INSIDE THE CHAPTER ¢@ Hardware @ Heat Sink # Modem ¢@ Motherboard @ Sound Card @ Memory @ BIOS @ Video Card Devices @ PSU CPU Computer is the greatest invention of men. Today, human being depends on computer for their work from dawn to dusk. Now the computers are not only used for the purpose of mere computation only, rather they have entered our day to day life in such a manner that we cannot think of living without them. It has become a necessity today. It is of greathelp in teaching and research andinthe communication system as well. jeveloped in days or months, rather this is an outcome of Computer that we use today is not d consistent developmentefforts and research of scholars for many years. EUAN Hardware represents the physical and tangib! ral devices, It can be categor Je components of a computer. It comprises of processing hardware and periphe! ized into external (System Cabinet, Monitor, Keyboard, Mouse and Printer) and internal (CPU, Prima Motherboard, Video Card, etc) hardware. ry Memory, Hard Disk Drive, Inthis chapter we will discuss about different internal hardware components ofa computer.[MortHERsoarD * Amotherboard is considered as one of the most essential part of any computer system + Itholds together many crucial components ofa computer. * The motherboard contains the Central Processing Unit (CPU), the Memory, and all the connectors to the rest of the hardware of the computer system * Motherboard connects other devices in your computer using a set of special slots anc connectors called ports that are located on the top and back edge of the motherboard. Fig. 1.1 Motherboard J ®asicinput output system (BIOS) PR res } together known as firmware. . BIOS is a boot firmware, a specially programmed Rept ors small chip on the motherboard which loads the Pa Poneto ec) hardware settings of various devices such as ae keyboards, monitors, ete. * When a computer is switched on, micro computer uses this software to start the system. This whole process of initializing the system is known as Booting or Booting up. * Asmalllithium Ion battery provides powerto BIOS. + Itcontrols the routine functions like clock. y y, Fig, 1.2 BIOS Chip ha- sis I Power Supply Unit A power supply unit (PSU) is the component that supplies power to the other components in a computer. All parts of a computer require electricity in order to operate. The PSU receives electricity from an external source, and changes it into powerthat the other parts ofthe computer can use. Fig. 1.3 : Power Supply Unit I Heatsink A Heat Sink is an electronic device usually attached to a microprocessor to stop it from overheating. Any component that generates an excessive amount of heat uses a heat sink to keep the component cool. The component that generates the mostheatis the processor. [[sound card Fig. 1.4 Heat Sink Device The Sound Card is an expansion card that allows the computer to produce sound using an audio device like speaker or headphone. [video cara The Video Card is an expansion card that allows the computer to send graphical information to a visual display device like monitor ora projector. Fig. 1.6 Video CardJ central Processing Unit (CPU) The complex process of transforming raw data into meaningful information is known as Processing and to perform this operation, the computer uses the CPU. The Central Processing Unit, or CPU, isatthe core of every computer. Fig. 1.7: CPU . The CPU is the control centre for a computer. Itco-ordinates and controls its performance. CPU is also responsible for activating and controlling the operations of other units of computer system. It is so important for a computer that it is considered as the brain or the heart of th: computer. The Control Unit (CU), the Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU) and Memory Unit (MU) of: computer system are together knownas the Central Processing Unit (CPU). I Modem It is a device that converts data from digital to analog signal and vice-versa. It modulates computer signals into audible tones. These tones travel across the phone line to another modem, | which demodulates the tones back into Mae Nader computer signals, Three types of modulation allowing the two computers to communicate, techniques are; AM- Amplitude Modulation, FM- Fre Modulation. NZ DEVICES Memory is the place where the CPU temporarily stores the data that is currently being used quency modulation and —PM-Phase Running many programs simultaneously requires more memory, Itmeans the more memory your ry. Primary Memory is further divided into two types: RAMand ROM.RAM: Random Access Memory (RAM) refers to a part of the computer where information is stored while itis being used by the computer's proces: or, operating system, and programs etc. Itis called Random Access Memory because each separate location inside the memory can be acce: ssed as easily asany other location and takes the same amountof time. «+ RAMisavolatile memory. Contents of RAM will be lost when the computer's electric sup isdisrupted. . Itisvery fastand also very expensive. + Theamountof RAM ina computer has significant effect on its computing ability. . Itcan be further divided into Dynamic RAM and Static RAM. Fig. 1.9 RAM ROM: Read Only Memory (ROM) provides permanent memory storage. Data can only be read from such memory but cannot be written. The data, instructions and information stored on ROM chips is generally recorded when the chip is being manufactured, ROM holds the micro-instructions for processor, Fig. 1.10 ROMROM is a non-volatile memory. Contents of a ROM remain stored even ifthe computer is turned off. + Inapersonal computer there are several ROMs- one . yr ; RU tees ny) for the CPU, one for the keyboard, and one for re eeee nn a Dt ken , containing instructions to start the computer when it pares peat is turned on, called the Boot ROM and one or two DSL Ca 7 a holding the BIOS(Basic Input/output System) of the computer. + TypesofROMare c The first ever fully automated computer was invented by “Charles Ports: Aportis a physical docking point, Anexternal device can be connected to the computer using por Characteristics . External devices are connected toa computer using cables and ports. Ports are slots on the motherboard into whichacable of external device is plugged in. Examples of external devices attached via Ports are mouse, keyboard, monito microphone, speakers ete,Fig. 1.11: Ports Types of Ports COM /Serial Ports: + Theyare used for connecting