Preliminaries

THEORY OF PROBABLE ERRORS

SITWAMON #1

The following values were determined in a series of tape 2.) Which of the following most nearly gives the probable
error of a single measurement and probable error of the
measurements of a line: 1000.58, 1000.40, 1000.38, 1000.48, mean?
1000.40 and 1000.46 meters. Assume these values are equally a.) ±0.05 m. ; ±0.02 m.
reliable and their variations result only from accidental errors.
b.) ±0.08 m. ; ±0.04 m.
c.) ±0.05 m. ; ±0.04 m. CALCULATOR TECHNIQUE CASIO

L d.) ±0.08 m. ; ±0.02 m. SELECT MENU < PRESS STATS 1) 6

A B
RELATIVE PRECISION 2 )
. INPUT DATA

PES PEM
RP = UR .
3 ) PRESS OPTION
1.) Which of the following most nearly gives the most mpv mpv
probable value? 4) PRESS 3 1-VARIABLE CALCULATION
a.) 1000.54 m. 0 .
0205 0 0205
.

b.) 1000.45 m RPM = : 5 ) LOOK.

FOR X AND SX
1000 45 .
0 0205
c.) 1000.64 m
.

#
d.) 1000.35 m
RPM =

48 802 44
X)2 or
.
,

X (X -
va

1) 1000 58 . . 0169
0
0 0503 .
0 0503 .

)
2 1000 40 . 0 0025
.
RPs =

1000 45
: to get the fraction answer
.
0 .
0503
with a ,
numerator that is 1
3) 1000 38 0 0849
.
↑
both side to the numerator
divide
.

RPg =

19889 66 .
.

4) 1000 48 .
0 0009
.

5) 1000 40 . 0 0025
.

6) 1000 46 .
0 0001
.

SITUATION # 2
2
X = 1000 45 .
v = 0 0278
.

X=
Measurement of three horizontal angles about a point P are: APB =
mpv 7 mean
12˚31'50", BPC = 37˚29'20" and CPD =47˚36'30". If the measurement of
the single angle APD is 97˚37'00",
2.) Which of the following most nearly gives the probable error of a
single measurement and probable error of the mean? D

170zy'30"
E
a.) ±0.05 m. ; ±0.02 m.
12031150
"
ABB =

b.) ±0.08 m. ; ±0.04 m.

c.) ±0.05 m. ; ±0.04 m.
3702a'20"
BPC : 37029'20"
B
d.) ±0.08 m. ; ±0.02 m.
CPD - 4736'30"
12031'50
"
STANDARD DEVIATION STANDARD ERROR
APD =
97837'80"
o A
v2 D
O n- 1
Oerror :
n 97037'00"

0 .
0278 APB + BPC + [PD =
APD e =
APB + BP( + [PD -
APD
B= = 0 07456
.

6 -
1
e =
973740"9737'00" =
48"
9703748"9737'00"
0 07456
.

Terror =
=
0 03044
.

=
6 e
e +o + al =
etotal : 000'
N

PROBABLE ERROR (SINGLE)

CORRECTED
v2
OR O + CPD 97837110"
PEs =
0 6745
.
n-1 CORRECT LENGTH : APB + BPC =

EQUAL
APD = 97037'10"
PROBABLE ERROR (MEASURED)
O 4.) Determine the most probable value of angle APB
PEm = 0 6745
.
or
Oerror a.) 12˚31'60"
N
b.) 12˚31'40"
c.) 12˚31'70"
PEg = 10 67450 . d.) 12˚31'30"
= 0 12031140
6745(0 07456)
"
. .
APB = 12031150"000'10" =

PEs =
10 0503 .

5.) Determine the most probable value of angle BPC

a.) 37˚29'10"
b.) 37˚28'00"
PEM = = 0 6745 Verror c.) 37˚29'30"
.

= 0 .
6745(0 0344) .
d.) 37˚29'40"
000'10" 3702910
"

PEn = = 0 0205m . BPC = 3729'20" - =

6.) Determine the most probable value of angle CPD
9.) Compute the weighted mean elevation difference
a.) 47˚36'10" a.) 25.633
b.) 47˚36'20" b.) 25.366
c.) 47˚36'50" c.) 25.663
d.) 47˚36'40" d.) 25.336
1
47"36'30"
=
CDD = -
000'10" = 4736'20" ELEV L Wood

7.) Determine the most probable value of angle APD 25 35 .

