.8 Carry out routine maintenance of

equipment used in preparing mixtures.

3.2 Identify types of solutions (oral

solutions: draughts, slixir, linctuses,
syrups, etc and topical solutions;
colloidons, lotions, paints, solutions for
oral cavity: mouthwashes and gargles)

193
3.5 Identify utensils, instruments and
equipments for preparing solutions
3.6 Prepare the various solutions identifies
as in 2.1 above.
3.7 Identify package materials for solutions Supervise students package and Packaging materials labeling
3.8 Package solutions label solutions machine
3.9 Label packaged solutions
4.2 Identify types of suspensions
4.3 Identify suspending agents
4.6 Maintain equipment use in
manufacturing suspensions
4.7 Label suspensions
5.4 Identify types of emulsions
5.5 Identify emulsifying agents
5.6 Produce emulsion
5.7 Identify packaging materials for
emulsions
5.8 Packaged emulsions
5.9 Label emulsions Packaging and labeling
6.5 Identify various ointment bases, types equipments
and characteristics.
6.8 Formulate ointments.
6.9 Label of ointments
6.12 Identify various types of creams
6.13 Identify cream bases

6.15 Formulate creams

6.18 Formulate pastes and gels

6.21 Label paste and gels.

194
PROGRAMME: Pharmaceutical Technology HND

COURSE: General and Hospital dispensing Practice.

CODE: PCT 412

UNITS: 1.0

GOAL: This course is designed to enable the diplomate understand the structure and organisation of a pharmacy unit
in a hospital setting and the art of dispensing prescriptions.
DURATION; 15 Hours (1 Hour Lecture/ Practical per week)

GENERAL OBJECTIVE: On completion of this course, the diplomate should be able to:

1.0 Know the historical development of pharmacy practice in Nigeria.

2.0 Know the organogram of a hospital/community pharmacy
3.0 Understand prescription and dispensing prescription

195
General Objective: 1.0 Know the historical development of pharmacy practice in Nigeria
WEEK Specific (Performance) Objectives Teachers Activities Resources
1.1 Outline the historical evolvement of Pharmancy
practice in Nigeria;
1.2 Explain Pharmacy practice regulatory laws and Conduct tutorials
guidelines.
1.3 Identify pharmacy regulatory bodies in Nigeria
(e.g. Pharmacist council of Nigeria);
1.4 Explain drug use regulations in Nigeria and the
regulatory bodies;
1.5 Explain the laws regulatory handling of drugs and
poisons in hospitals and community pharmacies;
1.6 Describe the process of drug purchase, storage
and stock control
1.7 Explain patent and proprietary medicines. Inventory sheets
1.8 The setting up and operation of patent medicine
stores; Supervise students take
1.9 Describe the process of drug inventory and inventory and grade reports
recording keeping system;
1.10 Take drug inventory
General Objective: 2.0 Know the organogram of a hospital/community pharmacy
WEEK Specific (Performance) Objectives Teachers Activities Resources
6-10 2.1 Explain the responsibilities of a hospital pharmacy.
2.2 List the personnel requirements of a hospital pharmacy. Conduct student on a Hospital
2.3 Explain organizational Flow Chart of a hospital pharmancy; tour of hospital and community
2.4 Explain the responsibilities, roles and functions of different personnel community pharmacy. pharmacy
cadres in a pharmacy unit of a hospital.

196
General Objective: 3.0 Understand prescription and dispensing prescription
WEEK Specific (Performance) Objectives Teachers Activities Resources
2.5 Explain the relationship of hospital pharmacy with other units of the
hospital;
2.6 Describe the organizational chart of a community pharmacy.
2.7 Describe the administrative structure of a community pharmacy;
2.8 Explain the process of financial management, accounting and record
keeping of pharmacy unit.

11-5 3.1 Define “Prescription”.

Conduct tutorials to Samples of prescriptions
3.2 Identify components of prescriptions; explain components of
3. 3 Interprete abbreviations, Latin terms used in prescriptions prescriptions to students
3.4 Interprete and execute prescriptions containing
extemporaneous preparations; Show prescription
3.5 Interprete and execute prescriptions containing ready made
drugs; Conduct tutorials to show
3.6 Apply pharmacy information books (British pharmacopoeia, students the use of Pharmacy information
British pharmaceutical codex, etc) in interpreting and handling pharmacy information books
prescriptions; books.
3.7 Package different dosage forms;
3.8 Interprete dosages in prescriptions, their calculations and
interpretations; Packaging materials and
3.9 Label dispensed products, auxiliary labels; containers
3.10 Communicate prescription directives of patients;
3.11 Record prescribed drugs.

