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Csit PDF 01 Physics Rot D

The document discusses the concepts of moment of inertia, torque, and rotational kinetic energy in the context of physics. It explains the relationship between torque and moment of inertia, provides formulas for calculating rotational kinetic energy, and introduces the conservation of angular momentum. Additionally, it includes practical problems to illustrate these concepts.

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20 views18 pages

Csit PDF 01 Physics Rot D

The document discusses the concepts of moment of inertia, torque, and rotational kinetic energy in the context of physics. It explains the relationship between torque and moment of inertia, provides formulas for calculating rotational kinetic energy, and introduces the conservation of angular momentum. Additionally, it includes practical problems to illustrate these concepts.

Uploaded by

unikkuinkela1
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© © All Rights Reserved
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MOMENT OF INERTIA AND TORQUE /ROTATIONAL KINETIC ENERGY

B.Sc. CSIT physics Lecture-


01

R.R. Mahto
Bhaktapur M. Campus
L.Q. Describe moment of inertia and torque for a rotating rigid
body. Find the expression for rotational kinetic energy and
discuss the condition for conservation.

MOMENT OF INERTIA AND TORQUE


In Newton's second law, mass is the proportionality constant
between force and acceleration. Newton called it the inertial
mass. A similar concept in rotational motion. Independent of
friction, it is easier to spin a bicycle wheel on its axle .This
resistance to having the state of rotational motion changed is
called the moment of inertia, with symbol I. To demonstrate it in
its simplest form,
let us consider the rotation of a point mass m at one end of a
rigid massless rod of length r in the plane of the paper, as in Fig.
Suppose a force F is applied to the mass in the direction shown.
We construct Cartesian coordinates with the origin at m and x'
as an extension of r. The force F has two components obtained
by constructing the indicated lines perpendicular to the x' and
y‘ coordinate axes. The x' component FR = Fcos is in the
direction of r has no motion in the x' direction due to rigid mass
. The component in the y' direction is Fsin. It should be
observed that by construction this component is tangent to the
circle of rotation at the point where m is located, so FT = Fsin.
By Newton's second law,
FT  maT ……………..(1)
But, acceleration
aT  r So,

F sin   mr

Now multiply both sides


of this equation by r
Fig Torque on the wheel

rF sin   mr 2 ……………………..(2)

In the fig, r sin   h


From equ. 2 we get,
Fh  mr 2 ………………………………..…..(3)
where, Fh  Fr sin 
The quantity Fh = Fr sin, the product of a force times the
perpendicular distance from the point of rotation to the line of
the force , is called the torque produced by F, which is usually
represented by ''.
The moment of inertia is defined as, I  mr 2 so from equ 3 we
get.
  I ……………………………………..…..(4)
It is conventional to define '' as the cross product of the
position vector r and the force vector F, namely,
  
  r F
MOMENT OF INERTIA
Here mr2 is the moment of inertia of a point mass at a distance r
from the pivot point. If there are a number of masses at
different distances then moment of inertia is the sum of their
individual ones or
n
I   mi ri 2
i 1

If all the masses are at the same distance r from the pivot point,
ri 2  r 2 for all the terms in the sum and r 2 can be factored to
obtain
n
I  r 2  mi
i 1

The total mass of the wheel M is


n
M   mi
i 1

where mi is the mass of each infinitesimal element. Hence, the


moment of inertia of a bicycle wheel is

I  Mr 2
ROTATIONAL KINETIC ENERGY
In an infinitesimally small time
interval dt, the tangential
component of F, FT = F sin  causes
the particle to move an infinitesimal
displacement ds, is given by

ds  vT dt ……………………..(1)
Fig Rotational kinetic energy
The work done by FT in this infinitesimal distance is dW, and by
the definition is
 
dW  FT .ds ……………………………...(2)
But because FT and ds are in the same direction, so
dW  FT ds …………………….……........(3)
s
The angular displacement is   differentiating this we get,
r
ds
d   ds  rd …………………(4)
r
Substituting FT = sin and ds into Eq.2 we obtain,

dW  F sin .rd ………………………..(5)


FT  F sin 
The product F sin r= (torque) so from Eq. 5,
dW  d …………………………………..(6)
  Fh  Fr sin 
To find the work done for a finite rotation we simply integrate
f
W   d ……………………………....(7)
i
where i and f are the initial and final angles, respectively. in
the rotational kinetic energy, put   I From equ7 e get,
f
W   Id …………………………………...(8)
i
d d
But,   & 
f d dt dt
W   I dt
i dt
f
W   Id ………………………………...(9)
i

here we changed the limits from i and f to i (initial angular


velocity) and f (final angular velocity). If the moment of inertia
is constant i.e., if the distance of the particle to the point of
rotation does not change then Eq.9 becomes
f
W  I  d
i
1 2 1 2
W  I f  Ii ……………………………….(10)
2 2
Comparing this with the work-energy theorem i.e. work done is
equal to the change in kinetic energy, so, we may write

Ek rot 1 2 1 2
 I f  Ii ……………………....(11)
2 2
1 2
where the quantity 2
I is called the rotational kinetic energy,
(Ek)rot.
We may gain insight into the physical significance of (Ek)rot =
1
I by relating it to the linear kinetic energy of the particle. A
2

2
point on a rotating system has an instantaneous tangential
velocity VT. Its kinetic energy is therefore,
1 2
Ek  mvT
2
But, vT  r So,

Ek  mr   m 2 r 2………………..…..(12)
1 2 1
2 2
The moment of inertia of a point mass is I  mr 2 Therefore,
1 2
Ek  I
2
1
Ek rot of ith particle  m  2 2
i i ri …………………..(13)
2
The (Ek)rot of the body is the sum of (Ek)rot of individual masses
1 n
Ek rot   mi ri2i2
2 i 1
Because the body is rigid, all point masses rotate with the same
angular velocity so i2   2 and then
1 2 n
Ek rot    mi ri 2
2 i 1
But the quantity in the summation is the moment of inertia
n
and therefore, I  m r 2

i 1
i i

Ek rot  I ……………………….……....(14)


1 2
2
CONSERVATION OF ANGULAR MOMENTUM
We will now show that the law of conservation of momentum
equally to angular momentum.
d I  dL
 
dt dt
If there is no net externally applied torque, then = O. Thus
dL
0
dt
and L = constant. Hence, I = constant.
Therefore, with no net external torque
I 0  I  f I11  I 22
This is known as the law of conservation of angular momentum.
1.A balance scale consisting of a weightless rod has a mass of 0.1 kg on the
right side 0.2 m from the pivot point. (a) How far from the pivot point on the
left must 0.4 kg be placed so that a balance is achieved? (b) If the 0.4 kg mass
is suddenly removed, what is the instantaneous rotational acceleration of the
rod? (c) What is the instantaneous tangential acceleration of the 0.1 kg mass
when the 0.4kg mass is removed?
TU 2075.
2.A large wheel of radius 0.4 m and moment of inertia 1.2 kg-m2, pivoted at
the center, is free to rotate without friction. A rope is wound around it and a
2kg weight is attached to the rope shown in fig. When the weight has
descended 1.5 m from its starting position (a) what is its downward
velocity?(b) what is the rotational velocity of the wheel?
4.A machine shop has a lathe wheel of 40 cm diameter driven by a belt that
goes around the rim. If the linear speed of the belt is 2 m/sec and the wheel
requires a tangential force of 50 N to turn it, how much power is required to
operate the lathe?

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