New Updated

Rationalized
Grade 7 Pretechnical
Studies Notes.
0710250520
0710250520
 FOUNDATION OF
Strand 1
PRETECHNICAL STUDIES.
1.1-Introduction to Pretechnical studies

Pretechnical studies is a series of learning areas written to provide practical experiences that
support the acquisition of skills in technical area derived from computer science and business
studies.
Components of Pretechnical studies.
Pretechnical studies is a technical learning area comprising of:
✓ Pretechnical studies.
✓ Computer science.
✓ Business studies.

The role of Pretechnical studies in day today life.

 Facilitates development of appropriate skills and knowledge.
 Pretechnical studies promotes independence and self-learning through various skills.
 It equips learners with skills to use when observing personal safety and safety in working
environment.

1.2 - Safety in the work environment.

 What is safety?
Safety is a situation where one avoids causing harm, discomfort or sickness to self and to others
when carrying out the daily activities.

Examples of safety measures include:

 Wearing face mask to prevent spreading of airborne diseases or breathing in dirty air.
 Buckling a safety belt while in a vehicle to avoid falling off the seat in case of emergency
brakes.
 Wearing hand gloves when working to avoid injury and dirt to the hands when working.
 Wearing gum boots to protect the feet from injury when working in areas with mud or sharp
objects.
 Wearing an overall to guard against soiling clothes.
Potential safety threats in a work environment.
 Potential safety threats in work environment can either be physical or online.

Physical threats at workplaces.

 Physical safety threats include:
 Sharp edged tools and objects that can easily cut or poke someone.
 Disarranged rooms where one can easily tumble and fall.
 Naked electric wires that can easily cause electric shock.
 Poorly lit rooms where one can easily know oneself against objects.
 Poorly stored items on the shelves where they can easily fall off and hit someone.
 Working without protective gear where one can easily be hurt or injured.
 Rooms with wet slippery floors where one can easily slip and fall.

Online threats at a workplace.

 Every online user should ensure they stay safe online by protecting themselves and others
from online threats.
 Examples of online threats at work place include:
 Malware/virus attack.
 Hacking.
 Data theft.
 Cyberbullying.
 Friend requests from unknown people.
 Phishing attacks.
 Ransomware-attempts to encrypt data and calling for ransom to release it or unlock code

Online safety rules and regulations in the work environment.

 Online safety is keeping safe from possible threats that a computer user may experience
while engaging in activities through the internet.
 It includes:
 Protecting and managing personal information.
 Avoiding harmful or illegal content.
 To avoid online fraud, always buy online items from secure and trusted sites. Also, watch
out for scams that come in form of messages and emails.
 Do not accept friend requests from strangers. Some strangers are hackers who might access
your personal information and even take over your accounts.
 Phishing is an online fraud system used to steal private data such as login usernames and
passwords.
 Use strong passwords that cannot be crashed easily in case your password is compromised.
Consider changing it right away.
 Always back up your data and keep your computer security updated.
Physical threats to digital devices.
 Physical threats to a computer include:
 Fluids such as water, milk and juice that can damage different parts of the devices.
 Theft.
 Damage caused by natural disasters, fire and impact of falls.
 Corrosion caused by excessive humidity and dampness.
 Exposed cables in the computer room.
 Hardware failure.

 Ways of mitigating/reducing physical threats to digital devices.

To prevent physical threats, the following should be done.
 Do not carry water into the computer room or near the computer.
 Do not use old and loose power extension cables in a computer room. They produce sparks
that can cause fire in the computer room.
 Replace loose power extension cables because they may lead to unstable power supply.
 Use voltage controllers to curb unstable power supply in the computer room.
 Equip computer rooms with fire extinguishers that do not use water, the computer room can
be fit with automatic fire detectors that will detect fire or smoke and alert the personnel in
charge for quick action.
 Tuck computer cables in trunks or carefully lay them down under the desks in order to
prevent falls in the computer room.
 Place computers on strong furniture to prevent them from falling.
 Restrict access to computer rooms.
 Secure the computer room with strong windows and doors to control theft of computers. To
increase the security level, you can install CCTV cameras and also employ security
personnel.
 Use computer cable locks to control theft in the computer room.
 Use dehumidifiers to control excess humidity and dampness.
 Ensure there is enough ventilation or free circulation of air in the computer room.
 Fit window curtains and air conditioners in the computer room to control and filter dust
particles from entering the room.
 Cover computers with dust covers when they are not in use.

Ideas and practices on how to personal and sensitive data from the public when online:
To keep personal and sensitive data from the public when online, the following can be done:
 Protect and manage personal information.
 Do not accept friend requests from strangers.
 Avoiding harmful or illegal content.
 Buy online items from secure and trusted sites.
 Installation of antivirus software.
 Backing up data.
 Use of strong passwords.
 Log out from your online accounts after using public internet to browse.
 Do not communicate with strangers online.

Safety Rules and Regulations at Work.

 Safety rules and regulations exist in all workplaces. They are principles that govern the
actions and procedures to keep the works property and the environment safe.
 Some of the general safety rules and regulations include:
 To ensure that you know how to safely perform the task.
 To ensure you know the hazards of the task and how to protect yourself.
 To wear the required personal protective equipment necessary for the task.
 To always work clear of suspended loads.
 To always keep your mind and eyes on the task at hand.
 To obey all warning signs and barricades.
 To inspect all tools and equipment to ensure they are not defective before using them.
 Do not perform a task under unsafe conditions and report any unsafe tools, equipment or
hazardous conditions.
 All chemicals’ containers should be well labelled and covered.
 Maintain good housekeeping at workplace all the time.

1.3 – Computer Concepts.

What is a computer?
 A computer is an electronic device that process or converts data into information.
 A computer receives, stores, organizes and processes data into information.
 The word computer came from Latin word ‘computare’ which means to calculate.
 A computer uses programs that are sets of instructions which a computer follows to perform
tasks.

What is Data?
 Data refers to raw facts such as numbers, symbols, images and letters that are not processed
and have no meaning to the user.
 Data is plural while in singular it is datum.
 Data is not meaningful to the user until it is processed.
Examples of Data include:
✓ Texts.
✓ Images.
✓ Sound.
✓ Videos.
 What is information?
 Information refers to processed data that is meaningful to the user.
 Information is meaningful to the user.

List the examples of computers used today.

✓ The following are examples of computers:
 Notebook.  Electronic calculators.  MacBook.
 Desktop.  ATM Machines.  Smartphone.
 Laptop.  Washing machines.  Smart watch.
 Tablets.  Microwaves.  Workstations.
 PDA (Personal Digital  Server.
Assistant)  IPad.
Characteristics of Computers.
 Speed- computers perform tasks faster compared to human beings.
 Accuracy- computers performs tasks without any errors if the correct data is entered.
 Versatility –versatility is the ability of a computer to perform different tasks. A computer
can be applied in education, agriculture, military and medical fields.
 Reliability- Computers are reliable because they give consistent output results for similar
tasks.
 Diligence –a computer can perform millions of tasks without getting tired. It does not get
fatigue or loss concentration like human beings.
 Storage - computers have storage facilities or memory for storing data and information
either temporarily or permanently which can be retrieved to be used later.
 Automation-a computer is an automatic machine. It starts a task from beginning to end
without requiring human assistance.
 No logical decision-a computer cannot work on its own without being instructed by a user
hence it is not intelligent enough on its own.

