Q1: What is Java?

​
A1: Java is a high-level, object-oriented programming language designed for portability across
platforms. It was developed by Sun Microsystems (now owned by Oracle) in 1995. Java uses
the "write once, run anywhere" philosophy, meaning compiled Java code can run on any
platform that has a Java Virtual Machine (JVM).

Q2: What are the key features of Java?​

A2:

●​ Simple: Java syntax is easy to understand, and it removes complex features like
pointers.
●​ Object-Oriented: Java follows the OOP paradigm, making code more reusable and
modular.
●​ Platform Independent: Code can run on any system with JVM installed.
●​ Secure: Java offers features like bytecode verification and runtime security checks.
●​ Multithreaded: Java has built-in support for multithreading, allowing multiple tasks to
run simultaneously.
●​ Robust: Java provides strong memory management and exception handling, reducing
errors.
●​ Portable: Java bytecode can be executed on any platform.

Q3: What are the primitive data types in Java?​

A3: The primitive data types in Java are:

●​ byte: 1 byte
●​ short: 2 bytes
●​ int: 4 bytes
●​ long: 8 bytes
●​ float: 4 bytes
●​ double: 8 bytes
●​ char: 2 bytes
●​ boolean: 1 bit

Q4: What is a statement in Java?​

A4: A statement in Java is an instruction that performs a specific task. Examples include
assignments, control structures, method calls, etc. Statements are typically ended with a
semicolon (;).

Q5: What are operators in Java?​

A5: Operators in Java are symbols used to perform operations on variables and values.
Examples:

●​ Arithmetic Operators: +, -, *, /
●​ Relational Operators: ==, !=, >, <
 ●​ Logical Operators: &&, ||, !
●​ Assignment Operator: =
●​ Unary Operators: ++, --, +, -

Q6: What are the control statements in Java?​

A6: Control statements in Java include:

●​ Conditional Statements: if, else, switch

●​ Looping Statements: for, while, do-while
●​ Branching Statements: break, continue, return

Q7: How do you define a method in Java?​

A7: A method in Java is defined with a return type, method name, and parameters (if any).
Example:

public int addNumbers(int a, int b) {

return a + b;
}

Q8: What is type casting in Java?​

A8: Type casting is the process of converting one data type to another. It can be done in two
ways:

●​ Implicit Casting (Widening): Automatically converting smaller data types to larger ones
(e.g., int to long).
●​ Explicit Casting (Narrowing): Manually converting larger data types to smaller ones
(e.g., double to int).

Q9: What is an array in Java?​

A9: An array is a container object that holds a fixed number of values of the same type.
Example:

int[] numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4};

Q10: How can you pass arguments to a Java program from the command line?​
A10: Command-line arguments are passed to the main method as a string array.​
Example:

public class HelloWorld {

public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println(args[0]); // Prints the first argument
passed
}
}

Q11: What is a package in Java?​

A11: A package in Java is a namespace used to organize classes and interfaces. Example:

package com.myapp;
public class MyClass {
// class implementation
}

Q12: What is data abstraction in Java?​

A12: Data abstraction is the concept of hiding the complex implementation details and showing
only the necessary features of an object. It is achieved using abstract classes or interfaces.

Q13: What is encapsulation in Java?​

A13: Encapsulation is the technique of bundling the data (variables) and the methods
(functions) that operate on the data into a single unit, usually a class, and restricting access to
some of the object's components.

Q14: What is polymorphism in Java?​

A14: Polymorphism is the ability of an object to take many forms. It is achieved through method
overloading and method overriding.

Q15: What is inheritance in Java?​

A15: Inheritance allows a class to inherit properties and behaviors (methods) from another
class. This promotes code reusability. Example:

class Animal {
void eat() { System.out.println("Eating"); }
}
class Dog extends Animal {
void bark() { System.out.println("Barking"); }
}

Q16: What is the difference between a class and an object?​

A16: A class is a blueprint or template that defines the properties and behaviors of objects. An
object is an instance of a class.
Q17: What is an abstract class in Java?​
A17: An abstract class is a class that cannot be instantiated and is designed to be subclassed.
It may contain abstract methods, which are methods without implementation.

abstract class Animal {

abstract void sound();
}

Q18: What is an interface in Java?​

A18: An interface is a reference type that can contain only abstract methods, default methods,
and static methods. It is used to represent a contract that a class must follow.

Q19: What is the difference between overloading and overriding?​

A19:

●​ Overloading: Same method name, but different parameters.

●​ Overriding: Redefining a method in a subclass with the same signature as in the
superclass.

Q20: What is the use of super in Java?​

A20: super refers to the superclass of the current object and is used to call superclass
methods or constructors. Example:

class Animal {
void sound() { System.out.println("Animal sound"); }
}
class Dog extends Animal {
void sound() { super.sound(); System.out.println("Barking"); }
}

Q21: What is exception handling in Java?​

A21: Exception handling is a mechanism to handle runtime errors, so the normal flow of the
application can be maintained. It uses try, catch, and finally blocks.

Q22: What are the types of exceptions in Java?​

A22: Exceptions in Java are divided into two categories:

●​ Checked exceptions: These must be declared in the method signature or handled

using a try-catch block. E.g., IOException.
 ●​ Unchecked exceptions: These do not need to be explicitly handled and are usually
caused by programming errors. E.g., NullPointerException.

Q23: What is the purpose of finally block in Java?​

A23: The finally block is used to execute important code such as closing resources,
regardless of whether an exception occurred or not.

Q24: What is the difference between throw and throws in Java?​

A24:

●​ throw: Used to explicitly throw an exception.

●​ throws: Used in method signatures to declare that a method may throw an exception.

Q25: How can you create a custom exception in Java?​

A25: You can create a custom exception by extending the Exception class.

class MyException extends Exception {

public MyException(String message) {
super(message);
}
}

Q26: What is JDBC?​

A26: JDBC (Java Database Connectivity) is an API that allows Java programs to interact with
databases. It provides methods for querying, updating, and managing data in relational
databases.

