10th Mathematics Volume I Polynomials

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Chapter

2 Polynomials
KEY NOTES

• A polynomial is an algebraic expression in which the exponent on any variable is a whole number.
• A polynomial is an algebraic expression with variables having positive integral powers only.
• Degree of a polynomial
• The highest power of x in p(x) is called the degree of the polynomial p(x).

• Value of a polynomial:
If p(x) is a polynomial in x, and if k is any real number, then the value obtained by replacing x by k
in p(x), is called the value of p(x) at x = k, and is denoted by p(k).

Q. Find the value of the polynomial p(x) = x2 + 4x + 4 where x = 2.

Given polynomial: p(x) = x2 + 4x + 4. Value of given polynomial when x = 2 and
we get: p(2) = (2)2 + 4 (2) + 4 = 4 + 8 + 4 = 16
Hence the value of p(x) = x2 + 4x + 4, where x = 2, is 16

• Zero of a polynomial
A real number k is said to be a zero of a polynomial p(x), if p(k) = 0
Q. What is the value of p(x) = x 2 –3x – 4 at x = –1?
We have : p(–1) = (–1) 2 –{3 × (–1)} – 4 = 0
Also, note that p(4) = 4 2 – (3 × 4) – 4 = 0.
As p(–1) = 0 and p(4) = 0,
–1 and 4 are called the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial x2 – 3x – 4

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In general, given a polynomial p(x) of degree n, the graph of y = p(x) intersects the x-axis at atmost n
points. Therefore, a polynomial p(x) of degree n has at most n zeroes.

Linear polynomial – degree 1 so number of zero= atmost 1 ie 0 or 1

Quadratic polynomial- degree 2 has atmost 2 zeros ie 0 or 1 or 2
Cubic polynomial- degree 3 has atmost 3 zeros i.e 0 or 1 or 2 or 3

Graphical representation of polynomial:

1) Linear polynomial:
the graph of y = ax + b is a straight line.
For example, the graph of y = 2x + 3 is a straight line

for a linear polynomial ax + b, a ≠ 0, the graph of y = ax + b is a straight line which intersects the x-
−𝑏
axis at exactly one point, namely, ( 𝑎 , 0)

Therefore, the linear polynomial ax + b, a ≠ 0, has exactly one zero, namely, the x-coordinate of the
point where the graph of y = ax + b intersects the x-axis.

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2) Quadratic polynomial:
for any quadratic polynomial ax2 + bx + c, a ≠ 0, the graph of the corresponding equation
y = ax2 + bx + c has one of the two shapes either open upwards like ∪ when a>0 or open
downwards like ∩ when a < 0. (These curves are called parabolas.)
• The zeroes of a quadratic polynomial ax2 + bx + c, a ≠ 0, are precisely the x-coordinates of the
points where the parabola representing y = ax2 + bx + c intersects the x-axis.
• From our observation earlier about the shape of the graph of y = ax2 + bx + c, the following three
cases can happen:
Case (i) : Here, the graph cuts x-axis at two distinct points A and A′.
The x-coordinates of A and A′ are the two zeroes of the quadratic polynomial ax2 + bx + c in this
case

Case (ii) : Here, the graph cuts the x-axis at exactly one point, i.e., at two coincident points. So, the
two points A and A′ of Case (i) coincide here to become one point A.
The x-coordinate of A is the only zero for the quadratic polynomial ax2 + bx + c in this case

Case (iii) : Here, the graph is either completely above the x-axis or completely below the x-axis. So,
it does not cut the x-axis at any point.
So, the quadratic polynomial ax2 + bx + c has no zero in this case.

3) Cubic Polynomial:
for any cubic polynomial ax3 + bx2 + cx +d , a ≠ 0, the graph of the corresponding equation
y = ax3 + bx2 + cx +d has the shape as shown in figure.

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Graph A Graph B Graph C

i) graph A intersects X-axis in 3 distinct points; hence it has 3 distinct zeroes.

ii) graph B intersects X-axis in 2 distinct points; hence it has 2 distinct zeroes
iii) graph C intersects X-axis in only 1 point; hence it has 1 zero.

