1

RAY OPTICS
1.A convex lens of focal length f1 is kept in contact with a concave lens of focal length f2.
Find the focal length of the combination
2.For the same value of angle of incidence, the angles of refraction in three media A,B.C
are 150,250,350 respectively. In which medium would be the velocity of light be
minimum?
3.How does the angle of minimum deviation of a glass prism vary, if the incident violet
light is replaced with red light?
4.You are given following three lenses. Which two lenses will you use as an eyepiece and
as an objective to construct an astronomical telescope?

5.Draw a labeled ray diagram of an astronomical telescope in the near point position.
Write the expression for its magnifying power.
6.Draw a ray diagram of reflecting telescope. What is its magnifying power ? Mention its
two advantages over the refracting Telescope
7.A convex lens of refractive, index 1.5 has a focal length of 18 cm in air. Calculate the
change in its focal length when it is immersed in water of refractive index 4/3.
8. A glass lens of refractive index 1.45 disappears when immersed in a liquid. What is
the value of refractive index of the liquid?
9.An object AB is kept in front of a concave mirror as shown in the figure.
(i) Complete the ray diagram showing the image formation of the object.
(ii) How will the position and intensity of the image be affected if the lower half of the
mirror’s reflecting surface is painted black?

10.Find the radius of curvature of the convex surface of a plano-convex lens, whose focal
length is 0.3 m and the refractive index of the material of the lens is 1.5.
(a) Out of blue and red light which is deviated more by a prism? Give reason.
(b)Give the formula that can be used to determine refractive index of materials of a
prism in minimum deviation condition.
11.A convex lens made up of glass of refractive index 1.5 is dipped, in turn, in
(i) a medium of refractive index 1.65, (ii) a medium of refractive index 1.33.
(a) Will it behave as a converging or a diverging lens in the two cases?
(b) How will its focal length change in the two media?
12.A compound microscope uses an objective lens of focal length 4 cm and eyepiece lens
of focal length 10 cm. An object is placed at 6 cm form the objective lens. Calculate
the magnifying power of the compound microscope. Also calculate the length of the
microscope.
13.A giant refracting telescope at an observatory has an objective lens of focal length
15m. If an eyepiece lens of focal length 1.0 cm is used, find the angular magnification
of the telescope
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14.Derive the lens formula, for a concave lens, using the necessary ray diagram. Two
lenses of powers 10 D and – 5 D are placed in contact.
(a) Calculate the power of the new lens.
(b) Where an object should be held from the lens, so as to obtain a virtual image of
magnification 2?
15.Three light rays red I, green (G) and blue (B) are incident on a right angled prism ‘abc’
at face ‘ab’. The refractive indices of the material of the prism for red, green and blue
wavelengths are 1.39,1.44 and 1.47 respectively. Out of those which color ray will
emerge out of face ‘ac’? Justify your answer. Trace the path of these rays after passing
through face ‘ac’.

16.(a)Draw a ray diagram to show the working of a compound microscope. Deduce an

Expression for the total magnification when the final image is formed at the near point.
(b)In a compound microscope, an object is placed at a distance of 1.5 cm from the
objective of focal length 1.25 cm. If the eye piece has a focal length of 5 cm and the
final image is formed at the near point, estimate the magnifying power of the
microscope
17. A convex lens of focal length 20cm is placed coaxially with a concave mirror of focal
length 10cm at a distance of 50cm apart from each other. A beam of light coming
parallel to the principal axis is incident on the convex lens. Find the position of the
final image formed by this combination. Draw a ray diagram showing the formation of
the image.
18.A biconvex lens made of a transparent material of refractive index 1.25 is immersed
in water of refractive index 1.33. Will the lens behave as a converging or a diverging
lens? Give reason
19. The line AB in the ray diagram represents a lens. State whether the lens is
convex or concave

20.A ray of light incident on one of the faces of a glass prism of angle ‘A’ has angle of
incidence 2A. The refracted ray in the prism strikes the opposite face which is
silvered, the reflected ray from it retracing its path. Trace the ray diagram and find the
relation between the refractive index of the material of the prism and the angle of the
prism.
21. An object is placed 40 cm from a convex lens of focal length 30 cm. If a concave lens
of focal length 50 cm is introduced between the convex lens and the image formed
such that it is 20 cm from the convex lens, find the change in the position of the imag
22.(a)State two main considerations taken into account while choosing the objective in
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optical telescopes with large diameters.