Q27: What is SQL and how is it used in JDBC?​

A27: SQL (Structured Query Language) is a language used to manage and manipulate
relational databases. In JDBC, SQL is used to execute queries like SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE,
and DELETE through Statement, PreparedStatement, or CallableStatement objects.

Q28: What are the key components of JDBC?​

A28: The key components of JDBC are:

●​ Driver: Translates Java calls into database-specific calls.

●​ Connection: Establishes a connection to the database.
●​ Statement: Executes SQL queries.
●​ ResultSet: Contains the results of a query.
●​ SQLException: Handles errors and exceptions.

Q29: How do you execute a query using JDBC?​

A29: A query is executed in JDBC by creating a Statement or PreparedStatement object
and calling its executeQuery() or executeUpdate() method.​
Example:

Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();

ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery("SELECT * FROM table_name");

Q30: What are scrollable and updatable result sets in JDBC?​

A30:

●​ Scrollable Result Set: Allows you to move the cursor in any direction, including
backward.
●​ Updatable Result Set: Allows you to update the data in the database directly through
the result set.

Q31: What is the difference between Statement, PreparedStatement, and

CallableStatement?​
A31:

●​ Statement: Used for executing simple SQL queries.

●​ PreparedStatement: Used for executing parameterized SQL queries, improving
performance and security.
●​ CallableStatement: Used for executing stored procedures in the database.

Q32: What is a RowSet in JDBC?​

A32: A RowSet is a wrapper around a ResultSet that adds features such as the ability to be
connected or disconnected from the database, and to be scrollable and updatable.

Q33: How do you perform batch updates in JDBC?​

A33: Batch updates allow executing multiple SQL statements in a single batch to improve
performance. Use addBatch() to add SQL commands to the batch and executeBatch() to
execute them.​
Example:

Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();

stmt.addBatch("INSERT INTO table_name VALUES (1, 'Name')");
stmt.addBatch("UPDATE table_name SET name='Updated' WHERE id=1");
stmt.executeBatch();

Q34: How do you call stored procedures and functions in JDBC?​

A34: Stored procedures are called using CallableStatement. Example:
CallableStatement stmt = conn.prepareCall("{call procedure_name(?,
?)}");
stmt.setInt(1, 100);
stmt.setString(2, "Value");
stmt.execute();

Q35: What is ResultSetMetaData in JDBC?​

A35: ResultSetMetaData provides information about the structure of a ResultSet, such as
the number of columns, column names, and types.​
​
Q36: How do you manage transactions in JDBC?​
A36: In JDBC, transactions are managed using the setAutoCommit(false) method to begin
a transaction and commit() or rollback() to end or undo the transaction.​
Example:

conn.setAutoCommit(false);
try {
// execute queries
conn.commit();
} catch (SQLException e) {
conn.rollback();
}

Q37: What is the life cycle of a web application?​

A37: The life cycle of a web application involves several stages:

1.​ Client sends a request to the server.

2.​ Server forwards the request to the appropriate servlet.
3.​ Servlet processes the request and generates a response.
4.​ The response is sent back to the client.

Q38: What are web modules in Java?​

A38: A web module is a unit of deployment in a web application, typically consisting of a
collection of servlets, JSPs, static resources, and configuration files like web.xml.

Q39: How do you configure a web application in Java?​

A39: Web applications are configured using the web.xml file, which defines servlets,
mappings, and other configurations like session management and filters.
Q40: How do you access a database from a web application?​
A40: You can access a database from a web application by using JDBC inside a servlet or JSP.
A connection pool is often used to manage database connections efficiently.

Q41: What are JAR, WAR, and EAR files?​

A41:

●​ JAR (Java Archive): Contains Java class files and related resources, used for
packaging libraries.
●​ WAR (Web Archive): Contains a web application, including servlets, JSPs, and web
resources.
●​ EAR (Enterprise Archive): Used for packaging enterprise applications, including web
and EJB modules.

Q42: What is the difference between a web server and an application server?​
A42:

●​ Web Server: Handles HTTP requests and serves static content (e.g., HTML, images).
●​ Application Server: Supports dynamic content, often using Java EE technologies like
servlets, JSPs, and EJBs. It can include a web server.

Q43: What is a servlet?​

A43: A servlet is a Java class that extends HttpServlet and handles HTTP requests from
clients. It generates dynamic content, typically used in web applications.

Q44: What is the life cycle of a servlet?​

A44: The life cycle of a servlet includes:

1.​ Initialization: The init() method is called when the servlet is first loaded.
2.​ Request Handling: The service() method handles client requests.
3.​ Destruction: The destroy() method is called when the servlet is unloaded.

Q45: How can you share information between servlets?​

A45: Information can be shared between servlets using request attributes, session attributes, or
context attributes.

Q46: How do you initialize a servlet?​

A46: A servlet is initialized by overriding the init() method, which is called when the servlet is
first loaded into memory.

Q47: How do you write a service method in a servlet?​

A47: The service() method is overridden to handle client requests. It receives
HttpServletRequest and HttpServletResponse objects to interact with the request and
response.​
Example:
public void service(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse
response) {
// Handle the request and generate a response
}

Q48: What is a filter in Java?​

A48: A filter is an object that performs filtering tasks on either the request to a servlet, the
response from a servlet, or both. It is used for tasks like logging, authentication, or input
validation.