Classification of Computers

Computers are classified according to some criteria.

 We can classify computer by looking at the following:

 Functionality.
 Purpose.
 Size.
  Criteria used to classify computers.

By functionality or data By size By purpose
handling
Analogue computers Micro computers General purpose computers
Digital computers Mini computers Special purpose computers.
Hybrid computers Mainframe computers
Super computers

Classifying Computers According to functionality/data handling

 Computers are classified as analogue, digital or hybrid based on functionality/data handling.
 Data handling is the form in which data is represented in a computer.
▪ Analogue computers.
✓ They were the first computers to be developed and used in measuring quantities
such as temperatures, pressure, car speed and voltage.
✓ They accepted data directly without converting it.
✓ Examples of analogue computers include: speedometer and mercury thermometer.

▪ Digital computers.
✓ They included modern computers like laptops, tablets, desktops and smartphones.
✓ They are designed to perform calculations and logic operations at high speed.
✓ They accept the raw data as input and process it with programs stored in its
memory to produce the desired output.

▪ Hybrid computers.
✓ They combined best features of the analogue computers such as speed and those of
the digital computers such as internal memory.
✓ They are used in specialized applications where both analogue signals and convert
them into digital form before processing.
 ✓ Examples of hybrid computers are fuel pump and the analogue blood pressure
monitoring device.

Classifying Computers According to Purpose

1. General purpose computers
 They are most common computers that can perform most common tasks such as word
processing, calculations, draw, play music and send electronic mails.
 General purpose computers are mostly used in schools, hotels, hospitals and at homes.

2. Special purpose computers.

 They are computers designed to carry out specific tasks only.
 They are mainly used in manufacturing industries, traffic control systems, weather
forecasting, robotic systems, satellites and ATM machines.

Classifying Computers According to Purpose

1. Supercomputer.
 It is the biggest.
 It is the most expensive.
 It is the fastest and most powerful computer for big data processing.
 It is able to process many instructions in a second.
 It is mainly used in application requiring complex mathematical calculations such as in-
flight simulation in aerospace, in weather forecasting and in satellite launching.

2. Mainframe computers.
 They are the largest and most expensive after super computers.
 They have a higher processing power which can handle thousands of connected
peripheral devices or users at the same time.
 They store large amount of data, instructions and information.
 Most government institutions use mainframe computers to store data, calculate interest
rates and customer balances.
3. Mini computers.
 They are smaller, less powerful and less expensive than main frame and super computers.
 They are more expensive and powerful than personal computers.
 They provide a centralized location for data, information and programs.
 They are also used to perform calculations and process business transactions.

4. Microcomputers.
 They are the least powerful, smallest and cheapest computers.
 They are also called personal computers. They are called microcomputers because their
processing device is called a microprocessor.
 They are designed to be used by one person at a time.
 They are used in offices, schools, businesses, media houses or to keep records, prepare
lesson plans and to browse.
 Strand 2- COMMUNICATION IN PRETECHNICAL
STUDIES
2.1 Introduction to Drawing.
Meaning of Communication.
 Communication is the process of sharing information through a channel from the sender to
the receiver.
Importance of communication in the work environment.
 Good communication ensures making decision is easier.
 Communication helps to build positive relationships, teamwork and trust at workplaces.
 Good communication helps to achieve greater goals.
 Communication enables managers’ shares goals with shareholders both inside and
outside the organisation. It gives managers permission to stimulate behaviour changes in
employees and suppliers and to inspire loyalty from the employees and customers.
 It allows managers to convince employees and unions to abandon counterproductive
practices, managers persuade leaders to provide financing and it permits managers to
calm angry customers and impress new ones.
 Preventing misunderstanding and conflicts.
 Improving customer services.
 Meeting goals and earning success.
 Promoting creativity and innovation.
 Advancing individual career prospects.

Types of drawing used in technical fields.

 Drawing involves making marks on a surface to create images of forms and shapes.
 Artistic drawing – these are drawings that allows the communication of emotions, ideas or
feelings.
 Examples of artistic drawing include:
✓ Illustrations -drawings for people to visualize and understand the picture by picture
rather than through text.
✓ Portraits-drawn pictures in which the face is dominant.
✓ Caricature – drawing or painting in which features have been distorted and
exaggerated in order to mock or satirize the subject e.g., cartoon
✓ Graffiti-drawings made in public spaces such as public walls or buildings using spray
paints.
Illustration. Portrait.

Caricature. Graffiti.

 Technical drawings – these are drawings made to scale to communicate specific idea on
how a physical object function or is constructed.
 They are made to give a precise and detailed view of an object. They give information about
how an object function or how it is constructed.
 Examples of technical drawings:
✓ Architectural drawings.
✓ Structural drawing.
✓ Mechanical systems drawings.
✓ Electrical drawings,
  Differences between Artistic and Technical Drawings.

Feature Technical drawings Artistic drawing

1 Purpose A technical drawing is used to An artistic drawing is used to
provide accurate measurement of express one’s ideas, to decorate or
an object to scale. to give pleasing appearance to a
surface.
2 Presentation The technical drawings are The artistic drawings are done on
presented on a convenient. any material and in all sizes.
3 Dimensioning Technical drawing MUST be The artistic drawing need not and do
and precision. precise and accurate in not obey the rules of dimensions,
dimension. shape or proportion.
4 Emotions, The technical drawings do not The artistic drawings involve
feelings and take care of feelings or expression of feelings and sentiments.
sentiments sentiments of a person.
They are factual, functional,
productive and result-oriented.
5 Interpretation The technical drawings must be The interpretation of the drawing is
interpreted in the same way all strictly left to the individual or the
over the globe regardless of the onlooker.
geographical boundaries,
religions or nations
Types of Lines used in drawing and their application.

Drawing lines and shapes using drawing instruments

Name of the line How the line is used in technical drawing
Construction line A faint line used for sketching and drawing the initial details of a
drawing
Centre line used to show hole centres and centre positions of rounded features
Hidden line how edges, surfaces and corners which cannot be seen.
Phantom line long-short-short-long lines most often used to show the travel or
movement of an object or a part in alternate positions
Break line used to show where an object is broken to save drawing space or reveal
interior features.
Drawing line define the edges of a form
Dimension line a thin, solid line that shows the extent and direction of a dimension
Leader line A line that connects a data label and its associated data point
Cutting line
Type of line
Horizontal

Vertical

Diagonal
 Parallel

Perpendicular

Thick and thin

Curved

Zigzag

Wavy

Spiral

Dotted .........................................................................................

Basic symbols and abbreviations used in drawing.