(b)What are the advantages of a reflecting type telescope over the refracting type
23.(a) For a glass prism of RI √3 the angle of minimum deviation is equal to angle of
prism. Calculate angle of prism .
(b) Draw ray diagram when the incident light falls normally on one of the 2 equal
sides of a right angled isosceles prism
24.(a) Name the phenomenon on which the working of an optical fibre is based.
(b) What are the necessary conditions for this phenomenon to occur?
(c) Draw a labelled diagram of an optical fibre and show how light propagates
through the optical fibre used this phenomenon
25.(a) Draw a ray diagram showing the geometry of formation of image of a point object
situated on the principal axis and on the convex side of a spherical surface of
radius of curvature R. Taking the rays as incident from a rarer medium of RI n1 to a
denser medium of RI n2 , derive

(b)Explain briefly how the focal length of a convex lens changes with increase in
wavelength of incident light.
(c)What happens to the focal length of convex lens when it is immersed in water ?
RI of the material of lens is greater than that of water .
26.(a)Monochromatic light of wavelength 589nm is incident from air on a water surface.
If µ for water is 1.33, find wavelength, frequency and speed of refracted light.
(b)A double convex lens is made of a glass of RI 1.55, with both the faces of the same
radius of curvature. Find the radius of curvature required if the focal length is
20cm.
27.(a)Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation by 2 thin lenses in contact.
Obtain an expression for the power of this combination in terms of the focal
lengths of the lenses.
(b)A ray of light passing from air through an equilateral glass prism undergoes
minimum deviation when the angle of incidence is ¾ the angle of prism. Calculate
the speed of the light in the prism
 4

WAVE OPTICS
1.How does the angular separation between fringes in single slit diffraction experiment
when the distance of separation between the slit and screen is doubled?
2. What type of wave front will emerge from a: (a) point source and (b) distant light
source?
3.A parallel beam of light of wavelength 600 nm is incident normally on a slit of width ‘a’.
If the distance between the slits and the screen is 0.8 m and the distance of 2ndorder
maximum from the centre of the screen is 15 mm, calculate the width of the slit.
4.A parallel beam of light 500nm falls on a narrow slit and the resulting diffraction
pattern is observed on a screen 1m away. It is observed that the first minimum is at a
distance of 2.5mm from the centre of the screen. Calculate the width of the slit.
5.(a)State the importance of coherent sources in the phenomenon of interference.
(b)How does the fringe width get affected, if the entire experimental apparatus of
Young’s double experiment is immersed in water?
6.(a) State Huygens principle. Using this principle explain how a diffraction pattern is
obtained on a screen due to a narrow slit on which a narrow beam coming from a
monochromatic source of light is incident normally.
(b) Show that the angular width of the first diffraction fringe is half of that of the central
fringe.
(c)If a monochromatic source of light is replaced by white light, what change would you
observed in the diffraction pattern?
7.(a) What are coherent sources of light? Two slits in Young’s double slit experiment
are illuminated by two different sodium lamps emitting light of the same
wavelength . Why is no interference pattern observed?
(b) Obtain the condition for getting dark and bright fringes in Young’s experiment.
Hence write the expression for the fringe width.
(c) If S is the size of the source and s its distance from the plane of the two slits, what
should be the criterion for the interference fringes to be seen?
8.In a single slit diffraction experiment, when a tiny circular obstacle is placed in the
path of light from a distant source, a bright spot is seen at the centre of the shadow of
the obstacle. Explain why?
State two points of difference between the interference patterns obtained in Young’s
double slit experiment and the diffraction pattern due to a single slit.
9. Calculate the speed of light in a medium whose critical angle is 30°.
10.Draw a plot of intensity distribution and explain clearly why the secondary maxima
becomes weaker with increasing order (n) of the secondary maxima.
11.Give an example of interference of light in everyday life. In Young’s double slit
experiment, the two slits are 0.03 cm apart and the screen is placed at a distance of
1.5 m away from the slits. The distance between the central bright fringe and fourth
bright fringe is 1 cm. Calculate the wavelength of light used.
12.State the condition under which the phenomenon of diffraction of light takes place.
13.A slit of width ‘a’ is illuminated by a monochromatic light of wavelength 700 nm at
normal incidence. Calculate the value of ‘a’ for a position of
(a) first minimum at an angle of diffraction of 30°.
(b) first maximum at an angle of diffraction of 30°.
14.A beam of light consisting of two wavelengths 800nm and 600nm is used to obtain
the interference fringes in Young’s double slit experiment on a screen placed 1.4cm
away .If the two slits are separated by 0.28mm, calculate the least distance from the
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central bright maximum where their bright fringes of the two wavelengths coincide.
15.The ratio of the intensities at minima to the maxima in the Young’s double slit
experiment is 9:25. Find the ratio of the widths of the two slits.
16.(a)Two wavelengths of sodium light of 590nm and 596nm are used in turn to study
the diffraction taking place at a single slit of aperture 2x10-6m. The distance
between the slit and screen is 1.5 m. Calculate the separation between the positions
of first maxima of the diffraction pattern obtained in the two cases.
17.In Young’s double slit experiment using monochromatic light of wavelength λ, the
intensity of light at a point on the screen where path difference is λ is k units. Find
the intensity at a point on the screen where path difference is λ/4.
 6

