JIS College of Engineering

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Paper Name: Artificial Intelligence Lab
Paper Code: CS 701A

Name Sayan Das

University Roll 123190803085

Number
Section B

Group 1

Mobile Number 6296778033

Email Id [email protected]
 JIS College of Engineering
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Paper Name: Artificial Intelligence Lab
Paper Code: CS 701A

List of Experiments: (Artificial Intelligence Lab (CS791A))

1. Write a program in PROLOG to find the maximum of three

numbers.
Ans-

max(integer,integer,integer)

clauses

max(A,B,C):-

A>B,

A>C,

write(A).

max(A,B,C):-

A>B,

write(C).

max(_,B,C):-

B>C,

write(B).

max(_,_,C):-

write(C).
 JIS College of Engineering
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Paper Name: Artificial Intelligence Lab
Paper Code: CS 701A
2. Write a program in PROLOG to calculate the factorial of a number.
Ans-
fact(0,1).
fact(N,F):-
(

% The below is for +ve factorial.

N>0 ->
(
N1 is N-1,
fact(N1,F1),
F is N*F1
)
;

% The below is for -ve factorial.

N<0 ->
(
N1 is N+1,
fact(N1,F1),
F is N*F1
)
).
 JIS College of Engineering
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Paper Name: Artificial Intelligence Lab
Paper Code: CS 701A

3. Write a program in PROLOG to calculate the GCD of two numbers.

Ans-
gcd(X,0,X).

gcd(X,Y,Z):-

R is mod(X,Y),

gcd(Y,R,Z).

4. Write a program in PROLOG to generate the Fibonacci series.

Ans-
fib(0, 1) :- !.
fib(1, 1) :- !.
fib(N, F) :-
N > 1,
N1 is N-1,
N2 is N-2,
fib(N1, F1),
fib(N2, F2),
F is F1+F2.
 JIS College of Engineering
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Paper Name: Artificial Intelligence Lab
Paper Code: CS 701A

5. Write a program in PROLOG to count the number of elements in a

list.
Ans-
count([],0).
count([_|Tail], N) :- count(Tail, N1), N is N1 + 1.

6. Write a program in PROLOG to insert an element at the beginning/

middle/ end of a list.
Ans-
At First Position-
ins_first(Item,List,[Item|List]).

At End Position-
ins_end(X,Y,Z):-
append(Y,[X],Z).
 JIS College of Engineering
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Paper Name: Artificial Intelligence Lab
Paper Code: CS 701A
7. Write a program in PROLOG to find the GCD of the elements of a
list.
Ans-
gcd(0,X,X):- X > 0, !.
gcd(X,Y,Z):- X>=Y, X1 is X -Y, gcd(X1,Y,Z).
gcd(X,Y,Z):- X<Y, X1 is Y-X, gcd(X1,X,Z).
gcdL([H,H1|T],Z):-gcd(H,H1,X),gcdL([X|T],Z).
gcdL([H1,H2],Z):-gcd(H1,H2,Z).

8. Write a program in PROLOG to find the maximum of a list.

Ans-
list_max([P|T], O) :- list_max(T, P, O).

list_max([], P, P).
list_max([H|T], P, O) :-
( H>P
-> list_max(T, H, O)
; list_max(T, P, O)).

9. Write a program in PROLOG to reverse a list

Ans-
list_concat([],L,L).
list_concat([X1|L1],L2,[X1|L3]) :- list_concat(L1,L2,L3).

list_rev([],[]).
 JIS College of Engineering
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Paper Name: Artificial Intelligence Lab
Paper Code: CS 701A
list_rev([Head|Tail],Reversed) :-
list_rev(Tail, RevTail),list_concat(RevTail, [Head],Reversed).

10. Write a program in PROLOG to check whether a number or string is

a palindrome or not.
Ans-
palindrome(Xs):- palindrome(Xs,[]).

palindrome(Xs, Xs):- !. % Don't need to redo after positive match

palindrome([X|Xs],Xs):- !.
palindrome([X|Xs],Ys):- palindrome(Xs, [X|Ys]).

11. Write a program in PROLOG to delete an element from a list.

Ans-
list_delete(X, [X], []).

list_delete(X,[X|L1], L1).

list_delete(X, [Y|L2], [Y|L1]) :- list_delete(X,L2,L1).

 JIS College of Engineering
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Paper Name: Artificial Intelligence Lab
Paper Code: CS 701A
12. Write a program in PROLOG for linear search/ binary search in a list.
Ans-
contains(List, Value):- even_division(_, [Value|_], List).
contains(List, Value):- even_division(_, [Center|SecondHalf], List),
Center<Value, SecondHalf \= [],
contains(SecondHalf, Value).

contains(List, Value):- even_division(FirstHalf, [Center|_], List),

Center>Value, FirstHalf\=[],
contains(FirstHalf, Value).
even_division(First, Second, Xs) :- append(First, Second, Xs),
length(First,F), length(Second,S),
S>=F, S-F=<1.