Hence the number of points in which graph of polynomial y= p(x) intersects X -axis, that many
zeroes it has.
If graph intersects X-axis in 5 points , then that polynomial has 5 zeroes.

Note: if a polynomial is of the form x= p(y) then check the points of intersection of graph with Y-
axis.

Relationship Between Zeros and Coefficient of a Quadratic Polynomial

Let α and β be the zeros of a quadratic polynomial f(x) = ax2 + bx + c. By facto r theorem ( x - α) and (x - β)
are the factors of f(x).

∴ f(x) = k ( x - α) (x - β) are the factors of f(x)

⇒ ax2 + bx + c = k{x2 - (α + β)x + αβ}
⇒ ax2 + bx + c = kx2 - k(α + β)x + kαβ
Comparing the coefficients of x2, x and constant terms on both sides, we get a = k, b = –k (α+ β) and kαβ

⇒
Hence,

Sum of the zeros

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Product of the zeros

Notes:
If α and β are the zeros of a quadratic polynomial f(x). Then, the polynomial f(x) is given by
f(x) = k{x2 - (α + β)x + αβ}
or f(x) = k{x2 − (Sum of the zeros) x + (Product of the zeros)

Relationship Between Zeros and Coefficient of a Cubic Polynomial

Let α, β,γ be the zeros of a cubic polynomial f(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, a ≠ 0

Then, by factor theorem, (x - α), (x - β) and (x - γ) are factors of f(x).

Also, f(x) being a cubic polynomial cannot have more than three linear factors.

∴ f(x) = k (x - α)(x - β) (x - γ)

⇒ ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = k (x - α)(x - β) (x - γ)

⇒ ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = k{x3 – (α+ β+γ) x2 + (α β + β γ + γ α)x − α βγ}

⇒ ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = k x3 – k (α+ β+γ) x2 + k(α β + β γ + γ α)x − k α βγ

Comparing the coefficients of x3, x2, x and constant terms on both sides, we get

a = k, b = –k α+ β+γ c= α β + β γ + γ α d= −k α βγ

−𝒃 𝒄 −𝒅
α+ β+γ = , α β + β γ + γ α =𝒂 , α βγ =
𝒂 𝒂

−𝑏 − 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 2
⇒ Sum of the zeros = =
𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 3

𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥
⇒ Sum of the products of the zeros taken two at a time = 𝑎 = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 3

−𝑑 − 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
⇒ Product of the zeros= 𝑎 = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 3

Remarks :

Cubic polynomial having α, β and γ as its zeros is given by

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∴ f(x) = k (x - α)(x - β) (x - γ)

f(x) = k {x3 − (α+ β+γ) x2 + (α β + β γ + γ α)x − α βγ} where k is any non-zero real number.

Q1) Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial x2 + 7x + 10, and verify the relationship between the zeroes
and the coefficients.
Solution : We have x2 + 7x + 10 = (x + 2)(x + 5)
So, the value of x2 + 7x + 10 is zero when x + 2 = 0 or x + 5 = 0, i.e.,
when x = – 2 or x = –5. Therefore, the zeroes of x2 + 7x + 10 are – 2 and – 5.

Q 2) Find the zeroes of the polynomial x2 – 3 and verify the relationship between the zeroes and the
coefficients.
Solution : Recall the identity a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b).
Using it, we can write: x2 – 3 = ( x+ √3)( x− √3)
So, the value of x2 – 3 is zero when x = √3 or x = – √3⋅
Therefore, the zeroes of x2 – 3 are √3 and −√3 ⋅

Q 3) Find a quadratic polynomial, the sum and product of whose zeroes are – 3 and 2, respectively.
Solution : Let the quadratic polynomial be ax2 + bx + c, and its zeroes be α and β. We have

If a = 1, then b = 3 and c = 2. So, one quadratic polynomial which fits the given conditions is
x2 + 3x + 2.
You can check that any other quadratic polynomial that fits these conditions will be of the form
k(x2 + 3x + 2), where k is real.

Q 4) Find a quadratic polynomial whose zeroes are 4 and 3 respectively.