Symbol Meaning
1 Diameter
 2 Perpendicularity.

3 Centerline.

Basic abbreviations used in drawing.

1. DRG -means drawing.
2. A/F – means across flat.
3. A/C – means across corners.
4. I/D – means inner diameter.
5. O/D – means outer diameter.

2.2 - Free Hand Sketching

What is free hand sketching?
 Freehand sketching is the act of drawing without the use of tools like rulers or compasses.
 It's a quick way to capture initial designs before ideas are forgotten. Freehand sketching is a
useful skill that can be improved with practice and by following some guidelines.

Instruments used in Freehand sketching.

✓ Soft lead pencil.
✓ Erasers.
✓ Sharpener.
✓ Drawing sheets.
✓ Graph sheet.
Freehand drawing techniques.
There are different techniques used in free hand sketching.
These techniques include;
✓ Box method.
✓ Centerline method.
 ✓ Hand compass method.
✓ Hatching.
✓ Cross-hatching.
✓ Stippling.
✓ Blending.

Box method - The box method is a freehand sketching technique that can be used to draw
circles, solids, and other objects:
Centerline method -The centerline method is a freehand sketching technique that uses lines to
establish the center of a circle:
Hand compass method - The hand-compass method is a freehand sketching technique that
uses the body's natural joints as a compass to draw circles and curved lines.
Hatching techniques are a way to create shading in a drawing using parallel or intersecting
lines.
Cross hatching -A technique that involves drawing lines on top of each other from different
directions. The more lines you cross, the darker the area will be. Cross hatching is a type
of shading technique, whereby artists will draw parallel lines at two angles that cross one
another to create the impression of light and shadow.

Stippling is a drawing technique that uses dots to create shading and create the illusion of
texture, distance, and 3D objects:

Blending: It is also known as Smooth shading, where one can use their fingers or a smudging
tool like a piece of cloth or cotton swab and smear the shading.
2.3 - ICT Tools in Communication.
ICT Tools in Communication.
 Emails-used to exchange information over the internet to other individuals.
 Mobile phones- allows calling and messaging in communication.
 Computers -computer provide various communication channels such as emailing, video
calling etc.
 Videos and web conferencing- Video conferencing has a focus on face-to-face
communication. Web conferencing has a focus on interaction and collaboration such as
document sharing.
 Social networking - use of dedicated websites and applications to interact with other users.
 Online collaboration - using the internet and online tools to collaborate.
 Softwares like word processor are used to design letters and memos that are used to pass
information in business.
 Social media is used to give immediate response to customer needs.

Benefits and challenges of the internet.

 Benefits of the Internet.
 Internet enables communication worldwide through emails, chat services and video calls.
 Enable E-learning through video teachings and research has enabled learners and
researchers to get information.
 The internet is a source of entertainment where people listen to music, watch videos,
sports and even play online games through the internet.
 Business flourish by using internet for online shopping and marketing of their products.
 Uploading, downloading and sharing data has been made easier with the internet.
 The banking sector has embraced online banking. Sending and receiving money is now
faster and more convenient because of the internet.
 Some job seekers use the internet to find and apply for jobs online.
 Challenges of the internet.
 Causes antisocial behaviour due to too much use or addiction.
 Causes laziness.
 Hacking and computer viruses are online threats associated with the internet.
 Some internet activities such as online gambling and posting of illicit photos and videos
are indicators of moral decay.
 Personal data can be compromised through the internet and used to commit crimes such
as fraud and cyber bullying.
 Sometimes the internet contains misleading and false information.

 Ways of overcoming Internet challenges.

✓ Using updated software and antivirus programs to prevent data attacks by viruses.
✓ Having strong and different passwords that cannot be cracked also protect data from
being compromised.
✓ Practising self-control through limiting the time spent on the internet and shutting down
devices to avoid internet distractions.
✓ Always watching out for scam messages and emails in order to prevent online fraud.
✓ Parents, teachers and guardians monitoring all online activities done by their children and
advising them on how to use the internet wisely.
✓ Not sharing personal information.
 STRAND 3-MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION.
3.1 Introduction to Materials.
Materials used in production.
Materials used in production can be natural, man-made, or a combination of both. The choice of
material depends on the desired properties of the finished product, such as strength, weight,
stiffness, and chemical resistance. Some common materials used in production include:
Metals
Strong and durable, metals are often used to create parts that need to be strong or
durable. Examples include aluminum, steel, copper, and titanium.
Plastics
Lightweight and versatile, plastics can be molded into many shapes. Examples include
polyethylene, polypropylene, and acrylic.
Composites
Made up of two or more materials, composites have unique properties that make them well-
suited for certain applications. Examples include carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs) and
glass fiber reinforced plastics (GFRPs).
Ceramics
Known for their high heat resistance and hardness, ceramics are often used in applications
where other materials may break down over time.
Textiles
Used to make clothing, fabrics, and other products, common textile materials include cotton,
wool, silk, and nylon.
Natural resources
These include water, oil, copper, natural gas, coal, and forests.
Differences between metallic and non-metallic materials as economic
resources.
• Distinction between metallic and Non-metallic materials.
Metallic materials Non-metallic materials
Some rust They do not rust.
They have definite shape. Liquids and air do not have a definite shape
but solids have a definite shape.
They produce a sharp loud sound on They produce a dull sound on knocking.
knocking. (sonorous).
They are more reflective. They are less reflective, except glasses.
 They are generally smooth. They are generally rougher when not
polished.
They heat up faster when put under the sun. They heat up slowly.
They are hotter than non-metals when under They are cooler than metals when put under
the sun. a shade.
They cool faster when put under a shade. They cool slowly when put under a shade.
They are colder than non-metals under cold They are warmer than metals under cold
weather. weather.
They are not easy to break. They are easier to break than metals.

Sustainable ways of using economic resources.

 Reusing and saving resources.
 Avoid wastage and use of non-environmental pollutants.
 Safeguarding natural resources air, water, land etc., for the benefit of present and future
generations through careful planning or management as appropriate.
 Adopting efficient technology.
 Investing in renewable energy sources.
 Reducing usage or consumption of economic resources through reusing and recycling.
 The capacity of the earth to produce important renewable resources must be maintained and
whenever practicable, restored or improved.
 The non-renewable resources of the earth must be employed in such a way as to guard
against the danger of their future exhaustion and to ensure that benefits from such
employment are shared by all mankind.

3.2 Metallic Materials.

 A metal is a solid material which is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible and ductile.
 Metallic materials are materials that have properties of metal.
 They have good electrical and thermal conductivity.
 Metals are mostly identified by the items made from them. The types of materials include:
 Metals include:
 Copper.
 Iron.
 Aluminium.
 Steel.
 Silver among others.

a.) Shiny metals such as copper, silver and gold for decorative arts, jewellery and coins.
b.) Iron and steel for structures like buildings, furniture and vehicle parts.

c.) Copper for electric wires.

d.) Aluminium for cams, bottle tops and caps, household appliances and utensils, airplanes.

e.) Bronze for church and school bells.

