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Main Terms: Data Value Records Fields Entity Horizontal and Vertical Entity

The document outlines the main components of SQL, including Data Definition Language (DDL), Data Manipulation Language (DML), Data Control Language (DCL), and Transaction Control Language (TCL). It details various SQL statements such as CREATE, ALTER, DROP, SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE, along with their functions. Additionally, it discusses relational schemas, including primary, foreign, and unique keys, as well as data types used in SQL.

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Tushar Aggarwal
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3 views30 pages

Main Terms: Data Value Records Fields Entity Horizontal and Vertical Entity

The document outlines the main components of SQL, including Data Definition Language (DDL), Data Manipulation Language (DML), Data Control Language (DCL), and Transaction Control Language (TCL). It details various SQL statements such as CREATE, ALTER, DROP, SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE, along with their functions. Additionally, it discusses relational schemas, including primary, foreign, and unique keys, as well as data types used in SQL.

Uploaded by

Tushar Aggarwal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Main Terms

• DATA VALUE
• RECORDS
• FIELDS
• ENTITY
• HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL ENTITY
SQL

Non
Declarative
Procedural
Main
components

DDL DML DCL TCL


DDL

Create Alter Drop Rename Truncate


CREATE statement
Used for creating entire databases and database objects as tables

CREATE object_type object_name;


ALTER statement
• Used when altering existing objects
• ADD
• Remove
• Rename

ALTER TABLE sales ADD COLUMN


date_of_purchase DATE;
DROP statement
• Used for deleting a database object

DROP object_type object_name;


RENAME statement
• Allows you to rename an object

RENAME object_type object_name TO new_object_name;


TRUNCATE statement
• Instead of deleting an entire table through DROP,
we can also remove its data and continue to have
the table as an object in the database

TRUNCATE object_type object_name;;


Keywords/Reserve words
• Add
• Create
• Alter
DML

Select Insert Update Delete


SELECT Statement
• Used to retrieve data from database
objects, like tables

SELECT * FROM sales;


INSERT statement
• Used to insert data into tables

INSERT INTO… VALUES…;


UPDATE statement
• Allows you to renew existing data of your
tables

UPDATE sales SET date_of_purchase = ‘2017-12-12’


WHERE purchase_number = 1;
DELETE statement
• Functions similarly to the TRUNCATE statement

DELETE FROM table_Name;


Key Points for DML

• Select --------- From


• Insert------------Into-------values
• Update-------- set ---------values
• Delete---------- From-------where
DCL

Grant Revoke
TCL

Commit Rollback
Relational
Schemas

Primary Foreign Unique


Key Key Key

A column whose value exist and is


unique for each record in a table
Relational
Schemas

Primary Foreign Unique


Key Key Key

Identifies the relationships


between tables
Relational
Schemas

Primary Key Foreign Key Unique Key

Used where you would not like to specify


that you don’t want to see duplicate
data in a field
Datatype

String, Date
Numeric
and time
String, Date
and time

CHAR VARCHAR DATE DATETIME TIMESTAMP


Numeric
data types

INTEGER DECIMAL NUMERIC FLOAT DOUBLE

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