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Solution: Let the quadratic polynomial be ax2 + bx+ c and it’s zeroes be α and β Given,
α + β = 4 + 3 = 7 αβ = 4(3) = 12
A quadratic polynomial whose sum and product of its zeroes is given can be written as
f(x) = K [x2 – (sum of zeroes) x + product of zeroes]
Where K is a constant
⸫ Required quadratic polynomial f(x) = k [x2 + 7x + 12]
Q 5) If α and β are the roots (zeroes) of the polynomial f(x) = x2 – 3x + k such that α – β = 1, find the value
of k.
Solution: Since α and β are the roots (zeroes) of the polynomial f(x) = x2 – 3x + k
−𝑏 𝑐
∴α+β= = -(-3) = 3 and αβ = 𝑎 = 𝑘
𝑎

Given, α – β = 1 and α + β=3

Adding both we will get 2 α = 4 , ∴ α= 2
And β =1
We know αβ = 𝑘 ∴2 x 1 =k ∴ k=2
1 1
Q 6) If  and  are the zeros of the polynomial f(x)= 5x2 -7x +1 find the value of +.


Solution: F(x)= 5x2 -7x +1

−𝑏 7 𝑐 1
α + β= =5 αβ = 𝑎 = 5
𝑎
1 1 α+β 7/5
+= = 1/5 = 7
 αβ

Q 7) If α and β are zeroes of the polynomial p(x)=2x2−5x+7, find a polynomial whose zeroes are 2α +3 and
2β +3.
Solution: given polynomial is 2x2−5x+7
−𝑏 5 𝑐 7
So, sum of zeroes= α+β = =2 product of zeroes αβ = 𝑎 = 2
𝑎

For new polynomial

New zeroes are 2α +3 and 2β +3.
5
New sum of zeroes= 2α +3 +2β +3 = 2α+2β +6 =2(α+β) +6 = 2 (2 ) +6 = 5+6=11
7 5
New product of zeroes= (2α +3) (2β +3) = 4 αβ + 6 α +6 β + 9= 4 αβ + 6(α+β) +9= 4(2) + 6(2) +9

=14+15+9=38
Hence new polynomial= f(x) = K [x2 – (sum of zeroes) x + product of zeroes]
= k [x2 – (11) x + 38]

Exercise 1
Level 1

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1. Find the number of zeroes from the following graph x= f(x)

2. Find the zeroes of each of the following quadratic polynomials and verify the relationship between
the zeroes and their coefficients:

(i) f(x) = x2 – 2x – 8 (ii) g(s) = 4s2 – 4s + 1 (iii) 6x2 – 3 – 7x

(iv) h(t) = t2 – 15 (v) q(x) = √3 x2 + 10x + 7√3
(vi) f(x) = x2 - (√3 + 1) x + √3 (vii) a (x2 + 1) – x (a2 + 1) (viii) x2 + 1/ 6 x – 2,
7 3 11 2
(ix) 2x2 + 2 𝑥 + (x) 7y2 − 𝑦− (xi) u2- 4u
4 3 3

3. Find a quadratic polynomial, the sum and product of whose zeroes are given below, form the
polynomial
−8 4 21 5 −3 −1
i) , ii) , iii) −2√3 , −9 iv) 2√5 ,
3 3 8 16 2
1 1 −1 1
v) 4 , −1 vi) √2 , 3 vii) 0,1 viii) ,4 ix) 4,1
4

Exercise 2
Level 1
𝟏 𝟏
1. If α and β are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial p (y) = 5y2 – 7y + 1, find the value of +
𝜶 𝜷
𝟏 𝟏
2. If α and β are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial f(x) = x2 – x – 4, find the value of + −αβ
𝜶 𝜷

3. If α and β are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial f(x) = x2 – 5x + 4, find the value of
𝟏 𝟏
+ −2αβ
𝜶 𝜷

4. If α and β are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial p(x) = 4x2 – 5x – 1, find the value of
α2β + αβ2.
5. For what value of k, (–4) is a zero of the polynomial x2 – x – (2k + 2)?