Physical properties of Ferrous and non-ferrous metals.
 Ferrous metals are metals that consists mostly of iron and small amount of other
elements.
 Some of the physical properties of ferrous metals include:
 Magnetism-ferrous metals are highly attracted to a magnet.
 Heat conductivity- ferrous metals are better conductors of heat than non-ferrous
materials.
 Appearance-ferrous metals have a silvery colour.
 Electricity conductivity – ferrous metals are poor conductors of electricity than
non-ferrous metals.

 Non-ferrous metals are metals that do not have any iron in them at all.
 Some of the physical properties of non-ferrous materials include:
 Magnetism-non-ferrous metals are not magnetic.
 Heat conductivity- non-ferrous metals are poor conductors of heat than ferrous
metals.
 Appearance- non-ferrous metals like gold have a more colourful appearance than
ferrous metals.
 Electricity conductivity- non-ferrous metals like copper are better conductors of
electricity than ferrous metals.

Non-metallic materials.
Non-metallic materials found in the environment.
 Non-metals include:

 Wood.  Plastic.
 Stones.  Rubber.
 Textile.  Water.
 Soil.  Air among
 Glass. others
 Leather.
Categorization of Non-metallic materials as either synthetic or natural.
 Non-metallic materials can be categorized as synthetic or natural.
 Synthetic materials include plastics, manufactured glass, manufactured fibres, polythene,
ink, paints and drugs among others.
 Natural non-metallic materials include plant and animal products such as wood, wool, bones
and skin among others. They also include inorganic material such as stones, minerals, sand,
clay and ballast among others.
 Physical properties of non-metallic materials.
Physical state Non-metals can exist in all the three physical stats; solid, liquid and
gaseous.
Hardness Non-metals are generally soft. Some of the solid non-metals are quite soft.
They can easily be cut with a knife.
Brittleness Non-metallic materials are brittle because they break down into pieces on
hammering.
Decomposition Natural non-metallic decompose (rot) after sometime. Synthetic non-
metallic materials do not decompose easily.
Combustibility Non-metallic materials generally burn in fire, except earth and mineral
products.
Heat Non-metallic materials do not conduct heat. This means that non-metals do
conduction not allow heat to pass through them.
shininess Natural non-metallic materials are dull. Synthetic non-metals appear a little
shiny.

Vyntex Softcopy Publishers Pretechnical Studies Notes G8 https://cbccentre.mystrikingly.com pg. 18

 STRAND 4- TOOLS & PRODUCTION.
4.1 - Measuring & Marking Tools.
 A measuring tool is a device used to measure a physical quantity such as length, time,
weight, angle, volume and temperature.
 A marking tool is a device used to indicate a point on a surface to obtain accurate size and
shape.
 Common measuring and marking tools are:
 Measuring tools.
 Steel rule-also called steel ruler.
A flat metallic tool with a calibrated surface.
Made from stainless steel.
Can either be flexible or rigid with different thickness.
Uses:
 Measure length of an object or distance between 2 points.
 To draw straight lines.
 To guide cuts.
 Fields in which ruler is used: geometry, welding and fabrication, technical
drawing, architecture and construction.

 Tape measure-also called measuring tape.

A flexible tool marked millimetres, centimetres and inches.
There are different types of measuring tapes.
Tape measure is made up of materials such as fiberglass, cloth, plastic, metal ribbon or
strip.
Uses:
 used to measure length of an item and distances between points.
 Measures a round curved object because it is flexible in nature.
Fields it is used:
 Masonry, plumbing, electrical installation, surveying, crafts and woodworking.

Vyntex Softcopy Publishers Pretechnical Studies Notes G8 https://cbccentre.mystrikingly.com pg. 19

 Square – it is a measuring device that consists of two straight edges set at right angles to
each other.
There are different types of squares.
Uses:
 used to measure and ensure that two perpendicular surfaces are at a right angle.
 Used in different fields to ensure that joints and corners of objects are truly square.
Fields in which square is used:
 Woodwork, masonry, mechanical engineering and plumbing among others.

Try square Mason’s square

 Calipers - it is a measuring tool that consists of two adjustable jaws.

There are different types of calipers.
Uses:
 Use to measure thickness and ouside dinensions of an object like tennis ball or
bottle.
 Used to measure the internal dimensions of hollow objects like a rectangular tube
or cylindrical pipe.
Fields in which callipers are used:science, woodwork, metalwork and other mechanical
trades.

Inside callipers Outside callipers Vernier calipers.

 Micrometer screw gauge - also called a micrometer.
It is a measuring instrument with a G-frame with an adjustable spindle.

Vyntex Softcopy Publishers Pretechnical Studies Notes G8 https://cbccentre.mystrikingly.com pg. 20

 Uses:
 Used to measure the diameter of wires and thickness of small sheets such as glass
or plastic.
Fields in which callipers are used:metal working and other mechanical fields.

 Spirit level-it is a tool consisting of a sealed glass tube partially filled with a liquid,
containing an air bubble.
Used to determine if a surface is vertical or horizontal.
Uses:
 Used to indicate how horizontal or vertical a surface or an item is.
Fields in which callipers are used:masonry, carpentry, surveyor, plumber, metalworker
and other interior designers.

 Thermometer- it is an instrument that is used to measure the temperature.

It can be digital or analogue.
Uses:
 Used to measure the tempereture of solids like food, liquids like water or gas like
air.
Fields in which callipers are used: widely used in industry and technology, in medicine
and in research.

 Plumb bob – also called plummet.

It is a weight with a pointed tip on the bottom, which can be suspended from a string to
give a vertical line.
Uses:
Vyntex Softcopy Publishers Pretechnical Studies Notes G8 https://cbccentre.mystrikingly.com pg. 21
  Used in construction industry to ensure that a vertical installation such as a wall is
perfectly vertical.
Examples of real-life situations of uses of plumb bob include:
-ensuring a wall is vertical when constructing.
-ensuring fencing posts are vertical during fencing.
Fixing a foor fram.
Installation of ceiling lights or pot lights and hanging of pictures.
Installing wallpapers.
Fields in which callipers are used:construction, masonry.

 Measuring cylinder-a calibrated glass or plastic cylinder.

Uses:
 Used to measure volume of liquids and to determine volume of a solid by
measuring displacement of a liquid.
Fields in which callipers are used: laboratories, veterinaery and human services to
measure drugs, chemicals and medicines.

 Stop watch- a stop watch is a time measuring device with buttons, which you press at the
beginning and at the end of a timed event.
Uses:
 Used to measure the time interval of an event.
Fields in which callipers are used: areas where accurate timing of events is required.
Such as sports activities and laboratory experiments.

Vyntex Softcopy Publishers Pretechnical Studies Notes G8 https://cbccentre.mystrikingly.com pg. 22

 Voltmeter-it is also known as a voltage meter.
It is an electric measuring instrument with a letter V marked on the face.
Uses:
 Used to measure voltage across the two terminals in an electrical circuit.
 Used by electrical technician s to chack input and output voltage of electrical
equipment such as moter, batterries, medical equipment, electrical panel boards,
plastic machinery and electrical devices.