communication devices like modems and mouse. . Serial Ports facilitate serial transmission of datai.e. one bit ata time. * These 9-pin connectors are one of the oldest and most universal ports commonly found in the backside ofa CPU. 2: Serial Port Parallel Port: * Parallel ports are used to connect parallel devices like scanners or printers. * Parallel ports facilitate parallel transmission of data, usually one byte (8 bits) ata time. * Parallel ports use 25 pin RS-232C connector. * Despite the growing prominence of USB, parallel ports remain a popular means for connecting printers.Fig. 1.13 : Parallel Port AGP Ports: The AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) portis used to connect to Graphic Card that provide speed video performance typically required in games and other multimedia applications Fig. 1.14 : AGP Port Audio Ports: | Speakers, Microphones, or other external audio devices can be connected using these ports * Line in Jack: This jack (light blue) connects a audio source. Line out Jack: This jack (lime) connectsa microphone oraspeaker. Microphone Jack: This jack (pink) used to connect amicrophone. Audio PortVideo Graphics Adopter is used to connecta display device such as Monitor or Projector toa computer Thisunique three-row, 15-pin connector is where the monitor connects to the system unit Fig. 1.16: VGA Port Color code are used to distinguish between the ports. PS/2 mouse port: This green 6-pin connectoris fora PS/2 mouse. PS/2 Keyboard port: This purple connector is fora PS/2 Keyboard. Fig. 1.17: Mouse Port Fig. 1.18 ; Keyboard PortUniversal Serial Bus is a popular technology for transferring data to and from d devices usinga USB port. Fig. 1.19: USB Port . Some of the devices that connect via a USB port are printers, scanners, digital camera: video cameras, mouse, keyboards, external disk drives, and flash drives. * It allows connecting and dis-connecting a device while the computer is running and i transfers the data ata very high speed. RJ-45: . This port permits connection to a Local Area Network (LAN) through a network hub usec for connecting Ethernet Cable. Fig. 1.20 (a) : RJ 45 Port Connector Fig. (b) 1.20 ; RJ 45 PortRMS TO REMEMBER Accelerated Graphics Port cm Random Access Memory Co Read Only Memory Ew Programmable Read Only Memory Ea Erase able Programmable Read Only Memory Eu Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory Ea Basic Input Output System Em Central Processing Unit ara Video Graphics Adopter PERE ezisteredjack rm Local Area Network Hardware represents the physical and tangible components of a computer. A motherboard holds together many crucial components of a computer and is considered as one of the most essential part of any computer system Firmware are pre-written program thatis permanently stored in ROM. The CPU is the control centre for a computer, It coordinates and controls its performance. ‘There are two types of the memory: Primary Memory and Secondary Memory Random Access Memory is highly volatile and its contents will be lost when the computer's electric supply isdisrupted.ROM is a non-volatile memory. Contents of a ROM remain stored eye, ifthe computer is turned off. + Aportis a physical docking point using which an external device ca, be connected to the computer, + USB allows connecting and dis-connecting a device while the computer is running and it transfers the data ata very high speed. . Serial Ports facilitate serial transmission of datai.e. one bit ata time. * Parallel ports facilitate parallel transmission of data, usually one byte (8bits) atatime. A) Multiple Choice Questions: 1. Memory which wipes out everything when the computer is turned offis i Volatile ii, Non-Volatile iii. Driver iv. BIOS 2. The process of transforming raw data into meaningful information is known as i. Programming ii. Processing iii. Converting iv. Coordinating 3. Which one is known as read/write memory? i ROM ii, RAM PROM iv. DynamicRAM A small piece of software that allows a particular hardware to communicate with Operating system is knownas i Graphics Driver iii, Operating System iv. SoftwareB) 9 = The whole process of initializing the system when a computer is switched on is knownas i” Initializing ii, Booting iii Processing iv. Debugging Fillinthe blanks Motherboard, CPU, ROM, Computer, Two, Projector, z isalso knownas heart or brain ofa computer system. 2. _ Primarymemory canbe divided into types. 3. isanelectronicdevice. 4. Programmable Read Only Memoryisatype of. 5. The. coordinates and controls the performance ofa computer. 6. Without the. different parts of a computer cannot communicate with each other. 7. ROMisa. memory. 8. AVideo Graphic Adopter is used to connect. toacomputer. o. External audio devices can be connected to the computers using. 10. facilitates serial transmission of data. True or False 1. ROMisavolatilememory. ( ) 2. Charles Babbageinventedthefirstcomputer. (_ ) 3. Driverisacollectionofhardware. ( ) 4. Parallel ports are used to connect devices likescannersorprinters. ( ) 5. ThepurplecolorofPS/2portisusedtoconnectKeyboard. ( )D) 6. 7. 8. 3. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. RAMisapermanent memory. (ey , Contents ofaROMcannotbealtered. ( ) CPUisconsideredasthebrainofacomputer. ( ) “Bl0S’ stands for Basic Input Output System. ( ) EEPROMisatypeofRAM. ( ) Computer isa machine which receives input, processes itand gives Output. PS/2portsareusedtoconnectprintertoacomputer. ( ) Serial ports are used for connecting devices like modems and mouse. () Graphic Card provides high-speed video performance. ( ) PinkJackin Audio portisusedtoconnectaSpeaker. ( ) Answer the following questions: SoS Su iam Hse _ S Explain differences between RAM and ROM. Whatisamotherboard? What do you mean by a Program? Define the term Hardware, What isa CPU? Whatdo you mean by Driver? Whatare the different types of ROM available, Whatdo you understand by theterm Booting or Booting up? Whatisa Port? Name some ofthe peripheral devices thatcanbe connected via USB port.Solve the crossword puzzle The complex process of transforming raw data into meaningful information, Itisa physical docking point. Ttisa specially programmed small chip on the motherboard. The physical and tangible components of a computer are represented by this. It receives electricity from an external source and changes it into power than the other parts of the computer can use. STUDENT'S ACTIVITY: Make a flowchart on memory devices.