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6. If the product of zeroes of the polynomial ax2 – 6x – 6 is 4, find the value of ‘a’.
7. If sum of the zeroes of kx2 + 3k + 2x is equal to their product. Find k
8. If one zero of 4x2 –9 –8kx is negative of the other , find k
9. If one of the zero of 5t2 +13t -p is reciprocal of the other, then find p
10. If one of the zero of 2x2 -7x +k is reciprocal of the other, then find k
Level 2
11. If α and β are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial f(t) = t2 – 4t + 3, find the value of α4β3 + α3β4.
𝜶 𝜷
12. If α and β are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial f(x) = 6x2 + x – 2, find the value of +
𝜷 𝜶

13. If α and β are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial f(x) = x2 – p(x + 1) – c, show that (α + 1)(β + 1)
=1–c
14. If α and β are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial f(x) = 2x2−4x +5, find the value of
a) α2 + β2 b) (α – β)2
15. If one zero of the polynomial (a2+a) x2 + 13x + 6a is reciprocal of the other, find the value of a
16. If one zero of the polynomial (a2 + 9) x2 + 13x + 6a is reciprocal of the other, find the value of ‘a’.
17. If α and β are zeroes of the quadratic polynomial x2 – 6x + a; find the value of ‘a’ if
3α + 2β =20.
18. Find value of k such that 3x2 + 2kx +x -k-5 has the sum of the zeroes as half of their product.
19. If α and β are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial x2 -5x +k such that α−β =1, find k.
20. If α and β are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 2x2 -5x +k , find k such that (α+β)2 −αβ = 24
21. If α and 1/ α are zeroes of polynomial 4x2 -2x + (k-4), find value of k
22. m, n are zeroes of ax2 -5x +c, find a and c if m+n= m.n =10
23. If one zero of the polynomial 3 x2 -8x -2k-1 is seven times of the other, find the value of k
1
24. If α and β are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial x2 –(k+6)x + 2(2k-1), find k if (α+β)= 2 αβ

25. If α and β are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial x2 -6x +k , find k such that
(α+β)2 −2αβ = 40
26. If α and β are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial kx2 +4x +4 , find k such that α2 + β2= 24
27. If α and β are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 2x2 +5x +k , find k such that
21
α2 + β2+ αβ = 4

28. If sum of squares of zeroes of x2-8x +k is 40 , find k

29. If the sum of the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial f(t) = kt2 + 2t + 3k is equal to their product, then
find the value of k.
30. The zeroes of 𝑥2 − 𝑘𝑥 + 6 are in the ratio 3:2, find k.
31. If the sum of the zeroes of the polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) = (𝑎 + 1)𝑥2 + (2𝑎 + 3)𝑥 + (3𝑎 + 4) is -1, then find the
product of the zeroes.

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32. Find the value of k in order that one zero of 3𝑥2 + (1 + 4𝑘) 𝑥 + 𝑘2 + 5 may be one third of the other.
Level 3

33. Find the zeroes of each of the following quadratic polynomials and verify the relationship between the
zeroes and their coefficients:
3
(i) p(x) = x2 + 2√2 x – 6 (ii) 4x2 + 5√2 x −3 (iii) v2 + 4√3 v -15 (iv) y2 + 2 √5 y -5

34. if α and β are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial f(x) = 3x2 −6x +4, find the value of
𝜶 𝜷 𝟏 𝟏
+ 𝜶 + 2 [𝜶 + 𝜷] + 3αβ
𝜷
𝟏 𝟏
35. If α and β are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial f(x) = x2 + x – 2, find the value of −
𝜶 𝜷

36. If α and β are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial f(x) = x2 – px + q, prove that

𝛼2 𝛽2 𝑝4 4𝑝2
+ 𝛼2 = − +2
𝛽2 𝑞2 𝑞

37. If the zeros of the polynomial 𝑥2 + 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 are double in value to the zeros of 2𝑥2 − 5𝑥 − 3, find 𝑝 and
𝑞.
38. If the squared difference of the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial f(x)=x2 + px +45 is equal to 144,
find the value of p.
1−α 1−β
39. If α and β are the roots of the equation ax2+bx+c=0 and if px2+qx+r=0 has roots and , then r
α β

is?