 Ammeter-it is also known as ampere meter.

It an electric measuring instrument with letter A marked on the face.
Uses:
 Used to measure the amount of electric current in a closed circuit.
Fields in which callipers are used:used by electrical technicians.

 Ohmmeter-it is an electric measuring instrument with a symbol marked on the face.

Vyntex Softcopy Publishers Pretechnical Studies Notes G8 https://cbccentre.mystrikingly.com pg. 23

 Multimeter- it is a digital electric measuring instrument that can measure multiple
electrical properties.

 Weighing balance- it is also called a weighing scale.

It is an instrument that is used to determine the weight or mass of an object.
They are of different types.
Uses:
 Used to determine the weight of test materials and sampling amounts that require
high degree of accuracy.
Fields in which callipers are used:laboratories in pharmaceuticals, educational, food
and beverage, chemical and industrial.

Electronic weighing balance Spring balance Beam balance

 Marking tools.
 Pencil – a thin piece of woof with a rod of black or coloured lead through the middle.
 Uses: Mark lines and centres for cutting or joining.

Fields in which callipers are used:carpentry, tailoring, geometry etc.

a pencil

 Scriber – it is a metallic hand tool with hard sharpened ends.

Uses:
 Mark line on metal or wood.
Vyntex Softcopy Publishers Pretechnical Studies Notes G8 https://cbccentre.mystrikingly.com pg. 24
  Can be used together with a straight edge or square.
Fields in which callipers are used: woodwork, tiling, clay works and metalwork.

scriber

 Marking gauge – it is also called scratch.

it is a tool with a small pin.
Uses:
 Used to mark aline parallel to the edge of the piece of work.
Fields in which callipers are used:used in woodwork joinery and sheet metal operations
to mark out lines for cutting or other operations.

a marking gauge.

 Tailor’s chalk – it is a thin flat piece of hard chalk used by tailors and dressmakers.
Uses:
 Used to mark guides on a fabric to indicate where it needs to be cut, folded or
stitched.
Field where it is used: tailoring

 Sliding bevel – it is also called a bevel square.

It is a tool with adjustable blade angles.
Uses:
 Used to set an angle to be marked ob itens like timber, metal, tile or brick.
Fields in which callipers are used: woodwork, tiling, clay works and metalworks.

Vyntex Softcopy Publishers Pretechnical Studies Notes G8 https://cbccentre.mystrikingly.com pg. 25

  Punch – a punch is a shard sharp ended tool. There are two types of punches. Centre
punch and dot punch.
Uses:
 Can be used to make indent in materials such as metal, leather, rubber, wood or
plastics.
 It is used to showa point where a hole is to be drilled.
Fields in which callipers are used: metalwork, woodwork and leatherwork.

Centre punch Dot punch

 Marking knife – it is also called a striking knife.
 It is a tool that is either single beveled or double beveled.
Uses:
 Used to make markings on workpieces.
 Used to cut a visible line that can then be used to guide a hand saw, chisel or plane
when making woodworking joints and others operations,
Fields in which callipers are used: woordworking.

Single bevel Double bevel.

 Spacing wheel – it is a leather marking tool with evenly spaced spikes pn a wheel.
Uses:
 Used in the leather industry to mark a line a long which stitching can be done,
Vyntex Softcopy Publishers Pretechnical Studies Notes G8 https://cbccentre.mystrikingly.com pg. 26
  It is also used to mark points where holes can be punched.
Fields in which callipers are used: leather work

spacing wheel

Dual purpose measuring and marking tools.

 Odd-leg caliper -it is an instrument that consists of two curved,
hinged legs.

Uses:
 To measure and transfer thickness and distance to a workplace.
 Draw a line at a set distance from the edge of an object.

Field where it is used:

 Woodwork, tiling, clay work and metal work.
 Divider -a divider is a measuring instrument of two straight adjustable
legs hinged together and ending in sharp points.
Uses:
 Used to mark off equal distances on a surface.
 Divide lines into equal parts.
 Mark arcs and circles on a surface.

Fields/area used:
✓ Surveying.
✓ Technical drawing.
✓ Engineering.
✓ construction

 Trammel – an instrument for drawing large arcs or circles on a surface.

It consists of a beam with two sliding parts.

Vyntex Softcopy Publishers Pretechnical Studies Notes G8 https://cbccentre.mystrikingly.com pg. 27

 uses:
✓ Used to transfer measurements.
✓ To mark arcs.
✓ Lay out circles that are too big for normal compass
or dividers.
fields/area where It is used:
✓ Construction.

Care for measuring and Marking tools.

 Caring for measuring and marking tools is the process of keeping them in good working
condition even when they are not being used.
 Some of the ways of caring for measuring and marking tools include the following:
- Clean the measuring and marking tools after every use.
- Lubricate instruments properly to avoid corrosion and wearing out of the moving parts.
- Ensure proper storage of the measuring and marking tools after use. The store should be
cool and dry, well organised without staking tools directly on each other.
- Ensure proper handling of measuring and marking tools to avoid rough and sudden shocks
that could damage the tools or lead to mis-calibration.
- Ensure measuring tools are only services by qualified and certified professionals.
- Use the measuring and marking tools for their right purposes only.

What is the importance of measuring and marking tools in the work environment?
✓ They allow for the accurate determination of lengths, widths, diameters and other
dimensions.
✓ By accurately and measuring and checking dimensions, workers can ensure that the
items they make meet the required standard and specifications. This leads to improved
quality and safety of the items produced.
✓ Measuring and marking tools enable workers to produce similar items with uniform
size and capacity across the world. For example, vehicle parts, building components
etc.
✓ Use of measuring and marking tools ensures safety in many practices e.g., in building
construction where accurate measurements and marking of the components helps to
ensure stability and loading capacity.
✓ Measuring and marking tools are useful in the designing and planning of different
items. Architects, engineers and interior designers use these tools to measure spaces,
create accurate drawings and mark locations for different items and ensuring they fit
well.

Vyntex Softcopy Publishers Pretechnical Studies Notes G8 https://cbccentre.mystrikingly.com pg. 28

4.2 Computer Hardware.
 Computer hardware are the physical parts of the computer that are tangible.
 The physical parts of the computer make up the computer hardware.
 Computer hardware is made up the following categories of:
 Central processing unit.
 Input devices that are also subcategorized into keying, pointing, scanning, voice input,
touch screen, digitizer, digital cameras.
 Output devices subcategorized into softcopy output devices and hardcopy output
devices.
 Storage devices subcategorized into fixed and removable devices

Categories of the computer hardware.

 The computer hardware is grouped into the following categories:
 Input devices – keying devices, pointing devices, scanning devices, voice input devices,
touch screen, digitizers, digital cameras.
 Output devices - hardcopy and softcopy output devices.
 Storage devices – fixed and removable storage devices.
 Functions of Computer hardware
 Input devices are used to enter data and instructions into the computer.
They include; mouse, keyboard, touchpad, joystick, scanner, camera, microphone and
stylus.