197
PRACTICAL CONTENTS
WEEK PRACTICALS TEACHERS ACTIVITIES RESOURCES
1.10 Take drug inventory

3.7 Package different dosage forms;

3.9 Label dispensed products, auxiliary labels; Packaging materials and
3.10 Communicate prescription directives of containers
patients;
3.11 Record prescribed drugs.

198
PROGRAMME: Pharmaceutical Technology HND

COURSE: Infusions, injections, aseptic/sterile products

CODE: PCT 423

DURATION: 90 Hours 2 - 0 - 4

UNIT: 4.0

GOAL: This course is designed to enable diplomate know the techniques of and produce infusions, injections,
aseptic/sterile products.
GENERAL OBJECTIVES: On completion of this course, the diplomate should be able to:-

1.0 Know the historical development of pharmacy practice in Nigeria

2.0 Know the manufacturing processes of infusions
3.0 Know the manufacturing processes of other aseptic/sterile products

199
General Objective: 1.0 Know the historical development of pharmacy practice in Nigeria
WEEK Specific (Performance) Objectives Teachers Activities Resources
1.1 Explain the term “Sterile and Aseptic Products”
1.2 Classify sterile products; Display products that require Samples of ampoules and
1.3 List the product requirements for sterile sterility. vials.
products;
1-5 1.4 List products that require sterility e.g. buffers,
solvents, preservatives, etc;
1.5 Differentiate between the characteristics of
ampoule and vial products; Students to physically identify Samples of sterile products.
1.6 Identify containers and closures for ampoules containers.
and vials;
1.7 Describe ampoule manufacturing processes
(moulding and extrusion methods);
1.8 Describe mode of operation of Ampoule during
machines;
1.9 Describe mode of operation of Ampoule drying
machines; Tutorials and demonstrations on Samples of containes and
1.10 Describe Ampoule sealing techniques; filling, sealing sterilizing closures.
1.11 Describe Ampoule sealing techniques; ampoules.
1.12 Explain quality control tests for ampoules;
1.13 Identify equipment used in the sterilization of
ampoules and vial products;
1.14 Describe the sterilization process of ampoules
and vials sterilization processes;
1.15 Describe mode of operation of autoclaves
1.16 Describe mode of operation of ovens Supervise students to carry out
1.17 Apply moulding and extrusion processes in the the activities 1.16 – 1.22 Washing machine drying
manufacture of ampoules machine.
1.18 Wash ampoules using the washing machine

200
 1.19 Dry ampoules using the drying machine Filling machine ampoule
1.20 Fill ampoules and vials sea;er aitpc;aves. pvems
1.21 Seal ampoules
1.22 Sterilize ampoules and vials

WEEK General Objective 2.0 Know the manufacturing processes of infusions

6-10 Specific Objectives Teachers Activity Resources
2.1 Define infusions;
2.2 Describe the applications of infusions;
2.3 Identify the components of infusions; Supervise student adjust toxicity pH meters filters
2.4 Describe the adjustment of the toxicity and pH of and pH.
infusion solutions;
2.5 Adjust toxicity and pH of infusion solutions; Supervise students carry out
2.6 Identify types of filters used in clarification of filtration.
solutions for infusion;
2.7 Carry out classification of solution for infusion by
filtration;
2.8 Maintain filtration apparatus;
2.9 Identify properties of packaging materials for Show packaging materials to Packaging materials
infusions; identify properties.
2.10 Maintain infusion packaging materials;
2.11 Describe the sterilization processes (moist heat
sterilization, etc);
2.12 Describe the infusions modes of operation of Sterilization equipment e.g.
sterilization equipment (autoclaves, irradiators, Supervise student carry out autoclaves, irradiators sterilize
etc); sterilization filters etc
2.13 Sterilize solutions and infusions using
sterilization equipment ;
2.14 Maintain of sterilization equipment;
2.15 Label infusions.