1 =
6 6

a.) 97˚37'00" 25 41. /2

*
=
6 3
b.) 97˚37'20"
c.) 97˚36'50" 25 38 .
113 =
6 2
d.) 97˚37'10"
25 30. 16 =
6 1

"
APD = 97037'00" + 000'0" = 97037'10 CM = 6

SITUATION #3 25 35 .
6 or 1 XY
* X=
The length of a line was measured repeatedly on three 25 4/ . 3 or 2 Y
different occasions and the probable error of each mean
value was computed with the following results: 25 38 . 2 or 13 = 25 363
.

*
25 30 1 or 6
1st set of measurement: 1,201.50 ± 0.02 m .

2nd set of measurement: 1,201.45 ± 0.04 m

3rd set of measurement: 1,201.62 ± 0.05 m
S VATION #5
e

B
The following interior angles of a triangle traverse were measured
A
with the same precision.
8.) Determine the weighted mean of the three sets of 1
measurements. BF =
ANGLE VALUE N0 OF MEASUREMENT
a.) 1,201.60 m .

W
b.) 1,201.51 m
c.) 1,201.48 m A 410 5 #/5x38 = 6
d.) 1,201.63 m 1
7 W= B 770 6 16x30 = 5

22
Wa (((W) C 630 2 1/2x30 = 15

26
1) 1201 5 . 2500 3 003750 A

C :
30
2 )
.
1201 45 .
625 750906 25 .

etotal BF C
3) 1201 . 62 400 480648

w = 3525 (((w) =
4235384 25
. 10 026 0013'50 77" .

(L) (w)
mpV =
w
5/26 0034'36 92" .

= 4235304 25
mpV 1 , 201 50m
.

0034'36 92"
.

3525 B E 15126 .

A + BC = 1800
10
CALCULATOR TECHNIQUE
41 + 77 + 63 = 1810

MODE-1-SUM 5 2 = 18101800 = 1)

YODE-1-SUM 4 10.) Determine the most probable value of Angle A

a.) 41˚13.84'
b.) 40˚46.16'
c.) 41˚18.84'
SITUATION #4
d.) 40˚41.16'

Four different routes were taken to determine

the elevation difference between two benchmarks (see 2000/350 77" . = 400469 23" . 40046 154'
.

table).
77881'32 31" 764827 69" 6048 4615

-
=
. .
.

63034'36 92" 62 25'23 08"6925 385

%
=
. .
.

1880 B

A 9 . 23" = = 0 . 154
A

ROUTE LENGTH (miles) ELEV

no of triangle = n -2

1 1 + 25 35
.
1800
int. (n 2) (180 )
%
= -

2 2 + 25 41
.
E 1800
A+B+ c + D + E =
(52)(180) 5400 = 1 800
3 3 + 25 38
.

4 6 + 25 30
.

B C
 LAYOU ength is not given
11.) Determine the most probable value of Angle B
a.) 76˚48.46'
b.) 77˚11.54' TABE TOO SHOR
c.) 77˚21.54' 20m
d.) 76˚38.46' *
-
* 20
CORRECI /AP
12.) Determine the most probable value of Angle C
a.) 63˚34.62'
b.) 62˚34.62'
c.) 62˚25.38' ICORRECT
*
TAPE * 2

d.) 63˚25.38'

MEASUREMENI OF HORIZONTAL DISTANCE 21 = 20 + 1

SITUATION #5 PACING TABE TOO LONG

20m
In walking a 75-m course, the pacer of a field
*

TAPE"
party counted 43.50, 44.50, 43.75, 44.50 and 43.25 strides.
Then 105.50, 106.00, 105.75 and 106.25 strides were ORRECI 1AP
counted in walking from one marker to another established
along a straight and level course
75m CORRECT
19 = 201
↑

43 5 .

STRIDES : 2
paces

44 5 .
AYOUT MEASURED

S S
75m7w
43 75
Sf
-
.

=
stries in

4) 4 50 .
SHORI ADD + SUBTRACT

43 25 .

= 43 9 .