 CPU-it processes the data entered into the computer according to the instruction given by
the computer user. It is the brain of the computer and it is also called the processor.
It is made up of Arithmetic Logic Unit. (ALU), Control Unit and the registers.
It retrieves and executes instructions by coordinating and processing all the functions of a
computer.

• Output device-they are used to give out information from the computer.
Examples of output devices include monitor, speakers, plotter, headphones, projectors
and printer.

• Storage devices-they are used to store data and information. They save data, information,
computer softwares and running operations.
Examples of storage devices include hard disk, memory card, flash disk and external
hard disks.

Vyntex Softcopy Publishers Pretechnical Studies Notes G8 https://cbccentre.mystrikingly.com pg. 29

Selecting Appropriate Hardware for different situations.
• Different computer hardware components are used in different situations depending on
the tasks to be performed.
• Examples.
✓ For a taxi driver to communicate with his client he as to use a phone.
✓ To accurately capture item prices in a super market a scanner is used.
✓ During presentations a speaker and projector are required alongside a computer.
Input devices
✓ A computer works faster after receiving data.
✓ The data is entered in the computer system using input devices.
✓ Therefore, the work of input devices is to enable a computer user to enter data that needs
to be processed and the instructions on how to process it.

Categories of Input device.

✓ Input devices are categorized according to how they are used to enter data into the
computer.
✓ They are hardware components that help in providing data and instructions to a digital
device.
The categories are as follow:
✓ Pointing input devices- they control a pointer or cursor on the screen.
They include mouse, touchpads, joystick, light pen, mice and trackballs.

✓ Keying input devices- they help in entering data by pressing the keys on them.
They include keyboard, keypads, and television remotes.

✓ Scanning input device- they capture data directly from the source and convert it into a
form a computer can understand.
They include barcode readers, optical character readers, optical mask readers, magnetic
stripe reader and magnetic ink character readers.
✓ Voice input devices-they enter data and instructions into a computer in form of speech.
The microphone is an example of a voice input device.
✓ Touch screen input devices -they enter data into a device by touching the screens that
have electronic keyboards such as touch screen keypads.
✓ Digitizers – they are also called graphic tables or drawing tablets. They convert analog
touch input into digital signals that the device’s processor can understand. This allows
users to interact with the device through touch, tapping, swiping and pinching.
✓ They are devices that allows you to input drawings, sketches and handwritten notes into a
computer.
✓ They consist of a flat surface and a stylus or pen-like instrument that you use to draw or
write on the surface.

Vyntex Softcopy Publishers Pretechnical Studies Notes G8 https://cbccentre.mystrikingly.com pg. 30

Others Input devices categories
✓ Gaming controller-they are used when playing computer games. Example includes
joystick and steering wheel.
✓ Visual and imaging devices-They include digital camera, image scanner and video
recorders.

Category Input device Picture

a. Pointing devices 1 Mouse
Control pointer or cursor
on the screen

2 Touch pad

3 Joystick

4 Light pen

5 Trackball

Vyntex Softcopy Publishers Pretechnical Studies Notes G8 https://cbccentre.mystrikingly.com pg. 31

2. Keying devices 1 Keyboard
Help to enter data by
pressing the keys

2 Keypads

3 Touch screen key

pads

4 Television remote

3 Scanning devices 1 Barcode reader

Used to capture data
directly from the source
and convert it into a form
the computer can
understand.

2 Optical character
reader

Vyntex Softcopy Publishers Pretechnical Studies Notes G8 https://cbccentre.mystrikingly.com pg. 32

 3 Magnetic ink
character reader

4 Optical mark reader

5 Magnetic stripe
reader

4 Voice input devices 1 Microphone

They enter data and
instructions into a
computer in form of
speech.

Appropriate input devices for different situations.

Factors to consider when selecting input devices.
Vyntex Softcopy Publishers Pretechnical Studies Notes G8 https://cbccentre.mystrikingly.com pg. 33
✓ User needs-the device should meet the need of the user.
✓ Type of data to be input.
✓ Available space for the input devices.
✓ Volume of the data to be input.
✓ Accuracy of the input devices.
✓ Cost of the input devices-the device shot be affordable.
✓ Compatibility-it is the ability of the input devices to work with the existing computer
hardware. The device should be able to work together with other available devices in the
computer.
Reusing Input devices to minimize wastage.
▪ Input devices that are in good condition can be reused to minimize waste.
▪ Computers keyboards can be used to make: book covers, pencil holders, key holders,
rings and fridge notes.
▪ A computer mouse can be used to make toys, soap dishes, toothbrush holders and
Christmas tree decorations.
▪ Obsolete and dysfunctional input devices can be sent to recycling facility where they will
be recycled to make new products.

Output Devices.
 Processed data can be given out in form of audio, text, pictures, graphics or videos.
 Output devices are used to give out information from the computer.

Output devices of a computer.

 Output devices are peripheral devices that give out information from a computer to the user.
 Examples of output devices are: monitors, printers, actuators, plotters, speakers,
earphones and projectors.

Functions of Output devices.

 Monitor
- It displays data in text and graphics.
 Speakers.
- Gives information in form of sound or audio.
 Headphones/earphones.
- Produce audio information.
 Printers.
- Produce text or picture on paper.
 Projectors.
- Gives visual information by projecting it on a flat smooth like wall or a white board.
 Plotters.
- Produces digital created graphics and drawings. A plotter uses a pen to draw lines on
paper.
Vyntex Softcopy Publishers Pretechnical Studies Notes G8 https://cbccentre.mystrikingly.com pg. 34
 Actuators.
- A part of a device or machine that helps to create physical movement using signals
from a computer.
 Braille embosser.
- A device that presses dots onto paper for people with visual impairment to read
using their fingers.

Categories of Computer Output devices

Softcopy output devices.
 They give intangible output in form of text, audios and videos.
 These devices include; monitors, speakers and projectors.

Hardcopy output devices.

 They give tangible output that is in form of printed text or graphics.
 Examples of hardcopy output devices are printers and plotters.

Advantages and disadvantages of Softcopy and Hardcopy output.

Advantages of hardcopy Disadvantages of hardcopy
It is considered permanent data as editing It is expensive to produce as it requires
and changing is not easy. paper, ink and printer.
It does not need electricity, special devices It is not easy to move from one place to
or software to display/show another.
When properly stored it is not easily lost It requires a lot of physical storage space.
It is not subjected to data stealing and cyber It can be stolen or destroyed through wear
attacks and tear or be subjected to factors such as
fire and water.
Advantages of softcopy Disadvantages of softcopy
It is easy to move from one place to It is vulnerable to cyber and data stealing.
another.
It is cheap to produce as it does not require It requires electricity, a device and software to
paper or ink. be displayed or shown.
Large amount of data and information can It is considered temporary data which can be
be stored without the need for a lot of altered or manipulated.
physical space.