201
WEEK General Objective: 3.0 Know the manufacturing processes of other aseptic/sterile products
11 - 15 Specific Objectives Teachers Activities Resources
3.1 Explain aseptic processing;
3.2 Identify materials requiring aseptic processing; Show student materials for Aseptic materials
3.3 Describe the formulation of Eye drops, eye aseptic processing and explain.
lotions, eye ointments; Why?
3.4 Formulate eye drops, eye lotions, eye ointments
3.5 Describe the properties and requirements of Filteration equipment
aseptic area;
3.6 Explain filteration;
3.7 Identify types of filteration equipment;
3.8 Explain the modes of operation of filteration
equipment; Supervise students carry out
3.9 Carry out aseptic filteration; aseptic filteration
3.10 Describe the design of aseptic room; laminar flow
units
3.11 Describe environmental and air control; measures
in aseptic conditions; Filling equipment
3.12 Explain personnel considerations in aseptic Supervise students carry out
processing; aseptic processing.
3.13 Carry out aseptic processing technique e.g.
aseptic filling and dilutions from stock
solutions/powders;

PRACTICAL CONTENTS
WEEK PRACTICALS TEACHERS ACTIVITIES RESOURCES
1.6 Identify containers and closures for Students to physical identify
ampoules and vials; containers
1.13 Identify equipment used in the
sterilization of ampoules and vial

202
 products
1.17 Apply moulding and extrusion processes
in the manufacture of ampoules
1.18 Wash ampoules using the washing
machine
1.19 Dry ampoules using the drying machine
1.20 Fill ampoules and vials
1.21 Seal ampoules
1.22 Sterilize ampoules and vials

2.5 Adjust toxicity and pH of infusion Supervise students carry out

solutions; filtration
2.7 Carry out classification of solution for
infusion by filtration;
2.8 Maintain filtration apparatus; Show packaging materials to Packaging materials
2.9 Identify properties of packaging identify properties
materials for infusions
2.10 Maintain infusion packaging materials

2.13 Sterilize solutions and infusions using

sterilization equipment

2.14 Maintain of sterilization of equipment

2.15 Label infusions

3.2 Identify materials requiring aseptic

processing
3.8 Explain the modes of operation of
filtration equipment.
3.9 Carry out aseptic filteration Supervise students carry out
aseptic filteration

203
3.13 Carry out aseptic processing technique
e.g. septic filling and dilutions from stock
solutions/powders.

204
PROGRAMME: Pharmaceutical Technology HND

COURSE: Quality Control Techniques

CODE: PCT 424

DURATION: 60 Hours 1 hours lectures and 3 hours practical per week

UNIT: 2.0

COURSE GOAL: This course is designed to enable students knows and apply basic quality control annytical techniques
on finished pharmaceutical dosage forms and allied products.

GENERAL OBJECTIVES: On completion of this course, the diplomate should be able to:

1.0 Know the historical development of pharmacy practice in Nigeria

2.0 Know the procedure and techniques of antibiotic assay
3.0 Know the procedure and techniques of sterility testing

205
General Objective: 1.0 Know the historical development of pharmacy practice in Nigeria
WEEK Specific (Performance) Objectives Teachers Activities Resources
1-5 1.1 Explain the term potentiometric analysis in
quality control.
1.2 Describe methods of preparation of drugs for Supervise students in Potentiometric analysis
examination. potentiometric analysis instruments.
1.3 Prepare drugs for examination according to
official reference books;
1.4 Apply potentiometric analysis;
1.5 Apply the techniques of potentiometric analysis
in quality control
1.6 Identify instruments used in potentiometric
analysis
1.7 Care and maintenance instruments for
potentiometric analysis.
General Objective: 2.0 Know the procedure and techniques of antibiotic assay
WEEK Special Learning Objectives Teachers Activities Resources
2.1 Define antibiotic assay
2.2 Explain the uses and applications of antibiotic
6 - 10 assay Supervise students carry out
2.3 Describe methods of assaying antibiotics in drug antibiotic assay
samples agar diffusion methods; broth dilution
tests;
2.4 Apply any of the methods in 2.3 above in
assaying antibiotics.
2.5 Describe methods of assaying antibiotics in body
fluids;
2.6 Carry out antibiotics assay in body fluids;
2.7 Describe methods of selection of reference test
organisms;
2.8 Select reference test organisms. Supervise student : Laboratory glasswares.
2.9 Describe methods of maintenance of test cultures. (i) select reference test