SITUATION #6

13.) Determine the distance between the two

markers. The length of a line AB measured with a 50-m tape is 465.285 m.
a.) 131.2 m When the tape is compared with a standardized invar tape, it is
b.) 155.3 m found to be 0.016 m too long in almost the same conditions of
c.) 120.6 m support, tension, and temperature that existed during
d.) 180.9 m measurement of the line.
=? WHERE AS :

NL : 50m
A B NL = NOMINAL LENGTH FULL TAPE LENGTH

m
ML = 46 5 285m .

ML : MEASURED LENGTH TOTAL LENGTH OF

=
105 875 strides
.
* 1 71
.

THE LINE

105 5
Stride
CN =
0 016
.
(TL) ML NL
180 88
.
= I
.
m
C CNL
TOTAL
106

14.) Determine the correct length of line AB

105 75 .

a.) 465.136 m
b.) 466.136 m
106 25 .

c.) 465.434 m
d.) 466.434 m
X = 105 875 .

465 285 .
50m
=

CORRECTION CTOTAL 0 016

DUE TO INCORRECT TAPE LENGTH
MLIGOTAL
.

CL =

CL : MLICOTAL CTOTAL = 0 149

. 2 = 465 285 . + 0 .
149

C 465
= . 434m) tape too long
MEASUREMENT ength is given
SITUATION #7

APE 100 SHORT A building 38m x 45m is to be laid out with a

50-m long metallic tape. During standardization the tape Is
20m 20 found to be only 49.95 m.
* *
CORRECI /AP NL= 50 m 38x45m

20 CNL = 50
* * * 21

INCORRECT TAPE CN = 0 05.

m Tape too short

28 :
211
Determine the dimensions to be laid out, using this tape
in order that the building shall have the desired
APE 100 LONG dimensions.
a.) 38.038m x 45.045m
20m
20 b.) 37.962m x 44.955m
c.) 37.962m x 45.045m
*
ORRECI 1AP
2
d.) 38.038m x 44.955m

38m 50m CL = 38m + 0 038 = 38 038

* 20 0 038m
. .
=

INCORRECT
= .
*

CT 8 05m
TAPE
.

19

45m 50m
28 = 191 = = 0 045m
.
CL = 45m + 0 045 . = 45 045
.

0 05m
CT .
16.) Using the same tape, what should the diagonals read? CORRECTION DUE TO TEMPERATURE
a.) 58.839 m
b.) 58.908 m =+ &A
GEMp
c.) 58.957 m
d.) 58.889 m WHERE AS :

45
45 0457 + 38 038 & COEFFECIENI OF LINEAR PANSION
d
. .

d - d =
58 957m
.
CNL ML GOTA

38 (act STD)
OTHER METHOD actual
38 038 .

38 . 038m x 45 045m .

382 + 452 =
58 898m MEASUREMENI
d=
.

l =
lact lape 00 ong add
CN) =
0 05
.
sid

58 898
=
act STD ape too short subtract
_50
.

2,
== 0 .
05

SILVATION #9
CL = ML ICL
A steel tape with a coefficient of linear expansion of
. 8. 898
5 = ML 0 0589
.
=
58 957m
.
0.0000116/˚C is known to be 50 m long at 20˚C. The tape was
used to measure a line which was found to be 532.28 meters
long when the temperature was 35˚C.
GIVEN :

CORRECTION DUE TO SLOPE

Determine the correct length of the line. 2 =
0 0000116
.
"
C
a.) 533.206 m
b.) 532.19 m N = 50m
c.) 532.37 m
d.) 531.354 m M1 =
538 2 .
m

Gentle slope 10 % Tact = 35 C

%

ML h 0 .
000016/ %
CTEMP =
(50m) (350 2007 CTEMP = 8 7x10
. Im
·
C

50m
= 538 . 28
532 28m + 0 0926
CL = .

measured length 3 .

.7
8
-
=
x 10 CTOTAL TEMP
+
C ML CL =
532 372m
correction to supe
.

CS =
cue
CTOTAL TEMP
=
0 .
00001160
C correct
SLOPES (SUBTRACT)
=
length =
0 0926 .