Exercise 3
Formation of polynomial
Level 1
1. Form a polynomial if its zeroes are 3 and 4
2. Form the polynomial whose one zero is 2+ √3 and sum of the zero is 4.
3. Form the polynomial whose zeroes are 3 + √5 and 3 −√5
3 + √3 3− √3
4. Form the polynomial whose zeroes are and
5 5

Level 2
5. If α and β are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial such that α + β = 24 and α – β = 8, find a
quadratic polynomial having α and β as its zeroes
6. If α and β are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial f(x) = x2 –5x+6 , find a quadratic polynomial
1 1
whose zeroes are α and β

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7. If α and β are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial f(x) = x2 – 1, find a quadratic polynomial whose
2𝛼 2𝛽
zeroes are and
𝛽 𝛼

8. If α and β are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial f(x) = x2 – 3x + 2, find a quadratic polynomial
1 1
whose zeroes are 2𝛼+𝛽 and 2𝛽 +𝛼

9. If α and β are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial f(x) = x2 – 2x + 3, find a polynomial whose
roots are: α + 2, β + 2

Exercise 4 cubic polynomial

1. Verify that 3, –1, −1/ 3 are the zeroes of the cubic polynomial p(x) = 3x 3 – 5x 2 – 11x – 3, and then
verify the relationship between the zeroes and the coefficients.
2. Verify that the numbers given alongside of the cubic polynomials below are their zeroes. Also verify
the relationship between the zeroes and the coefficients in each case:
(i) 2x 3 + x 2 – 5x + 2; 1/2 , 1, – 2 (ii) x 3 – 4x 2 + 5x – 2; 2, 1, 1
3. Find a cubic polynomial with the sum, sum of the product of its zeroes taken two at a time, and the
product of its zeroes as 2, –7, –14 respectively.
1 1 1
4. If α,β,γ are the zeroes of 6x3 +3x2 -5x +1 , find the value of + +
α 𝛽 𝛾

5. If the zeroes of the polynomial 2x 3 – 6x 2 + 5x -7 are a – b, a, a + b, find a .

6. If the zeroes of the polynomial x 3 – 3x 2 + x + 1 are a – b, a, a + b, find a and b.
7. Find the zeroes of the polynomial x3 -5x2 -2x +24, if it is given that the product of 2 zeroes is 12
8. Given that the zeroes of the cubic polynomial x3 – 6x2 + 3x + 10 are of the form
a, a + b, a + 2b for some real numbers a and b, find the values of a and b as well as the zeroes of the
given polynomial
9. Find the zeroes of the polynomial x3 -12x2 +39x -28 , if its zeroes are in AP
10. If the zeroes of the polynomial f(x) = 2x3 – 15x2 + 37x – 30 are in AP, find them
11. If the zeroes of the polynomial f(x) = x3 – 12x2 + 39x + k are in A.P., find the value of k

Objective

1. The zeroes of the polynomial x 2 – 3x – m(m + 3) are

m, m + 3 (b) –m, m + 3 (c) m, – (m + 3) (d) –m, – (m + 3)
2. The degree of polynomial having zeroes – 3 and 4 only is
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) more than 3 (d) 3
3. The quadratic polynomial, the sum of whose zeroes is – 5 and their product is 6, is (a) x 2 + 5x + 6
(b) x 2 – 5x + 6 (c) x 2 – 5x – 6 (d) – x 2 + 5x + 6