206
 2.10 Maintain test culture. organisms;
2.11 Describe methods quality control of test methods (ii) maintain test cultures;
and reference drug samples; (iii) design bio-assay test;
2.12 Design bio-assay test; (iv) interpret result of
2.13 Interpret result of zones of inhibition; zones of inhibition;
2.14 Screen for antimicrobial substances; (v) Screen for antibiotic
2.15 Determine inhibitory concentrations for chemical agents.
antimicrobial substances;
2.16 Explain limitations of bio-assay techniques;
2.17 Maintain and care for bio-assay equipment and
apparatus.
2.18 Carry out antibiotic assay of penicillin, amino-
glycosides, etc.
General Objective: 3.0 Know the procedure and techniques of sterility testing
WEEK Specific Learning Objectives Teaching Activities Resources
11-15 3.1 Define sterility testing;
3.2 List applications of sterility testing;
3.3 Describe drug sampling techniques;
3.4 Select of reference/test cultures and culture Supervise students prepare Autoclave heating mantle
media; culture media
3.5 Prepare culture media;
3.6 Describe environmental and personnel control Incubators, oven, autoclaves
during sterility testing operation;
3.7 Describe machines/equipments used in sterility
testing (incubators, oven, autoclaves, etc); Supervise students carry out
3.8 Carry out sterility tests; sterility tests
3.9 Interpret results of test in 3.8;
3.10 Maintain equipment used in sterility testing
operation.

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PRACTICAL CONTENTS
WEEK PRACTICALS TEACHERS ACTIVITIES RESOURCES
1.6 Identify instruments used in potentiometric
analysis
1.7 Care and maintenance instruments for
potentiometric analysis.

2.4 Apply any of the methods in 2.3 above in

assaying antibiotics.
2.6 Carry out antibiotics assay in body
fluids;
2.8 Select reference test organisms.

2.10 Maintain test culture.

2.14 Screen for antimicrobial substances;
2.17 Maintain and care for bio-assay equipment
and apparatus.
2.18 Carry out antibiotic assay of penicillin,
amino glycosides, etc
3.5 Prepare culture media
3.8 Carry out sterility tests Supervise students carry out
3.10 Maintain equipment used in sterility sterility tests
testing operation

208
 Pharmaceutical Technology
National Diploma
Higher National Diploma

List of minimum facilities

A. Laboratories.
1. Biology/Microbiology laboratory
See science laboratory Technology (ND)
Biology/Microbiology
2. Chemistry labouratory
See science laboratory Technology (ND)
3. Physics laboratory
See science laboratory Technology (ND)
4. Instrument room
See General laboratory Techniques (ND)
General instrumentation HND
Biological and Chemical instrumentation HND

B. Workshop
1. Pharmacy workshop ND/HND
2. Wood and metal workshop ND
3. Drawing instruments. ND

C. Studios
1. Computer laboratories/studio ND/HND

209
 PARTICIPANTS

S/N Names of Participants Addressess

1 Alh A A. Folawewo National President NAPH & P. I.
2 Mr. O. E. Okafo N. B. T E., Kaduna Coordinating Editor
3 Dr. Lawrence Henshsw School of Health Yechnology Calabar Cross river State
4 Muhammed Audu General Hospital Kankia, Kastina State
5 R O. Christian Aba, Abia State, Abia Sate
6 Mr. Yohanna Jigan Ministgry of Health Kaduna
6 Chief J. O. Ogunseyin
7 Muhamud Muhammed Umbara Muritala Mohammed specialist Hospital, Kano
8 Edith Asiri (Miss) Abia State University Teaching Hospital, Abia state
9 Am f. Efijimue Ughelli Delta State Hospital
10 Hassan Abdullahi Yusra Health foundation L. 29, Afamu road, Kaduna
11 Dr. Annka Department of Pharmacy, ABU, Zaria
12 A. I. Ifejika N. B. T. E., Kaduna
13 Adbulakrim Zubairu N. B. T. E., Kaduna
14 Kolawole Adegboye F.C.T., Abuja
15 Pastor S O. Soremekun H. M. B., Lagos
16 A. S. Aboyin Ministry of Health, Enugu State
17 Mr. Fwowe Ministry of Health, Oyo State
18 Mallam Ado Garba Ministry of Health, Kano State
19 Alhaji Musa B. Bodinga Ministry of Health, Sokoto State
20 Hajapa A Yusuf Ministry of Health, Kogi State

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21 Balogun R.Adetola Ministry of Health, Kebbi State
22 Alh. Shehu Umar Ministry of Health, Kebbi State
23 Alh. Saminu Hussaini Ministry of Health, Kano State
24 Mrs. Tejuoso W. O. Ministry of Health Auto Padic Hospital Igbobi, Lagos
25 Ibrahim Omeiza Usman Centgral Hospital, Abuja
26 Mr. Ayo Ibuje Min. of Health
27 Elder Tayo Abejunde Min. of Health
28 Chief Fakonya Ogun State Min. of Health
29 Mr. Achibung Delta State Min. of Health
30 Mr. Okpara Bayelsa State Min. of Health

211