DUAL NATURE OF MATTER

1. An electron and proton have same kinetic energy. Which one has greater de-Broglie
wavelength and why?
2. Define the term stopping potential in relation to photoelectric effect?
3. Two lines, A and B, in the plot given below show the variation of de Broglie wavelength,
λ versus 1/√ , where V is the accelerating potential difference, for two particles carrying
the same charge. Which one of two represents a particle of smaller mass?

4. Define the term cut-off voltage and threshold frequency in relation to photoelectric effect.
Using Einstein’s photoelectric equation show how the cut-off voltage and threshold
frequency for a given photosensitive material can be determined with the help of a
suitable graph
5. Draw a plot showing the variation of photoelectric current with collector plate potential
for two different frequencies, n1 >n2, of incident radiation having the same intensity. In
which case will the stopping potential be higher? Justify your answer.
6. The following graph shows the variation of stopping potential V0 with the frequency of
the incident radiation for two photosensitive metals X and Y:

(a) Which of the metals has larger threshold wavelength? Give reason.
(b) Explain giving reason, which metal gives out electrons, having larger kinetic energy,
for the same wavelength of the incident radiation.
[c] If the distance between the light source and metal X is halved, how will the kinetic
energy of electrons emitted from it change? Give reason.
7. The figure shows a plot of three curves a, b, c showing the variation of photocurrent vs.
collector plate potential for three different intensities I1, I2 and I3 having frequencies ν1, ν2
and ν3 , respectively, incident on a photosensitive surface.
Point out the two curves for which the incident radiations have same frequency but
different intensities. [1]

8. A proton and an alpha particle are accelerated through the same potential. Which one of
the two has (a) greater value of de Broglie wavelength associated with it and (b) less
kinetic energy? Justify your answers.
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9. An electron is accelerated through a potential difference of 64 volts. What is the de-

Broglie wavelength associated with it? To which part of the electromagnetic spectrum
does this value of wavelength correspond?
10. Plot a graph showing the variation of stopping potential with the frequency of incident
radiation for two different photosensitive materials having work functions φ1 and φ2
(φ1 > φ2). On what factors does the (i) slope and (ii) intercept of the lines depend?
11. Write Einstein’s photoelectric equation and point out any two characteristic properties
of photons on which this equation is based. Briefly explain the three observed features
which can be explained by this equation. [3]
12. Define intensity of radiation on the basis of photon picture of light. Write its SI unit
13. (a)Give a brief description of the basic elementary process involved in the photoelectric
emission in Einstein’s picture.
(b)When a photosensitive material is irradiated with the light of frequency v, the
maximum speed of electrons is given by Vmax .A plot of Vmax is found to vary with
frequency ν as shown in the figure.