CS Y C approxi
CORRECTION DUE TO TENSION

29242 ML = C PX
CTENSION =

2
h2 AE
h2 - M c =
2M CS

< 42
h2 =
ML / CL) (ML CL) CS =

2 (ML)
FOR GENILE SLOPE P =
(Pact Ps) A = CROSS SECTIONAL AREA

42 NL) <N E MODULUS OF ELASTICITY

MICL) = :
C

Ms GOTAL
SITUATION #8 :

Slope distances AB and BC measures 330.49m and 660.97 m,

respectively. The differences in elevation are 12.22 m for
points A and B, and 10.85 m for point B and C. Using the NL = 50m
approximate slope correction formula for gentle slopes,
determine the horizontal length of line ABC. Assume that line
AB has a rising slope and BC a falling slope. 50m &Ps
Ps

Pact PSTD

- -

=
Pact Pact
A

PactPSORED
AB

?
12 22
.
AB =
330 490 226 . . 330 264m
.

CSAB 226
490
.

2(330 .

LAYOUT
Bc = 660 970 089660 881
. . .

10 85
. Inc Pac PST
330 264
.

0 089 Ac = + 660 881

CSBc 2(660
.
. .

97
C
.

= 99. 4) 5m Pact PST .

17.) Using the approximate slope correction formula for gentle

slopes, determine the horizontal length of line ABC. Assume that
line AB has a rising slope and BC a falling slope.
a.) 991.14 m
b.) 919.41 m
c.) 965.38 m
d.) 956.83 m
 SITUATION #11
SITUATION #10

A 30-m steel tape weighing 1.45 kg is at standard length under a A 50-m steel tape weighing 0.035 kg/m is constantly supported at
pull of 5 kg, supported for full length. The tape was used in mid-length and at its end points, and is used to measure a line AB
measuring a line 938.55 m long on smooth level ground under a with a steady pull of 6.5 kg.
steady pull of 10 kg. Assuming E = 2.0 x 106 kg/cm2, and the unit
weight of steel to be 7.9 x 10-3 kg/cm3 25m 50m 1 =
50m
⑧

=
0 .

035kg m
GIVEN :

Pa =
6 5 kg .

NL = 30m Pact = 10kg

ML =, 268 256 m

-
25m
2x100kg cm2
.

W= 1 45kg
- =
.

&ST
3
Ps =
5kg
=
79
. x10- kg/cm3 20.) If the measured length of AB is 1,268.256 m. Determine the
ML = 9 38 55m .
correct length of line AB
a.) 1,267.305 m
.

b.) 1.269.207 m
c.) 1,268.305 m
d.) 1,270.207 m

J WEIGHT=

-A
Sag
=
(0 035kg/m) .

24(6 5kg)2 .
(25m)3 00 , game = m

=Winx
A = WH Vol = X xH
Vol = XA

1 , 268 .
256m
= 50 7302 .
stations
25m/stations X 50 stations

25m =
1250m
1 45
.

kg station
A =

100 cm
X10-
3kg 3
1 cm
= 1268 2561258 .
=
18 256m .

=
> 1m = 100 cm
A =
0 06118 cm2
10 035)2 (18 256)3
.

(sagtotal
.

=
0 0189 (50) + 0 00735
.

(sag
.

=
2
24 (6 5) .

19.) Determine the correct length of the line measured. = 0 95/m

.

= 0 00735m
a.) 938.51 m
.

b.) 938.93 m
c.) 938.17 m
d.) 938.59 m [L = 1 , 268 2560 957 . . =
1267 305m
.

MEASURED PROBLEM
1 75
W2z =
.

2
= 0 .

875kg
BX (10 -

5)kg(938 55m) .
& should be half

Cpull = I
0 8752 (25)
A
(sag
2x100k
.

-
=
= 0 0189m
0 06118 cm2
.

24(6 5)2
.
.

Cpull = 0 03835m.

CL =
ML I GOTAL
+ 0 03835(7
938 = 588m
CL = 938 55
.

.
.

CORRECTION DUE TO SAG

w2 3
Length per station
=

Csag =

24paz
W= weight per length
of the tape Pa = actual pull

Csag = We W= weight of the tape w

HB
Part Pact
ML

A - B

25m 50m 50m

- Ch : Ch = M
+
Gag
boom