Vyntex Softcopy Publishers Pretechnical Studies Notes G8 https://cbccentre.mystrikingly.com pg. 35

 It is beneficial to the environment as it
reduces the number of trees cut to make
paper.

Appropriate Output devices for different situations.

Factors to consider when selecting output devices.
 Number of people receiving the output  User friendliness.
i.e. large audience will need projector  User needs.
for display and speakers for audio.  Suitability to the function it is
 Portability-determines the type of intended to carry out.
output device used.  Compatibility with the available
 Environment in which the output devices.
device will operate.  The cost of purchasing and
 Nature of expected output/ Output maintaining the output devices.
quality.

We care and use output devices by:

 Keeping the devices away from water and dust.
 Avoiding exposure to foods and fluids.
 Always powering off the devices after use.
 Connecting only with compatible devices.
 Cleaning and servicing the devices regularly.
 Ensuring secure connection of the devices before use.
Storage Devices.
 Storage devices are used to store data and information.
 They save data, information, computer softwares and running operations.
 Examples of storage devices include hard disk, memory card, flash disk and external
hard disks.
Fixed storage devices.
 Fixed storage devices are secondary storage devices housed inside the computer.
 They help the primary storage devices by storing data permanently for a longer period of
time.
Examples of fixed storage devices found inside a computer.
 Hard drive disk (HDD)
 Solid state drive (SSD)
 Internal Flash drive.

Vyntex Softcopy Publishers Pretechnical Studies Notes G8 https://cbccentre.mystrikingly.com pg. 36

Hard disk drive Solid state drive Internal flash drive

Features of Fixed storage devices.

 The devices are usually found inside the computer case.
 They are non-volatile and data stored will remain saved even when power supply is
interrupted.
 Their storage capacity is high.
 They can be read from and written to.
 Thet are cheaper compared to primary storage devices.

Advantages of fixed storage devices.

 They store data permanently.
 They provide fast access to data.
 They have large storage capacities.

A hard disk drive.

 Usually has one or more metallic platters stacked on top of each other.
 The stack of platters is attached to a rotating pole called spindle.
 The platters are used to store data.
 Data is read and written to a hard disk using the principle of magnetism.

Solid state drive.

 Uses integrated circuits to store data permanently.
 Data in solid state drives is accessed randomly.
 Solid state drives are used in personal computers such as laptops, cameras, tablets and
smartphones.

The internal flash memory.

 A nonvolatile memory used to store data in computers, digital cameras, universal serial bus,
flash drives and mp3 players.
 Data in flash memory can be electrically erased and new data stored in it.

Vyntex Softcopy Publishers Pretechnical Studies Notes G8 https://cbccentre.mystrikingly.com pg. 37

Location of Fixed storage devices in a computer.
 Some fixed storage devices in a computer such as the hard disk and solid-state drive are
usually found in the drive bay of the computer case or on underside of a laptop.
 Some solid-state drives are embedded on the motherboard.
 Internal flash drives are mostly located in small portable devices such as mobile phones and
cameras.
How data is stored (Written) and retrieved (read) from fixed storage devices.
 Writing data or saving data means storing data.
 Data is written on a fixed storage device by:
 Creating new files.
 Downloading.
 Copying or moving files and saving them in a computer storage device.
 Reading Data, retrieving data or opening data is same as getting data back from its location.
 When data is opened or a file is accessed in a fixed storage device then the data is read.

Give the advantages and disadvantages of Fixed storage devices in a computer.

The following table clearly gives the advantages and disadvantages of Fixed storage devices.
Advantages Disadvantages.
They are non-volatile storage devices hence They are vulnerable to mechanical failure
data stored is available regardless of power since they contain moving parts.
supply.

They have a large storage capacity allowing Data stored requires back up in another
storage of large amounts of data. device because the disks are fragile and can
fail.

They allow reading and writing of data. The hard disk consumes more power during
read and write activities.

They are cheaper in price compared to Some are expensive like the solid-state drive.
primary memory.

They are durable. They have a long lifespan They have a slower read and write speed
and can handle many read and write cycles. compared to primary storage devices.

They can be used to back up data for long Fixed storage devices are not portable and do
periods of time. not allow easy transfer of files to another
computer.

They are available in the market in different

capacities as per the user requirements.

Vyntex Softcopy Publishers Pretechnical Studies Notes G8 https://cbccentre.mystrikingly.com pg. 38

They are not easily lost since they are fixed
inside the computer.

How to manage waste from fixed storage devices:

✓ Always reuse the devices if still in good conditions or sell at a lower price.
✓ Return the device its manufacturer for reuse or recycling.
✓ Take the device to an e-waste management center for recycling and proper disposal.

Removable storage devices

 These are portable storage devices that are not housed or fixed inside the computer case.
 The have to be connected or attached to a computer system through a port so that data can be
read from or written to them.
 They can be used for backup and store and transfer of data from one computer to another.
Types of Removable storage devices.
 External hard drives.
 Universal Serial Bus (USB)
 Flash drive.
 Memory drives.
 Memory cards.
 Compact discs (CDs).
 Digital versatile discs (DVDs).
 Blu-ray discs.
External hard drive. Universal serial bus.

Memory card Compact disc.

Vyntex Softcopy Publishers Pretechnical Studies Notes G8 https://cbccentre.mystrikingly.com pg. 39

Digital versatile disc Blu-ray disc

Floppy disc. Floppy disc

Removable storage devices are used in a computing environment because:

 They are portable and can be used for transporting data and information from one computer
to another.
 They can be used to back up data away from the computer in case the original data is lost or
damaged.
 They can be read from or written to easily without affecting the operations of the computer.
 They enable sharing of information and data among computer users.
 They can store and be used to install critical applications like operating system in a
computer.

Vyntex Softcopy Publishers Pretechnical Studies Notes G8 https://cbccentre.mystrikingly.com pg. 40

 Factors to consider when selecting a removable storage device for use:
 Storage capacity.  Portability.
 Data transfer rate.  Durability.
 Compatibility/  Current technology.
 Cost of the storage device.  User needs.
 Physical size.

Advantages of removable storage devices over fixed storage devices.

 Easy transfer of data and sharing between computer and users.
 Portable-can store data while outside or not attached to a computer.
 Easily read from and written to.

Vyntex Softcopy Publishers Pretechnical Studies Notes G8 https://cbccentre.mystrikingly.com pg. 41

 STRAND 5- ENTREPRENEURSHIP.
5.1 -Introduction to Entrepreneurship.
Meaning of entrepreneur, social entrepreneur and entrepreneurship.
 Entrepreneur -this is a person who identifies business opportunity and provides necessary
resources to start and run the business.

 A social entrepreneur -this is an entrepreneur who pursues a project that has the potential
to solve problems affecting people in a community.

 Entrepreneurship – this is the process of identifying a business opportunity and providing

the necessary resources to start and run the business with the aim of making a profit.

Importance of entrepreneurship to an individual.