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4. The quadratic polynomial p(x) with –24 and 4 as a product and one of the zeros respectively is
(a) x 2 – 2x – 24 (b) x 2 + 2x – 24 (c) x 2 + 2x + 24 (d) Can’t be determined
2 −1) 𝑚
5. Consider the expression 𝑥 (𝑚 + 3 𝑥 2 , where m is a constant. For what value of m, will the
expression be a cubic polynomial?
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) –1 (d) –2
6. The zeros of the quadratic polynomial x 2 + 99x + 127 are
(a) both positive (b) both negative (c) one positive and one negative (d) both equal
7. If 2 and α are zeros of 2x2 – 6x + 2 then the value of α is
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 1 (d) 5
8. If one root of the polynomial p(y) = 5y2 + 13y + m is reciprocal of other, then the value of m is
(a) 6 (b) 0 (c) 5 (d) 1/5
9. If the zeros of the quadratic polynomial x2 +(a+1) x +b are 2 and –3, then
(a) a = –7, b = –1 (b) a = 5, b = –1 (c) a = 2, b = –6 (d) a = 0, b = –6
10. If one of the zeros of a quadratic polynomial of the form ax2+bx +c is the negative of the other, then
it
(a) has no linear term and the constant term is negative.
(b) has no linear term and the constant term is positive.
(c) can have a linear term but the constant term is negative.
(d) can have a linear term but the constant term is positive.
11. A quadratic polynomial, whose zeros are 5 and – 8 is
(a) x 2 + 13x – 40 (b) x 2 + 4x – 3 (c) x 2 – 3x + 40 (d) x 2 + 3x – 40
12. If one zero of the quadratic polynomial x2 − 4x + 1 is 2 + √3, then the other zero is
(a) −2 +√3 (b) −√3 −2 (c) 2 − √3 (d) √3 + 1
13. If the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 𝑎𝑥² + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, where 𝑐 ≠ 0, are equal, then
(a) c and a have opposite signs (b) c and b have opposite signs
(c) c and a have same signs (d) c and b have the same signs
14. If the sum of the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial kx 2 + 2x + 3k is equal to their product, then k is
equal to
(a) 1 /3 (b) −2/ 3 (c) −1 /3 (d) 2/ 3
15. If α and 1/∝ are the zeroes of the polynomial 𝑎𝑥² + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, then value of c is
(a) 0 (b) 𝑎 (c) −𝑎 (d) 1
16. If zeroes α and β of a polynomial x2 – 7x + k are such that α − β = 1, then the value of k is
(a) 21 (b) 12 (c) 9 (d) 8
17. If 2 and 3 are zeroes of polynomial 3x2 – 2kx + 2m, then the value of k and m are, respectively
(a) 9 /2, 15 (b) 15/ 2, 9 (c) 9, 15/ 2 (d) 15, 9

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18. If α, β are the zeroes of the polynomial x² – 16, then αβ (α + β) is

(a) 0 (b) 4 (c) −4 (d) 16
19. If the zeroes of a quadratic polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 𝑎 are equal, then the value of 𝑎 is
(a) 1/ 2 (b) −1 /2 (c) ± 1/ 2 (d) ± 1
20. The zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 𝑥 2 + 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑘 where k ≠ 0,
(a) cannot both be positive (b) cannot both be negative
(c) are always unequal (d) are always equal
21. The sum and the product of the zeroes of polynomial 6x2 – 5 respectively are
(a) 0, −6/ 5 (b) 0, 6 /5 (c) 0, 5/ 6 (d) 0, −5
22. A quadratic polynomial can have at most ______ zeroes.
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) infinite

Case study based questions

1) The below picture are few natural examples of parabolic shape which is represented by a quadratic
polynomial. A parabolic arch is an arch in the shape of a parabola. In structures, their curve represents an
efficient method of load, and so can be found in bridges and in architecture in a variety of forms.

i) In the standard form of quadratic polynomial, a, b and c are

a) All are real numbers. b) All are rational numbers.
c) ‘a’ is a non- zero real number and b and c are any real numbers.
d) All are integers.
ii) If the roots of the quadratic polynomial are equal, where the discriminant
D = b2 – 4ac, then
a) D > 0 b) D < 0 c) D≥ d) D = 0
1
iii) If α and 𝛼are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 2x2-x + 8k, then k is

a) 4 b)-1/4 c)1/4 d) 2
iv) The graph of x2+1=0
a) Intersects x‐axis at two distinct points. b) Touches x‐axis at a point.
c) Neither touches nor intersects x‐axis. d)Either touches or intersects x‐ axis.
v) If the sum of the roots is –p and product of the roots is -1/p , then the quadratic polynomial is

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𝑥 𝑥 1 1
a) k (-px2 + 𝑝 + 1) b) k (px2 −𝑝 −1) c) k (x2 +px − 𝑝 ) d) k (x2 −px + 𝑝 )

2) An asana is a body posture, originally and still a general term for a sitting meditation pose, and later
extended in hatha yoga and modern yoga as exercise, to any type of pose or position, adding reclining,
standing, inverted, twisting, and balancing poses. In the figure, one can observe that poses can be related to
representation of quadratic polynomial