Q49: How can you invoke other web resources (e.g., servlets or JSPs) from a servlet?​
A49: You can invoke other resources using RequestDispatcher or
HttpServletResponse.sendRedirect().​
Example:

RequestDispatcher rd = request.getRequestDispatcher("anotherServlet");
rd.forward(request, response);

Q50: What is the web context in servlets?​

A50: The web context is an object that provides access to web application-wide data and
configuration. It is accessed through ServletContext and allows sharing data across servlets
and JSPs.​

51.​Q: What is the Spring Framework?​

A: The Spring Framework is an open-source Java framework used for building
enterprise applications. It provides infrastructure support for developing Java-based
applications and promotes features like Dependency Injection (DI) and Aspect-Oriented
Programming (AOP).​

52.​Q: What are the core modules of the Spring Framework?​

A: The core modules include Core Container (BeanFactory, ApplicationContext), AOP,
Data Access, Web, Spring MVC, Spring Security, Spring Batch, and Spring Integration.​

53.​Q: What is Dependency Injection in Spring?​

A: Dependency Injection (DI) is a design pattern used by Spring to reduce the coupling
between objects by injecting dependencies (like services or components) into a class,
rather than having the class create them internally.​

54.​Q: What is the difference between BeanFactory and ApplicationContext in

Spring?​
A: BeanFactory is the simplest container that provides basic features for dependency
 injection. ApplicationContext is a more advanced container that extends
BeanFactory and provides additional features like event propagation, AOP, and
integration with Spring’s messaging and persistence frameworks.​

55.​Q: How do you wire beans in Spring?​

A: Beans can be wired in Spring using XML configuration, annotations such as
@Autowired, or Java configuration with @Configuration and @Bean annotations.​

56.​Q: What is the lifecycle of a bean in Spring?​

A: The lifecycle of a bean in Spring includes the following stages: instantiation,
dependency injection, initialization, usage, and destruction. The bean can be customized
at different points using lifecycle annotations like @PostConstruct and @PreDestroy.​

57.​Q: How do you use JDBC with Spring?​

A: JDBC can be used in Spring through the JdbcTemplate class, which simplifies
database operations like query execution, updates, and exception handling.​

58.​Q: What is a DataSource in Spring?​

A: A DataSource in Spring is an abstraction for a connection pool or a database
connection provider. It is used to establish connections to a database and can be
configured in the Spring context to be injected where required.​

59.​Q: What is JdbcTemplate and how does it work in Spring?​

A: JdbcTemplate is a class in Spring used for querying the database and updating
data. It simplifies database operations by handling the repetitive aspects of JDBC, such
as connection management and exception handling.​

60.​Q: What are DML operations in Spring?​

A: DML (Data Manipulation Language) operations include INSERT, UPDATE, and
DELETE SQL commands that modify data in the database. These operations can be
executed using JdbcTemplate in Spring.​

61.​Q: What is a Controller in Spring Web MVC?​

A: A Controller in Spring Web MVC handles HTTP requests, processes them, and
returns a ModelAndView object or a String representing the view name to render.​

62.​Q: What are the different types of controllers in Spring MVC?​

A: Types of controllers in Spring MVC include @Controller, @RestController for
RESTful APIs, and @ModelAttribute controllers for handling form data.​

63.​Q: How are web requests mapped to controllers in Spring MVC?​

A: Web requests are mapped to controller methods using annotations like
 @RequestMapping and specific annotations like @GetMapping, @PostMapping, etc.,
where the URL patterns are mapped to method arguments.​

64.​Q: What is a Handler Mapping in Spring?​

A: A Handler Mapping in Spring is responsible for selecting which controller method
should handle an HTTP request based on the request’s URL and other factors such as
request parameters.​

65.​Q: How does Spring MVC handle form submissions?​

A: Spring MVC binds form data to Java objects and validates the input using
annotations like @Valid. The data is processed by the controller method and returned
as a model for rendering a view.​

66.​Q: What is a View Resolver in Spring MVC?​

A: A View Resolver in Spring MVC maps logical view names (such as home.jsp) to
actual view templates (like JSP or Thymeleaf) that are used to render the response.​

67.​Q: What are JSP and property files used for in Spring MVC?​
A: JSPs are used to render dynamic content, while property files are used to store
messages and content for internationalization (i18n) and localization, which can be
resolved by Spring's MessageSource.​

68.​Q: How do you perform validation in Spring MVC?​

A: Validation in Spring MVC is done using annotations like @Valid or @Validated on
the model class, and the validation results can be captured using BindingResult to
handle errors.​

69.​Q: What is a Throwaway Controller in Spring?​

A: A Throwaway Controller is a temporary controller in Spring MVC that handles
one-time or short-lived tasks, like redirects or simple actions without retaining any state.​

70.​Q: What is ContextLoaderListener in Spring?​

A: ContextLoaderListener is a servlet listener that initializes the Spring
ApplicationContext when the web application starts, allowing for the setup of
Spring beans and configurations.​

71.​Q: What is Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP)?​

A: Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP) is a programming paradigm that enables the
separation of concerns, such as logging or security, from the main business logic by
defining aspects, pointcuts, and advice.​

72.​Q: What is a Join Point in AOP?​

A: A Join Point is a point in the program execution where an aspect can be applied,
 such as method execution, field access, or exception handling.​

73.​Q: What is an Aspect in AOP?​

A: An Aspect is a module that encapsulates cross-cutting concerns, such as logging,
transaction management, or security, and is applied to multiple parts of the application
using AOP.​

74.​Q: What is Advice in AOP?​

A: Advice is the action taken at a join point. Types of advice include before, after,
and around advice, which are executed at different times relative to the method
execution.​

75.​Q: How do you configure AOP in Spring?​

A: AOP in Spring can be configured using XML configuration or annotations. The
@Aspect annotation is used to define aspects, and advice methods can be annotated
with @Before, @After, or @Around for different types of advice.​
​

76.​Q: What is Spring Boot?​

A: Spring Boot is a framework built on top of the Spring framework that simplifies the
process of setting up and developing Spring-based applications. It reduces the
complexity of configuration and enables rapid development of production-ready
applications.​

77.​Q: What are the key features of Spring Boot?​

A: Some key features of Spring Boot include auto-configuration, embedded servers,
simplified configuration, and production-ready features like health checks, metrics, and
logging.​

78.​Q: What are the main modules in Spring Boot?​

A: Main modules in Spring Boot include Spring Boot Starter, Spring Boot
Autoconfiguration, Spring Boot Actuator, Spring Boot CLI, and Spring Boot DevTools.​

79.​Q: How do you configure application properties in Spring Boot?​

A: In Spring Boot, application properties can be configured in the
application.properties or application.yml file, where you can set various
configurations such as server port, database settings, logging levels, etc.​