13. Write a program in PROLOG to sort n numbers using the bubble

sort algorithm.
Ans-
bubblesort([], []).
bubblesort([H], [H]).
bubblesort([H|D], R) :-
bubblesort(D, E),
[B|G] = E,
( (H =< B, R = [H|E])
; (H > B, bubblesort([B,H|G], R))
).
 JIS College of Engineering
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Paper Name: Artificial Intelligence Lab
Paper Code: CS 701A

14. Write a program in PROLOG for Towers of Hanoi problem.

Ans-
move(1,X,Y,_) :-

write('Move top disk from '), write(X), write(' to '), write(Y), nl.

move(N,X,Y,Z) :-

N>1,

M is N-1,

move(M,X,Z,Y),

move(1,X,Y,_),

move(M,Z,Y,X).

15. Write a program in PROLOG for 4-Queens problem.

Ans-
solution(Queens) :-
permutation([1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8], Queens),
 JIS College of Engineering
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Paper Name: Artificial Intelligence Lab
Paper Code: CS 701A
safe(Queens).

% safe(Queens): Queens is a list of Y-coordinates of non-attacking queens

safe([]).

safe([Queen|Others]) :-
safe(Others),
noattack(Queen,Others,1).

% noattack(Queen, Queens, Dist):

% Queen does not attack any queen in Queens at horizontal distance Dist

noattack(_,[],_).
noattack(Y,[Y1|Ylist],Xdist) :-
Y1 - Y =\= Xdist, % Not upward diagonal attack
Y - Y1 =\= Xdist, % Not downward diagonal attack
Dist1 is Xdist + 1,
noattack(Y,Ylist,Dist1).
 JIS College of Engineering
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Paper Name: Artificial Intelligence Lab
Paper Code: CS 701A
16 Write a Prolog Program to find the sum of inverse of N numbers.
Ans-
sumofinverse(N,R) :-
sumofinverse(N,0,R).
sumofinverse(0,R,R).
sumofinverse(N,T,R) :- N > 0 , T1 is T+(1/N), N1 is N-1,
sumofinverse(N1,T1,R).

17 Write a Prolog Program to find sum of first N natural numbers.

Ans-
sum(0,0).
sum(N,R) :-
N>0,
N1 is N-1 ,
sum(N1,R1) ,
R is R1+N.

18 Write a Prolog Program to find the square root of a number using

function.
Ans-
squareroot(X):-A is sqrt(X),write(A).
 JIS College of Engineering
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Paper Name: Artificial Intelligence Lab
Paper Code: CS 701A
19 Write a Prolog Program to find the modulus of two numbers using
function.
Ans-
modulo(A,B):-X is A mod B , write(X).

20 Write a Prolog Program to find the positive negative or zero.

Ans-
check(X,Res) :- X>0, !, Res='Positive';
X<0, !, Res='Negative';
Res='Zero'.

21 Write a Prolog Program to find even odd using function.

Ans-
even(0).
even(X) :- X > 0, X1 is X - 1, odd(X1).
even(X) :- X < 0, X1 is X + 1, odd(X1).
odd(1).
odd(X) :- X > 0, X1 is X - 1, even(X1).
odd(X) :- X < 0, X1 is X + 1, even(X1).
 JIS College of Engineering
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Paper Name: Artificial Intelligence Lab
Paper Code: CS 701A
22 Write a Prolog Program to print N to 20 using for loop (Fixing the end
value).
Ans-
print_numbers(20) :- write(20), !.
print_numbers(X) :- write(X), nl, Next is X + 1, print_numbers(Next).

23 Write a Prolog Program to print N to 20 numbers using for loop, in

reverse order.
Ans-
print_numbers(0) :- write(0), !.
print_numbers(X) :- write(X), nl, Next is X - 1, print_numbers(Next).
 JIS College of Engineering
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Paper Name: Artificial Intelligence Lab
Paper Code: CS 701A

24 Write a Prolog Program to print N to M numbers using for loop.

Ans-
printloop(F, L) :- F =\= L, write(F), nl, N is F+1, printloop(N,L).
 JIS College of Engineering
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Paper Name: Artificial Intelligence Lab
Paper Code: CS 701A
25 Write a Prolog Program to find whether the number is present in list or
not.
Ans-
list_member(X,[X|_]).
list_member(X,[_|TAIL]) :- list_member(X,TAIL).

26 Write a Prolog Program to find the length of the list.

Ans-
list_length([a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j],Len).

27 Write a Prolog Program to find multiplication of all list members.

Ans-
prod_list([],0).
prod_list([H],H).
prod_list([H|T], Product) :- prod_list(T, Rest), Product is H * Rest.

28 Write a Prolog Program to append a new list to another list.

Ans-
list_member(X,[X|_]).
list_member(X,[_|TAIL]) :- list_member(X,TAIL).
 JIS College of Engineering
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Paper Name: Artificial Intelligence Lab
Paper Code: CS 701A
29 Write a Prolog Program to find sum of all list members.
Ans-
sum_list([], 0).
sum_list([H|T], Sum) :-
sum_list(T, Rest),
Sum is H + Rest.