(i) The shape of the poses shown is

(a) Spiral ( b) Ellipse (c) Linear ( d) Parabola
(ii) The graph of parabola opens downwards, if _______
(a) a ≥0 ( b) a = 0 ( c) a < 0 ( d) a > 0
(iii) In the graph, how many zeroes are there for the polynomial?
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
(iv) The two zeroes in the above shown graph are
(a) 2, 4 (b) −2, 4 (c) −8, 4 (d) 2,−8
(v) The zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 4√3 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 2√3 are
(a) 2 /√3 , √3 /4 (b) −2 /√3 , √3/ 4 (c) 2 /√3 , −√3 .4 (d) −2 /√3 ,− √3/ 4

3) Two friends Aryan and Om decided to go for a trekking. During summer vacation, they went to
Panchmarhi. While trekking they observed that the trekking path is in the shape of a parabola. The
mathematical representation of the track is shown in the graph.

Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

(i) The zeroes of the polynomial whose graph is given are

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(a)4,7 (b) −4, 7 (c) 4, 3 (d) −7, 10

(ii) What will be the expression of the given polynomial p(x)?
(a) 𝑥 2 – 3𝑥 – 70 (b) −𝑥 2 +4𝑥 – 28 (c) 𝑥 2 +4𝑥 – 28 (d) −𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 28
(iii) Product of the zeroes of the polynomial which represents the parabola is
(a)−28 (b) −70 (c) 28 (d) 30
(iv) In the standard form of quadratic polynomial, ax 2 + bx + c, a, b, and c are
(a)All are real numbers (b) All are rational numbers
(c) a is a no zero real number, b and c are any real numbers
(d)All are integers
(v) If the sum of the roots is -p and product of the roots is − 1 /𝑝 , then the quadratic polynomial is
𝑥 𝑥 1 1
a) k (-px2 + 𝑝 + 1) b) k (px2 −𝑝 −1) c) k (x2 +px − 𝑝 ) d) k (x2 −px + 𝑝 )

4) Basketball and soccer are played with a spherical ball. Even though an athlete dribbles the ball in both
sports, a basketball player uses his hands and a soccer player uses his feet. Usually, soccer is played
outdoors on a large field and basketball is played indoor on a court made out of wood. The projectile (path
traced) of soccer ball and basketball are in the form of parabola representing quadratic polynomial.

(i) The shape of the path traced shown is

a) Spiral b) Ellipse c) Linear d) Parabola
(ii) The graph of parabola opens upwards, if
a) a = 0 b) a < 0 c) a > 0 d) a ≥0
(iii) Observe the following graph and answer, In the above graph,
how many zeroes are there for the polynomial?
a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d) 3
(iv)The three zeroes in the above shown graph are
a) 2, 3, −1 b) −2, 3, 1 c) −3, −1, 2 d) −2, −3, −1
(v) What will be the expression of the polynomial?
a) x3 + 2x2 −5x −6 b) x3 + 2x2 −5x +6 c) x3 + 2x2 +5x −6 d) x3 + 2x2 +5x +6

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5) The figure given alongside shows the path of a diver, when she takes a jump from the diving board.
Clearly it is a parabola. Annie was standing on a diving board, 48 feet above the water level. She took a dive
into the pool. Her height (in feet) above the water level at any time ‘t’ in seconds is given by the polynomial
h(t) such that h(t) = −16t² + 8t + k. [CBSE sample paper 2021]

(i) What is the value of k? (a) 0 (b) − 48 (c) 48 (d) 48/−16

(ii) At what time will she touch the water in the pool?
(a) 30 seconds (b) 2 seconds (c) 1.5 seconds (d) 0.5 seconds
(iii) Rita’s height (in feet) above the water level is given by another polynomial p(t) with zeroes -1 and 2.
Then p(t) is given by-
(a) t² + t − 2. (b) t² + 2t − 1 (c) 24t² - 24t + 48. (d) −24t² + 24t + 48.
(iv) A polynomial q(t) with sum of zeroes as 1 and the product as -6 is modelling Anu’s height in feet above
the water at any time t (in seconds). Then q(t) is given by
(a) t² + t + 6 (b) t² + t −6 (c) −8t² + 8t + 48 (d) 8t² − 8t + 48
(v) The zeroes of the polynomial r(t) = −12t² + (k−3) t +48 are negative of each other. Then k is
(a) 3 (b) 0 (c) -1.5 (d) -3