80.​Q: How do you set up Spring Boot using STS or IntelliJ?​

A: Spring Tool Suite (STS) and IntelliJ IDEA can be used to create a Spring Boot project
by selecting the Spring Boot project template, adding necessary dependencies, and
running the application using the built-in tools for Spring Boot.​
81.​Q: How do you configure beans using Java annotations in Spring Boot?​
A: Beans in Spring Boot can be configured using the @Bean annotation in configuration
classes annotated with @Configuration. This defines the beans that Spring manages
within the application context.​

82.​Q: What is a configuration class in Spring Boot?​

A: A configuration class in Spring Boot is a class annotated with @Configuration,
which is used to define and configure Spring beans using Java-based configuration.​

83.​Q: How does Spring Boot handle the auto-wiring of beans?​

A: Spring Boot auto-wires beans using the @Autowired annotation, which
automatically injects the required dependencies into beans. It works based on the type
of the bean by default.​

84.​Q: What is component scanning in Spring Boot?​

A: Component scanning in Spring Boot is the process by which Spring automatically
detects and registers beans annotated with @Component, @Service, @Repository,
and @Controller in the application context.​

85.​Q: What is the naming convention for base packages in Spring Boot?​
A: In Spring Boot, the base package should be named in a way that reflects the
application’s structure. Typically, the main class annotated with
@SpringBootApplication should be placed in the root package, and sub-packages
should contain other components like services, controllers, and repositories.​

86.​Q: What is the purpose of the @Bean annotation in Spring Boot?​

A: The @Bean annotation is used in Spring Boot to define a bean explicitly in a
configuration class. It allows Spring to manage the lifecycle and dependencies of the
bean.​

87.​Q: What is the @Component annotation in Spring Boot?​

A: The @Component annotation is used to define a Spring-managed bean. Any class
annotated with @Component is automatically detected by Spring and registered as a
bean in the application context.​

88.​Q: What is the @ComponentScan annotation in Spring Boot?​

A: The @ComponentScan annotation is used to specify the packages to scan for Spring
components, such as beans annotated with @Component, @Service, @Repository,
etc.​

89.​Q: What is the @Configuration annotation used for in Spring Boot?​

A: The @Configuration annotation is used to define configuration classes in Spring
 Boot. It tells Spring that the class contains bean definitions and should be processed by
the Spring container.​

90.​Q: What does the @Qualifier annotation do in Spring Boot?​

A: The @Qualifier annotation is used to resolve ambiguity when multiple beans of
the same type are present. It allows specifying which bean to inject when there are
multiple candidates.​

91.​Q: What is the @Primary annotation in Spring Boot?​

A: The @Primary annotation is used to indicate the preferred bean when there are
multiple beans of the same type, allowing Spring to choose the correct bean to inject
automatically.​

92.​Q: What does the @SpringBootApplication annotation do?​

A: The @SpringBootApplication annotation is a convenience annotation that
combines @Configuration, @EnableAutoConfiguration, and @ComponentScan.
It is typically used on the main class to enable Spring Boot’s auto-configuration and
component scanning features.​

93.​Q: What is the SpringApplication.run() method in Spring Boot?​

A: The SpringApplication.run() method is used to launch a Spring Boot
application. It creates an ApplicationContext, performs the auto-configuration, and
starts the embedded web server (if applicable).​

94.​Q: How does Spring Boot handle auto-configuration?​

A: Spring Boot uses auto-configuration to automatically configure beans based on the
classpath and the properties in the application. It is done through the
@EnableAutoConfiguration annotation, which allows Spring to automatically
configure components based on the environment.​

95.​Q: What is Spring Boot Application Bootstrapping?​

A: Spring Boot application bootstrapping refers to the initialization process where Spring
Boot sets up the application context, configures beans, and starts the application. It is
done by calling SpringApplication.run().​

96.​Q: How do you create a Spring Boot application?​

A: A Spring Boot application can be created using Spring Initializr (start.spring.io) or by
creating a new project with the required dependencies in IDEs like IntelliJ or STS.​

97.​Q: What is the purpose of Spring Initializr?​

A: Spring Initializr is a web-based tool (start.spring.io) that generates the initial setup for
a Spring Boot project, including dependencies, Maven/Gradle configurations, and
 package structures.​

98.​Q: How do you use the Spring Starter Wizard in STS IDE?​
A: In STS, the Spring Starter Wizard helps you quickly create Spring Boot projects by
selecting dependencies, project details, and generating a project structure that is ready
to use.​

99.​Q: How do you use the Spring Starter Wizard in IntelliJ IDEA?​
A: In IntelliJ IDEA, the Spring Starter Wizard is available to generate Spring Boot
projects by selecting the required dependencies and project configurations, which then
creates the application structure for you.​

100.​ Q: How does Spring Boot work with Maven?​

A: Spring Boot applications can be built and managed using Maven. The
spring-boot-starter-parent is used as the parent POM, and the
spring-boot-maven-plugin is used to package the application as a runnable JAR
or WAR file.​

101.​ Q: What is Object-Relational Mapping (O/R Mapping)?​

A: Object-Relational Mapping (O/R Mapping) is a technique that allows an
object-oriented programming language to interact with a relational database. It maps
Java objects to database tables, enabling developers to manipulate database records as
Java objects.​

102.​ Q: What is Hibernate?​

A: Hibernate is an open-source ORM (Object-Relational Mapping) framework that
simplifies database interaction for Java applications. It provides a framework for mapping
an object-oriented domain model to a traditional relational database.​

103.​ Q: What is the architecture of Hibernate?​

A: Hibernate's architecture consists of several components such as the Session
Factory, Session, Transaction, Query, Criteria, and Mapping Files. It provides an
abstraction layer to interact with the database using Hibernate Query Language (HQL)
and works with database management systems using JDBC.​

104.​ Q: How do you set up and run your first Hibernate application?​
A: To set up and run your first Hibernate application, you need to add Hibernate
dependencies (like Hibernate Core, Hibernate EntityManager) to your project, configure
Hibernate settings (either via XML or annotations), create a session factory, and perform
CRUD operations on your mapped objects.​