Use Einstein’s photoelectric equation to find the expressions for (i) Planck’s constant
and (ii) work function of the given photosensitive material, in terms of the parameters l,
n and mass m of the electron
14. In a plot of photoelectric current versus anode potential, how does:
(a)the saturation current vary with anode potential for incident radiations of different
frequencies but same intensity?
(b)the stopping potential vary for incident radiations of different intensities but same
frequency?
(c) photoelectric current vary for different intensities but same frequency of incident
radiations?
Justify your answer in each case.
15.(a)Draw a plot showing the variation of photoelectric current with collector plate potential
for 3 different intensities I1>I2>I3 ,2 of which I1 and I2 have same frequency ν and
the third has frequency ν1>ν
(b)Explain the nature of the curves on the basis of Einstein’s equation
 8

ATOMS and NUCLEI

1. Two nuclei have mass numbers in the ratio 1:2. What is the ratio of their nuclear
densities?
2. (a)In Geiger-Marsden experiment, calculate the distance of closest approach to the
nucleus
of Z=80,when an alpha particle of 8MeV energy impinges on it before it comes
momentarily to rest and reverse its direction.
(b)How will the distance of closest approach be affected when the kinetic energy of the
alpha particle is doubled?
3. Calculate the energy released in MeV in the following nuclear reaction: Is this decay
spontaneous? Give reason

4. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is -13.6eV. If an electron makes a transition
from an energy level -0.85eV to -3.4eV, calculate the wavelength of the spectral line
emitted. To which series of hydrogen spectrum does this wavelength belong?
5. Draw a plot of potential energy of a pair of nucleons as a function of their separations.
Mark the regions where the nuclear force is (i)attractive and (ii)repulsive . Write any 2
characteristic features of nuclear forces.
6. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is −13.6 eV.
(a)What is the kinetic energy of an electron in the 2ndexcited state?
(b) If the electron jumps to the ground state from the 2ndexcited state, calculate the
wavelength of the spectral line emitted.
7. The energy levels of an atom are as shown below.
(a) Which of them will result in the transition of a photon of wavelength 275 nm?
(b)Which transition corresponds to emission of radiation of maximum wavelength?

8. Write the expression for Bohr’s radius in hydrogen atom.

9. A heavy nucleus X of mass number 240 and binding energy per nucleon 7.6 MeV is split
into two fragments Y and Z of mass numbers 110 and 130. The binding energy of
nucleons in Y and Z is 8.5 MeV per nucleon. Calculate the energy Q released per fission
in MeV.
10. Draw a plot of potential energy of a pair of nucleons as a function of their separation.
What is the significance of negative potential energy in the graph drawn?
11. Using Bohr’s postulates, derive the expression for the frequency of radiation emitted
when electron in hydrogen atom undergoes transition from higher energy state (quantum
number ni) to the lower state (nf). When the electron in hydrogen atom jumps from
energy state ni=4 to nf=3, 2, 1, identify the spectral series to which the emission lines
belong.
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12. (a)Draw the plot of binding energy per nucleon as a function of mass number A. Write
two important conclusions that can be drawn regarding the nature of nuclear force.
(b)Use this graph to explain the release of energy in both the processes of nuclear fusion
and fission
13. Using Rutherford model of an atom, derive the expression for the total energy of the
electron in hydrogen atom. What is the significance of total negative energy possessed by
the electron?
14. Using Bohr’s postulates of the atom model, derive the expression for radius of nth electron
orbit. Hence obtain the expression for Bohr’s radius.
15. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is –13.6 eV. What are the kinetic and potential
energies of the electron in this state?
16. Which property of nuclear force explains the approximate constancy of binding energy in
the range 30 < A <170 ?
17. In the ground state of hydrogen atom, its Bohr radius is given as 5.3x10-11m . The atom is
excited such that the radius becomes 21.2x10-11m. Find the value of the principal
quantum number and the total energy of the atom in this excited state.

SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
1. What happens to the width of depletion layer of a p-n junction when it is
(a)forward biased (b)reverse biased?
2. Draw a labeled diagram of a full wave rectifier circuit. State its working principle. Show
the input-output waveforms.
3. Explain briefly, with the help of a circuit diagram, how a p-n junction diode works as a
half wave rectifier.
4. Distinguish between a conductor, a semiconductor and an insulator on the basis of
energy band diagrams.
5. Describe briefly, with the help of a diagram, the role of the two important processes
involved in the formation of a p-n junction
6. Draw V-I characteristics of p-n junction diode. Answer the following questions, giving
reasons:
(a)Why is the current under reverse bias has almost independent of the applied potential
up to a critical voltage?
(b)Why does the reverse current show a sudden increase at the critical voltage?
7. Draw the circuit arrangement for studying the V – I characteristics of a p-n junction
diode (i) in forward bias and (ii) in reverse bias.
8. Describe briefly the following terms :
(i) ‘‘minority carrier injection’’ in forward bias (ii)‘‘breakdown voltage’’ in reverse bias