6) Sukriti throws a ball upwards, from a rooftop which is 8m high from ground level. The ball reaches to
some maximum height and then returns and hit the ground. If height of ball at time t (in sec) is represented
by h(m), then equation of its path is given as h= −t2 +2t +8
Based on above information, answer the following: [CBSE 21-22]

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(i) The maximum height achieved by ball is a) 7m b) 8m c) 9m d) 10m

(ii) The polynomial represented by above graph is a) linear b) quadratic c) cubic d) quartic
(iii) Time taken by ball to reach maximum height is a) 2sec b) 4sec c) 1sec d) 2min
(iv) Number of zeroes of the polynomial whose graph is given is a) 1 b) 2 c) 0 d) 3
(v) Zeroes of the polynomial are a) 4 b) -2,4 c) 2,4 d) 0,4

Answers

Exercise 1
1) (i) 1 (ii)2 (iii)3 (iv)1 (v)1 (vi)4 2) (i) zeroes are 4, −2 (ii) ½ (iii) 3/2, −1/3 (iv) √𝟏𝟓 , −√𝟏𝟓
−𝟕
(v) -√𝟑 , (vi) √𝟑 , 1 (vii) a, 1/a (viii) 4/3, −3/2 (ix) −3/2, −1/4 (x) 2/3, −1/7 (xi) 0,4
√𝟑

3) (i) k(3x2+8x+4) (ii) k(16x2 −42x +5) (iii) k(x2 + 2√3x -9) (iv) k(2√5𝑥2 + 3𝑥 − √5) (v) k(4x2 +x +1)
(vi) k(3x2 −3√2 x +1) (vii) k(x2 +1) (viii) k(4x2 +x +1) (ix) k(x2 −4x +1)
Exercise 2
1) 7 2) 15/4 3) −27/4 4) −5/16 5) 9 6) −3/2 7) −2/3 8) 0 9) −5 10) 2 11) 108 12) −25/12
14) (i) −1 (ii) −6 15) 0 or 5 16) 3 17) a=−16 18) 5/3 19) k=6 20) −71/2 21) 8
22) a=1/2 c=5 23) −5/3 24) 7 25) 2 26) −1 or 2/3 27) k=2 28) k=12 29) −2/3 30) k=5
−3 1 −√5
31) product =2 32) 79/8 33) (i) −3√2 , √2 (ii) , (iii) −5√3 , √3 (iv) −2√5 ,
√2 2√2 2

34) 8 35) 3/2 37) p=−5, q=−6 38) ±18 39) r=a+b+c
Exercise 3
1) k(x2−7x+ 12) 2) k(x2−4x+1) 3) k(x2− 6x+ 4) 4) k(25x2−30x+6) 5) k(x2−24x+128) 6) k(6x2−5x+1)
7) k(x2+4x+4) 8) k(20x2−9x+1) 9) k(x2−6x+11)
Exercise 4
3) x3 -2x2 -7x +14 4) 5 5) a=1 6) a=1 b=±√𝟐 7) 3,4, −2 8) a=−1 or 5 , b= 3 or −3 zeros=
5,2, −1 9) 1,4,7 10) 2,3,5/2 11) k=−28
Objective
1) b 2) a 3) a 4) b 5) b 6)b 7)c 8)c 9)d 10)a 11)d 12)c 13)c 14)b 15)b
16)b 17)c 18)a 19)d 20)a 21)d 22) c
Case study
1) (i) c (ii) d (iii) b (iv) c (v) c 2) (i) d (ii) c (iii) c (iv) b (v) b
3) (i) d (ii) a (iii) b (iv) c (v) c 4) (i) d (ii) c (iii) d (iv) c (v) a
5) (i) c (ii) b (iii) d (iv) c (v) a 6) (i) c (ii) b (iii) c (iv) b (v) b

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