105.​ Q: What is the Hibernate configuration property file?​

A: The Hibernate configuration property file (hibernate.cfg.xml) is used to define
various Hibernate settings, including database connection details, dialect, session
 factory configuration, transaction factory, and other configurations for the Hibernate
framework.​

106.​ Q: What is the Hibernate configuration XML file used for?​

A: The Hibernate configuration XML file (hibernate.cfg.xml) is used to configure
Hibernate settings such as database connection, Hibernate dialect, caching, session
factory, and other properties necessary for Hibernate to interact with the database.​

107.​ Q: What are Hibernate database dialects?​

A: Hibernate database dialects are used to provide the correct SQL syntax for a specific
database. Hibernate supports various database dialects like MySQL, Oracle,
PostgreSQL, and others to generate SQL queries specific to the database being used.​

108.​ Q: How do you obtain a SessionFactory in Hibernate?​

A: A SessionFactory is obtained by using the buildSessionFactory() method
of the Configuration class. It is a thread-safe object used to create Session
instances for interacting with the database.​

109.​ Q: What is a user-provided JDBC connection in Hibernate?​

A: In Hibernate, a user-provided JDBC connection is a connection that is manually
created by the user and passed to Hibernate, instead of letting Hibernate manage the
connection pool.​

110.​ Q: How do you use the Hibernate code generation tool?​

A: The Hibernate code generation tool can be used to generate entity classes and
Hibernate mapping files from the database schema. Tools like Hibernate Tools in Eclipse
or Maven plugins can automate this process.​

111.​ Q: How do you use the schema generation tool in Hibernate?​

A: The schema generation tool in Hibernate can be used to automatically generate
database tables based on the entity mappings. You can enable schema generation by
configuring properties like hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto in the hibernate.cfg.xml
file.​

112.​ Q: How do you use the mapping file generation tool in Hibernate?​
A: The mapping file generation tool is used to create Hibernate XML mapping files from
Java classes. This is typically done using Hibernate tools in an IDE or by using the
Hibernate Ant tasks or Maven plugin.​

113.​ Q: What is a Hibernate mapping file?​

A: A Hibernate mapping file (.hbm.xml) is an XML file used to map Java classes to
database tables. It contains information about the class-to-table mapping, properties,
 primary keys, and relationships between entities.​

114.​ Q: What is the id element in Hibernate mapping?​

A: The id element in a Hibernate mapping file is used to define the primary key for an
entity. It maps a field in the Java class to the primary key column in the database table.​

115.​ Q: What are id generation methods in Hibernate?​

A: Hibernate supports various primary key generation strategies such as auto,
identity, sequence, and uuid. These methods define how Hibernate generates
unique primary key values for each entity.​

116.​ Q: What are Hibernate data types?​

A: Hibernate data types map Java types to database column types. Common Hibernate
data types include String, Integer, Boolean, Date, Long, Double, and more
complex types like List, Set, Map, etc.​

117.​ Q: How do you map collections and associations in Hibernate?​

A: Hibernate provides annotations like @OneToMany, @ManyToOne, @OneToOne, and
@ManyToMany to map associations between entities. Collections such as List, Set, or
Map can be mapped using @ElementCollection or collection mappings in XML.​

118.​ Q: What is a rich association in Hibernate?​

A: A rich association in Hibernate is a relationship between entities that also includes
additional properties or metadata. For example, a @ManyToMany association can
include a join table with extra fields like startDate or status.​

119.​ Q: What is a persistent class in Hibernate?​

A: A persistent class in Hibernate is a Java class that is mapped to a database table,
meaning instances of that class can be stored in and retrieved from the database.​

120.​ Q: How do you load an object in Hibernate?​

A: In Hibernate, an object is loaded using methods like session.load() or
session.get(). load() is used for lazy loading, while get() immediately fetches
the entity from the database.​

121.​ Q: What are the find methods in Hibernate?​

A: The find method in Hibernate is used to retrieve an entity from the database based
on its identifier. It is similar to get(), but it returns null if the entity is not found instead
of throwing an exception.​

122.​ Q: What are the different query interfaces in Hibernate?​

A: Hibernate provides several query interfaces, such as Query, Criteria, Native
 SQL, and HQL. These interfaces are used to perform various types of queries on the
database.​

123.​ Q: How do you perform CRUD operations in Hibernate?​

A: CRUD operations in Hibernate are performed using methods like save(),
update(), delete(), and get(). These methods are part of the Session interface
and allow for creating, reading, updating, and deleting records from the database.​

124.​ Q: What are Criteria Queries in Hibernate?​

A: Criteria Queries in Hibernate provide a more flexible and object-oriented way of
querying the database. It is part of the Hibernate Criteria API and allows for creating
complex queries without using HQL.​

125.​ Q: How do you use native SQL queries in Hibernate?​

A: Native SQL queries in Hibernate are executed using the createSQLQuery()
method of the Session interface. These queries are written in the native SQL dialect of
the underlying database.​

126.​ Q: What are Web Services?​

A: Web services are standardized ways of integrating web-based applications over the
internet. They allow different applications or systems to communicate with each other
regardless of their underlying platform or programming language.​

127.​ Q: What are the different types of distributed services?​

A: The main types of distributed services are:​

●​ SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol): A protocol for exchanging structured

information in a platform-independent manner.
●​ REST (Representational State Transfer): An architectural style that uses standard
HTTP methods for communication.
●​ RPC (Remote Procedure Call): A protocol that allows programs to invoke functions or
methods on remote systems.
●​ GraphQL: A query language for APIs that allows clients to request specific data.
128.​ Q: What is SOAP?​
A: SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) is a protocol used for exchanging structured
information in the implementation of web services. It relies on XML-based messages for
communication and can work over HTTP, SMTP, or other protocols.​

129.​ Q: What is REST?​

A: REST (Representational State Transfer) is an architectural style for designing
networked applications. It relies on stateless communication and standard HTTP
methods (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE) for interaction with resources represented as
 URLs.​

130.​ Q: What is Spring Boot REST?​

A: Spring Boot REST is a framework provided by Spring to simplify the creation of
RESTful web services. It makes it easy to build stand-alone, production-grade
Spring-based applications with minimal configuration, using REST principles.​

