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BEEE Study Guide

The BEEE Study Guide covers key electrical engineering concepts including the conversion between ideal voltage and current sources, the superposition theorem, mesh analysis, and phasor diagrams. It also explains impedance calculations, magnetization in electrical machines, self and mutual inductance, and the working principles of DC machines. Additionally, it addresses semiconductor basics, the star-delta theorem, and Thevenin's theorem for circuit simplification.

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8 views4 pages

BEEE Study Guide

The BEEE Study Guide covers key electrical engineering concepts including the conversion between ideal voltage and current sources, the superposition theorem, mesh analysis, and phasor diagrams. It also explains impedance calculations, magnetization in electrical machines, self and mutual inductance, and the working principles of DC machines. Additionally, it addresses semiconductor basics, the star-delta theorem, and Thevenin's theorem for circuit simplification.

Uploaded by

tanishqkaleshria
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BEEE Study Guide

1. Conversion of Ideal Voltage to Ideal Current Source


●​ Ideal Voltage Source: Provides a constant voltage regardless of the current drawn.
●​ Ideal Current Source: Provides a constant current regardless of the voltage across it.
●​ Conversion Formula:
○​ Voltage Source (V) with Series Resistance (R) → Converted to Current Source I
= V/R with Parallel Resistance (R)
○​ Current Source (I) with Parallel Resistance (R) → Converted to Voltage Source
V = I × R with Series Resistance (R)

2. Superposition Theorem
●​ Used in linear circuits with multiple independent sources.
●​ Steps to Apply:
1.​ Consider one source at a time, replacing others with their internal impedances
(Voltage sources → short circuit, Current sources → open circuit).
2.​ Solve the circuit for current/voltage.
3.​ Repeat for each source and sum all individual responses.

3. Mesh Analysis
●​ Used to calculate currents in a planar circuit (a circuit that can be drawn without
crossings).
●​ Uses Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL): The sum of voltages in a closed loop is zero.
●​ Steps to Apply:
1.​ Assign loop currents.
2.​ Apply KVL in each loop.
3.​ Solve the equations to get unknown currents.
4. Phasor Diagram
●​ Phasors represent sinusoidal AC quantities using magnitude and phase angle.
●​ Phasor Relationships:
○​ Voltage and Current in Resistor: In phase.
○​ Voltage and Current in Inductor: Current lags voltage by 90°.
○​ Voltage and Current in Capacitor: Current leads voltage by 90°.
●​ Used in AC circuit analysis to simplify calculations.

5. Calculation of Impedance (Z)


●​ Impedance (Z) is the opposition to AC current, combining resistance (R) and
reactance (X).
●​ Formula: Z=R+jXZ = R + jX where:
○​ R = Resistance
○​ X = Reactance (Inductive: +jXL, Capacitive: -jXC)
●​ Inductive Reactance (XL): XL=ωL=2πfLX_L = \omega L = 2\pi fL
●​ Capacitive Reactance (XC): XC=1ωC=12πfCX_C = \frac{1}{\omega C} = \frac{1}{2\pi
fC}
●​ Total Impedance in Series: Ztotal=Z1+Z2+Z3+...Z_{total} = Z_1 + Z_2 + Z_3 + ...
●​ Total Impedance in Parallel: 1Ztotal=1Z1+1Z2+...\frac{1}{Z_{total}} = \frac{1}{Z_1} +
\frac{1}{Z_2} + ...

6. Magnetization in Electrical Machines


●​ Magnetization Curve (B-H Curve): Shows the relationship between magnetic field
strength (H) and magnetic flux density (B).
●​ Saturation: When increasing H does not increase B significantly.
●​ Used in transformers, motors, and generators for core material selection.

7. Phasor Diagram of a Single-Phase Transformer


●​ Transformer: Electrical device that steps up/down voltage using mutual induction.
●​ Phasor Diagram Shows:
○​ Primary and Secondary Voltages (V1 & V2)
○​ Primary and Secondary Currents (I1 & I2)
○​ Magnetizing Current (Im)
○​ Core Loss Component (Iw)
○​ Phase relationships between all quantities.

8. Self and Mutual Inductance


●​ Self Inductance (L): Ability of a coil to induce voltage in itself due to a changing
current. V=−LdIdtV = -L \frac{dI}{dt}
●​ Mutual Inductance (M): Ability of a coil to induce voltage in another coil due to a
changing current. V2=−MdI1dtV_2 = -M \frac{dI_1}{dt}
●​ Coupling Coefficient (k): k=ML1L2k = \frac{M}{\sqrt{L_1 L_2}} where 0 ≤ k ≤ 1 (k = 1
means perfect coupling).

9. Working Principle of DC Machines


●​ DC Motor: Converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
●​ DC Generator: Converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
●​ Based on Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction: e=−Ndϕdte = -N
\frac{d\phi}{dt}
●​ Main Parts:
○​ Stator (Field Windings)
○​ Rotor (Armature)
○​ Commutator
○​ Brushes

10. Torque in Electrical Machines


●​ Torque (T): Rotational force in motors.
●​ Formula: T=kΦIaT = k \Phi I_a where:
○​ Φ = Magnetic Flux
○​ Ia = Armature Current
○​ k = Machine Constant
●​ Increasing Torque: Increase flux or armature current.
11. Semiconductor Basics
●​ Semiconductors (Si, Ge): Materials with conductivity between conductors and
insulators.
●​ Types:
○​ Intrinsic: Pure semiconductor.
○​ Extrinsic: Doped semiconductor (N-type & P-type).
●​ Used in diodes, transistors, and integrated circuits (ICs).

12. Star-Delta Theorem


●​ Used to convert between Star (Y) and Delta (Δ) circuits.​

●​ Conversion Formulas:​
​
Delta (Δ) to Star (Y):​
RY=R1R2R1+R2+R3R_Y = \frac{R_1 R_2}{R_1 + R_2 + R_3}​
Star (Y) to Delta (Δ):​
RΔ=R1R2+R2R3+R3R1R1R_{\Delta} = \frac{R_1 R_2 + R_2 R_3 + R_3 R_1}{R_1}
●​ Application: Used in three-phase systems for simplifying circuit calculations.​

13. Thevenin’s Theorem


●​ Used to simplify complex circuits to a single voltage source and series resistance.
●​ Steps:
1.​ Remove the load resistor.
2.​ Find Thevenin Voltage (Vth) across open terminals.
3.​ Find Thevenin Resistance (Rth) by deactivating sources.
4.​ Replace the circuit with a Vth source in series with Rth.
5.​ Reconnect the load resistor and solve for current.

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