 Provides a career opportunity for the entrepreneur.
 Provides profit from the business activities leading to improved living standards.
 Creates a source of income for the entrepreneur.

Importance of entrepreneurship to the community.

 It addresses the need of people by providing goods and services.
 Entrepreneurship results to creation of jobs and source of lively hoods for community
members.
 Entrepreneurship leads to advancement in technology and better infrastructure through
innovation.
 It leads to use or utilization of locally available resources hence creating revenue for the
government.
 It contributes to taxes.
 It provides consumers with a variety of products leading to production of different products
and improvement in quality of various products.

Qualities of an entrepreneur in business.

 Risk taker-Have patience and dedication to work on an idea until it succeeds.
 Creative and innovative-they come up with ideas that are unique and can help solve
problems.
 Have ability to make and follow a budget faithful.
 Curiosity-they keep looking for new business opportunities

 Are willing to adapt to changes to help sustain the business in the face of hardship and
changing needs.
 Decisive-they make firm decisions in different situations and stand by them
 Focused-ensure their businesses remain successful in the long-term.
Sources and ways of generating idea of Business ideas for a business venture.
pg. 42
  A business idea is the thought that is in the mind of an entrepreneur concerning a
potential business opportunity.
Sources of business ides include the following: -
 Advertisements in media such as in newspapers, magazines, radios and television.
 The internet is a rich source of business ideas. One can get ideas from various internet
sources such as blogs, websites and social media platforms.
 Hobbies- one can make money from what he or she does during their free time.
 Complaints- this is feedback given by unsatisfied customers.
 Attending exhibitions and trade fairs.
 Travelling – it exposes a person to different ways of doing things.
 Family and friends – they could suggest different business ideas, some of which are
from their own experiences.
 Entrepreneurs observe the environment and identify the gaps that need to be addressed.
 Entrepreneurs pick ideas from personal experiences.

Ways of generating business ideas.

One can generate ideas for a business venture by:
✓ Consulting family and friends.
✓ Creating focus groups.
✓ Analysing quality of goods and services offered by other businesses.
✓ Talking with dissatisfied customers to know what they prefer.
✓ Building on professional training and skills.

Evaluating a business opportunity to determine viability.

 Evaluating business opportunities refers to considering them against certain factors to
determine if they are viable.
 A viable business opportunity is one that can be turned into a profitable business by an
entrepreneur.
 An entrepreneur should evaluate strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities of the
business opportunity.

Factors that an entrepreneur should consider to determine business viability include the
following:
 Right skills to run a particular business venture.
 Knowledge about a product and the market.
 Profitability of the product.
 Competition from other businesses.
 Resources available to the entrepreneur.
 Availability of relevant technology to support the business.

pg. 43
Factors that enhance business success in the community.
The following are factors that entrepreneurs should consider to enhance success in business:
 Understanding the customer needs.
 Fair pricing of products.
 Maintaining good relations with the customers.
 Keeping proper business records.
 Observing government laws and regulations.
 Choosing the right products.
 Having a clear business plan.

5.2 Production Unit.

Meaning of Production Unit.
A production unit is a business enterprise that uses economic resources to provide goods and
services for sale, with aim of making a profit.
Examples of production units in your locality.
✓ Posho milli.
✓ Salon.
✓ Barber shop.
✓ Welding.
✓ Cybercafe etc.

Factors to consider when locating/choosing location a production unit.

✓ Access to raw materials- raw materials should be readily available at affordable.
✓ Availability of labour-skilled and unskilled labour should be easy to access.
✓ Market-production units are usually located close to the market to cut on distribution costs.
✓ Government policies-to encourage production, the government may implement policies such
as reduced taxes on imported raw materials, providing free land and building supporting
infrastructure for business. Such like policies could be aimed at influencing location of
production units in certain areas.
✓ Access to electricity and water supply-these are important in the operations of productions
units.
✓ Access to supporting services such as banking, insurance and warehousing.
✓ Access to social amenities to be used by employees and their family.

Factors that determine the size of a production unit:

o Volume of output – large unit produce goods on large scale while small unit produce goods
in small scale.
o Area covered by the premises –a unit covering large floor area is considered large while a
unit covering a small floor area is considered small.
o Number of workers -a large unit has many workers while a small unit has few workers.
o Methods of production - highly mechanized unit with capital-intensive method of
production are considered large. Small unit uses labour-intensive methods.

pg. 44
o Size of the market controlled - when a business controls a large portion of the total market,
it is considered big. When a business controls a small portion of the total market, it is
considered small.
o Capital invested - if a lot of capital is invested in a unit, it is considered big. Incase small
amount of capital is invested in a unit; it means that the unit is small.
o Volume of sales - large units make large amount of sales, while small units make small
amounts of sales.

5.3 Financial goals.

Meaning and importance of setting goals as used in financial management.
 Financial management – this is the process involving how an individual or an organisation
plans, controls and monitors usage of money for defined purposes.
 Goal setting in financial management - is the process of coming up with targets on how to
earn, have and spend.
 Financial goals are categorized into three groups:
 Short-term financial goals.
 Medium-term financial goals.
 Long-term financial goals.

 A Short-term financial goal is one accomplished in one year or less.

 A medium-term financial goal can take between 2 to 5 years.
 A long-term financial goal is one that can take more than 5 years to accomplish.

Importance of setting up goals.

✓ Helps one to set priorities and focus on them.
✓ Provides motivation to keep moving forward even when faced with unexpected challenges.
✓ It provides how much money to save.
✓ Enables a person to tract progress towards the goals over time enhancing accountability.
✓ Helps to determine the best tools and methods that would support the efforts to achieve
them.

Financial discipline-this is the practice of making informed decisions about earning, spending
and saving money.
Importance of financial discipline.
 Enables one to achieve financial goals.
 Reduces stress and anxiety by giving one control over his or her finances.
 Helps one to build wealth by saving and making right investment decisions.
 It gives one a good credit score when one is able to make timely payments on loans and
bills. This helps to avoid interests and penalties for late payment.

pg. 45
Factors to consider when setting up financial goals.
 Apply SMART goal setting approach to know if the gal is Specific, Measurable, Achievable,
Relevant and Time-bound.
 Deciding what matters most-prioritise the needs and wants in order of importance.
 Know the period within which one wants to achieve the goals.
 Analyse obstacles or challenges that may be encountered.
 Monitor progress to make sure that you are meeting the targets.

Searching for resources to search for information on setting up goals.

You can find information on setting financial goals by using various sources such as:
 Visiting business sites on the internet.
 Reading business magazines and business news section in newspapers.
 Asking for information about setting personal goals from your parents.
 Talking to business people in your locality as resources persons.

Formulating financial goals for individual development.

 Write a financial goal that is SMART.
 Create a timeline for the goal by defining whether is long-term, medium term or short-
term.
 Determine how much money you need for the goal. Break it down into months or years.
 Write down what you need to do to help you achieve your goal.
 Implement and assess your financial goal.

pg. 46