131.​ Q: What are the benefits of using Spring Boot for REST services?​
A: Spring Boot simplifies the development of REST APIs by:​

●​ Providing automatic configuration for commonly used components

●​ Reducing boilerplate code
●​ Enabling rapid development with embedded servers like Tomcat and Jetty
●​ Supporting dependency injection and other Spring features for ease of integration
132.​ Q: How do you create a simple REST service in Spring Boot?​
A: To create a simple REST service in Spring Boot:
●​ Add the necessary Spring Boot dependencies to the project (e.g.,
spring-boot-starter-web).
●​ Create a controller class with @RestController annotation.
●​ Define request mappings using @GetMapping, @PostMapping, @PutMapping, etc.
●​ Run the application using SpringApplication.run().
133.​ Q: What is the role of @RestController in Spring Boot?​
A: The @RestController annotation in Spring Boot is used to define a controller that
handles HTTP requests and automatically returns JSON or XML responses. It combines
@Controller and @ResponseBody into one annotation for easier handling of RESTful
web services.​

134.​ Q: What is the use of @RequestMapping in Spring Boot?​

A: The @RequestMapping annotation in Spring Boot is used to map HTTP requests to
handler methods of MVC and REST controllers. It supports different request types, such
as GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, etc.​

135.​ Q: How does Spring Boot handle JSON response automatically?​

A: Spring Boot automatically converts Java objects to JSON and vice versa by using
libraries like Jackson or Gson. The @RestController and @ResponseBody
annotations tell Spring to convert the returned object into JSON format.​

136.​ Q: What is a Spring Boot application starter?​

A: A Spring Boot application starter is a pre-configured set of dependencies that
simplifies the setup of a specific feature. For example, spring-boot-starter-web
provides all necessary libraries for building web applications, including RESTful services.​
137.​ Q: What is @GetMapping in Spring Boot?​
A: The @GetMapping annotation is used in Spring Boot to handle HTTP GET requests.
It maps a method to a specific URL endpoint and returns the data in the response body.​

138.​ Q: How can you handle exceptions in Spring Boot REST?​

A: In Spring Boot, exceptions can be handled using @ControllerAdvice to define
global exception handling or using @ExceptionHandler in the controller class to
handle specific exceptions. The ResponseEntity class can be used to return the
appropriate HTTP response status and error messages.​

139.​ Q: What is @RequestParam in Spring Boot?​

A: The @RequestParam annotation is used to extract query parameters from the HTTP
request. It can be used to bind method parameters to values in the request URL.​

140.​ Q: What is @PathVariable in Spring Boot?​

A: The @PathVariable annotation is used to extract values from the URI path. It
binds method parameters to values in the URL path, typically used in RESTful web
services to pass dynamic values.​

141.​ Q: How does Spring Boot handle different HTTP methods?​

A: Spring Boot uses annotations like @GetMapping, @PostMapping, @PutMapping,
and @DeleteMapping to handle different HTTP methods. These annotations map each
method to a specific HTTP verb for the corresponding controller method.​

142.​ Q: What is the purpose of @SpringBootApplication in Spring Boot?​

A: The @SpringBootApplication annotation is used to mark the main class of a
Spring Boot application. It combines three annotations: @Configuration,
@EnableAutoConfiguration, and @ComponentScan, enabling automatic
configuration and component scanning.​

143.​ Q: What is @Autowired in Spring Boot?​

A: The @Autowired annotation is used to inject dependencies automatically in Spring
Boot. It allows Spring to resolve and inject collaborating beans into the current bean.​

144.​ Q: How do you return a custom JSON response in Spring Boot?​

A: To return a custom JSON response, you can create a custom POJO (Plain Old Java
Object), annotate it with @ResponseBody, and return it from the controller method.
Spring Boot will automatically convert the object to JSON format.​

145.​ Q: How do you configure CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing) in Spring Boot?​
A: CORS can be configured globally using WebMvcConfigurer or locally at the
 controller level using the @CrossOrigin annotation. It allows you to specify which
domains are allowed to access your REST API.​

146.​ Q: What is a RESTful URL design?​

A: A RESTful URL design follows conventions to represent resources as URIs. It uses
nouns to represent entities (e.g., /products), and HTTP methods (GET, POST, PUT,
DELETE) to perform actions on those resources.​

147.​ Q: What is @RequestBody in Spring Boot?​

A: The @RequestBody annotation is used to bind the body of an HTTP request to a
method parameter in the controller. It is typically used in POST and PUT requests to
send data in JSON or XML format.​

148.​ Q: How do you configure application properties in Spring Boot?​

A: Application properties in Spring Boot can be configured in
application.properties or application.yml. These files are used to configure
database connections, server ports, logging, and other settings.​

149.​ Q: What is the purpose of @Bean annotation in Spring Boot?​

A: The @Bean annotation is used to declare a bean inside a configuration class. It tells
Spring to instantiate, configure, and manage the lifecycle of the bean.​

150.​ Q: How do you deploy a Spring Boot application as a WAR file?​

A: To deploy a Spring Boot application as a WAR file, you need to extend
SpringBootServletInitializer, change the packaging type to war in the
pom.xml, and provide a main() method to launch the application.​

151.​ Q: What is Monolith Architecture?​

A: Monolith Architecture refers to a software design in which an entire application
is built as a single unit, with all components tightly coupled and running in one
process. It is easier to develop and deploy but becomes difficult to scale and
maintain as it grows.​

152.​ Q: Can you describe a Monolith Architecture case study?​

A: A Monolith Architecture case study could involve a traditional e-commerce
application where the entire system (UI, business logic, database) is tightly
integrated into one large application. The application has been difficult to scale,
maintain, and deploy, leading to the decision to consider microservices for future
iterations.​

153.​ Q: What is the Monolith Application Deployment Process?​

A: In Monolith application deployment, the entire application is deployed as a
single unit to a single server or cloud instance. It involves building the complete
 application, testing it, and deploying it to the production environment. This
process is less flexible and scalable.​

154.​ Q: What are the drawbacks of Monolith Architecture?​

A: Drawbacks of Monolith Architecture include:​

●​ Difficult to scale due to tight coupling of components

●​ Hard to maintain and update as the application grows
●​ Challenges in implementing continuous delivery and continuous integration
●​ Single point of failure, which can affect the entire system
155.​ Q: What is Microservices Architecture?​
A: Microservices Architecture is an architectural style where an application is
developed as a collection of small, loosely coupled services. Each service is
focused on a single business functionality and can be developed, deployed, and
scaled independently.​

156.​ Q: What are the advantages of Microservices?​

A: Advantages of Microservices include:​

●​ Independent deployment and scaling of services

●​ Improved fault tolerance, as failures in one service don't affect the entire system
●​ Easier maintenance due to smaller, focused services
●​ Ability to use different technologies and databases for different services
157.​ Q: What are the disadvantages of Microservices?​
A: Disadvantages of Microservices include:
●​ Increased complexity due to managing multiple services
●​ Higher overhead in terms of communication and data consistency
●​ Challenges in distributed transactions and data management
●​ Requires specialized skills for service orchestration and infrastructure
management
158.​ Q: Can you describe a Microservices case study?​
A: A Microservices case study could involve a ride-sharing platform where
different services such as user management, ride booking, payment processing,
and notification are built as separate microservices. Each service can be scaled
independently based on demand, improving overall performance and flexibility.​

159.​ Q: How do you identify Microservices boundaries?​

A: Microservices boundaries can be identified based on business capabilities or
functionalities. By analyzing the application domain and breaking it down into
logical components, we can define each service as an independent unit of
business functionality, ensuring low coupling and high cohesion.​

160.​ Q: What is the Microservices Architecture?​

A: Microservices Architecture involves breaking down an application into a set of
 small, autonomous services that communicate with each other via APIs. Each
service is responsible for a single business domain, has its own database, and
can be developed and deployed independently.​

161.​ Q: How do you develop Microservices?​

A: Microservices are developed by:​

●​ Breaking down the application into distinct, business-driven services

●​ Developing each service independently with its own codebase and database
●​ Ensuring each service can communicate via lightweight protocols (like
HTTP/REST)
●​ Using frameworks like Spring Boot to simplify the development and deployment
process
162.​ Q: What are the different types of interservice communication?​
A: Interservice communication can be synchronous (e.g., HTTP/REST APIs,
gRPC) or asynchronous (e.g., messaging systems like Kafka or RabbitMQ). The
choice of communication type depends on the requirements, such as
performance, scalability, and reliability.​

163.​ Q: What is RestTemplate in Microservices?​

A: RestTemplate is a class in Spring used to make HTTP requests from one
microservice to another. It supports multiple HTTP methods like GET, POST, PUT,
DELETE and helps in making synchronous REST API calls between services.​

164.​ Q: What are Feign Clients in Microservices?​

A: Feign is a declarative HTTP client in Spring Cloud that simplifies the process
of making REST API calls between microservices. By using the @FeignClient
annotation, Feign allows the definition of an interface to automatically implement
HTTP requests to other services.​

165.​ Q: What is Service Registry in Microservices?​

A: A Service Registry is a database or directory where microservices register
themselves and their endpoints, enabling other services to discover and
communicate with them. It helps in dynamic service discovery, such as through
Netflix Eureka or Consul.​

166.​ Q: What is Service Discovery in Microservices?​

A: Service Discovery is the process where microservices can dynamically
discover each other at runtime, ensuring that they can communicate even if the IP
address or location of services changes. It relies on a Service Registry like Eureka
or Consul to keep track of service instances.​

167.​ Q: What is an API Gateway in Microservices?​

A: An API Gateway is a server that acts as an entry point for all client requests to
 microservices. It routes requests to the appropriate microservices, handles load
balancing, authentication, and authorization, and can also aggregate responses
from multiple services.​

168.​ Q: What is Config Server in Microservices?​

A: A Config Server in Microservices is used to store and manage configuration
properties for all microservices. It centralizes the configuration, ensuring
consistency across services, and can dynamically reload configuration properties
at runtime.​

169.​ Q: What is Circuit Breaker in Microservices?​

A: A Circuit Breaker is a design pattern used in microservices to prevent
cascading failures. It monitors the health of remote services and, if a service fails
repeatedly, it "opens" the circuit, preventing further calls to the failing service and
allowing it to recover.​

170.​ Q: What is Spring Boot Admin Server?​

A: Spring Boot Admin Server is a tool for managing and monitoring Spring Boot
applications. It provides a web interface to view metrics, logs, health checks, and
other information about Spring Boot applications running in the system.​

171.​ Q: What is a Load Balancer in Microservices?​

A: A Load Balancer in Microservices distributes incoming network traffic across
multiple instances of a microservice, ensuring high availability and preventing
overloading of a single instance. It helps in horizontal scaling and fault tolerance.​

172.​ Q: What is Distributed Logging in Microservices?​

A: Distributed Logging is the practice of collecting and centralizing logs from all
microservices to provide a unified view of system behavior. Tools like ELK stack
(Elasticsearch, Logstash, Kibana) or centralized logging systems like Splunk help
monitor and troubleshoot microservices.​

173.​ Q: How does Service Discovery work with Spring Cloud?​

A: In Spring Cloud, Service Discovery is typically implemented with Eureka.
Microservices register themselves with the Eureka server, and other services can
query Eureka to discover the available services and their endpoints.​

174.​ Q: What is a key challenge in managing microservices?​

A: A key challenge in managing microservices is ensuring consistency and
reliability in distributed systems. This includes handling communication failures,
ensuring data consistency, managing transactions across services, and
monitoring multiple services in real-time.​
 175.​ Q: How do you handle versioning in Microservices?​
A: Versioning in Microservices can be managed using strategies such as URI
versioning (e.g., /api/v1/resource), parameter versioning (e.g.,
/api/resource?version=1), or header versioning (e.g., using Accept headers
to specify API versions). It's important to maintain backward compatibility and
gradually migrate consumers to newer versions.​

176. Q: What is HTML?

A: HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is the standard language used to create and design
webpages. It structures content on the web, using various tags to define elements like headings,
paragraphs, links, images, and more.

177. Q: What are basic HTML tags?

A: Basic HTML tags include:

●​ <html>: Defines the document as an HTML document.

●​ <head>: Contains metadata for the document.
●​ <body>: Defines the content of the webpage.
●​ <h1>, <h2>, etc.: Defines headings.
●​ <p>: Defines a paragraph.
●​ <a>: Defines a hyperlink.
●​ <img>: Defines an image.

178. Q: What are HTML heading tags?

A: HTML heading tags define headings in a webpage. There are six levels of heading tags:

●​ <h1>: Most important heading.

●​ <h2> to <h6>: Decreasing levels of importance, with <h6> being the least important.

179. Q: What is the <img> tag used for in HTML?

A: The <img> tag is used to embed images in a webpage. It requires a src attribute that
defines the image source, and an optional alt attribute for an alternative text description of the
image.

180. Q: What are HTML attributes?

A: HTML attributes provide additional information about an element. They are placed within the
opening tag and define properties such as id, class, src, href, etc. For example, <a
href="https://example.com">Link</a>.

181. Q: What is the purpose of the <input> tag in HTML?

A: The <input> tag is used to create interactive controls in a form, allowing the user to input
data. It supports various types such as text, password, checkbox, radio, submit, etc.

182. Q: How do HTML list items work?

A: HTML lists can be unordered (<ul>) or ordered (<ol>). Each item in the list is defined using
the <li> tag. For example:

<ul>
<li>Item 1</li>
<li>Item 2</li>
</ul>

183. Q: What are meta tags in HTML?

A: Meta tags provide metadata about the HTML document, such as the character encoding
(<meta charset="UTF-8">), author information, description, and keywords for search
engines.

184. Q: What is the difference between block and inline elements in HTML?
A: Block elements take up the full width of their parent container (e.g., <div>, <p>) and start on
a new line. Inline elements take up only as much width as their content and do not start on a
new line (e.g., <span>, <a>).

185. Q: What are CSS styles?

A: CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is used to control the presentation and layout of HTML
elements. It allows you to define styles such as colors, fonts, margins, padding, and more,
which are applied to the HTML structure.

186. Q: What is the CSS box model?

A: The CSS box model defines the structure of elements, including:

●​ Content: The actual content of the element.

●​ Padding: Space between the content and the border.
●​ Border: Surrounds the padding (optional).
●​ Margin: Space outside the border.

187. Q: What are CSS selectors?

A: CSS selectors target HTML elements to apply styles. Common selectors include:

●​ element: Selects by element type (e.g., p).

●​ .class: Selects elements by class (e.g., .myClass).
●​ #id: Selects elements by ID (e.g., #myId).

188. Q: What are CSS combinators?

A: CSS combinators define relationships between selectors. Examples include:

●​ Descendant ( ): Selects elements that are descendants of a specified element.

●​ Child (>): Selects elements that are direct children of a specified element.
●​ Adjacent sibling (+): Selects elements that are immediately adjacent to another element.
189. Q: What is CSS specificity?

A: CSS specificity determines which styles are applied when there are conflicting rules. It is
calculated based on the types of selectors used: inline styles, IDs, classes, attributes, and
element selectors. Inline styles have the highest specificity.

190. Q: What is CSS Flexbox?

A: CSS Flexbox is a layout model that provides a way to arrange elements in a flexible
container. Items in a flex container can grow, shrink, and be aligned horizontally or vertically,
making responsive design easier.

191. Q: What is CSS Grid?

A: CSS Grid is a two-dimensional layout system that allows elements to be arranged in rows
and columns. It is used for creating complex web layouts and gives greater control over
positioning and spacing.

192. Q: What are CSS positioning types?

A: CSS provides different types of positioning:

●​ static: Default positioning (elements flow as normal in the document).

●​ relative: Positioned relative to its normal position.
●​ absolute: Positioned relative to the nearest positioned ancestor.
●​ fixed: Positioned relative to the viewport.
●​ sticky: Positioned based on the user's scroll position.

193. Q: What are the units used in CSS?

A: Common CSS units include:

●​ px: Pixels (absolute unit).

●​ em: Relative to the font size of the element.
●​ %: Percentage relative to the parent element.
●​ rem: Relative to the font size of the root element.
 ●​ vh, vw: Viewport height and width.

194. Q: What are CSS media queries?

A: CSS media queries are used to apply different styles based on device characteristics, such
as screen size, resolution, and orientation. They help create responsive designs that adjust to
various devices.

195. Q: What is a variable in JavaScript?

A: A variable in JavaScript is used to store data values. Variables can be declared using var,
let, or const and are used to hold values like numbers, strings, objects, etc.

196. Q: What are mathematical operators in JavaScript?

A: JavaScript provides operators to perform mathematical operations, such as:

●​ +: Addition
●​ -: Subtraction
●​ *: Multiplication
●​ /: Division
●​ %: Modulus (remainder)

197. Q: What are relational operators in JavaScript?

A: Relational operators are used to compare values. Examples include:

●​ ==: Equal to
●​ !=: Not equal to
●​ >: Greater than
●​ <: Less than
●​ >=: Greater than or equal to
●​ <=: Less than or equal to
198. Q: What are comparison operators in JavaScript?

A: Comparison operators are used to compare two values and return a boolean result.
Examples include:

●​ ===: Strict equal to

●​ !==: Strict not equal to
●​ ==: Equal to (loose comparison)
●​ !=: Not equal to (loose comparison)

199. Q: What are conditional statements in JavaScript?

A: Conditional statements are used to perform different actions based on different conditions.
Common conditional statements include:

●​ if: Executes a block of code if the condition is true.

●​ else: Executes a block of code if the condition is false.
●​ else if: Checks another condition if the previous if condition was false.

200. Q: What are logical operators in JavaScript?

A: Logical operators are used to combine multiple conditions in JavaScript:

●​ &&: AND operator

●​ ||: OR operator
●​ !: NOT operator

​
​