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I NTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION TO
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING For rapid economic, industrial and cultural growth of any
country, a good system of transportation is very
essential. Transportation system comprises of good
network of roads, railways, well developed water ways
and airways. Airways and water ways although help to
some extent in transportation within the country, but they
are the modes of transport mainly with foreign country.
Railways and highways also to some extent help in
transport with foreign countries but their main concern is
within the country itself.

DIFFERENT ENGINEERING DISCIPLINES OF

DIFFERENT MODES OF TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION

Highway engineering is the science which covers

Man has always been curious for new inventions.
designing, maintenance and operation of the
In the early days of civilization it was thought that
roads, for convenience of the road traffic.
the movement of any human being can be on the
earth only. No one thought of flying in air or Railway engineering is the science dealing with
cruising in large-oceans. planning, designing, operation and maintenance of
railway track, wagons, coaches, locomotives, is
Modes of transportation can be classified as follows : called railway engineering.
a) roadways or highways
b) railways Similarly planning, designing, operation, control and
maintenance of water ways, airways and their
c) water ways
connected machinery are respectively called
d) airways harbour engineering and airport engineering.

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HIGHWAY ENGINEERING HIGHWAY ENGINEERING

Highway Engineering is a branch of transportation

engineering which deals with the design, construction and
maintenance of different types of roads. It is also called as
road engineering and it involves the study of the following :
1) Planning, location and development of roads.
2) Materials required for their construction.
3) Highway traffic performance and its control.
4) Drainage of roads etc.

HIGHWAY PLANS IMPORTANCE OF ROADS OR HIGHWAY ENGINEERING

Following are the importance of roads or highway transportation.
The drawings prepared from the data collected during different surveys conducted
for locating a highway are known as highway plans or drawings. 1. They provide conveyance to the people, goods, raw materials, etc., to reach different parts of the country.
2. They are the only source of communication in hilly regions.
The various plans or drawings prepared in connection with a road project are key
3. Helps in agricultural development.
map, index map, preliminary survey plans, etc. The details of additional works such
4. Helps in dairy development.
as bridges, culverts, railway crossing, etc. are also prepared on separate sheets.
5. Helps in tourism development.
6. Helps in fisheries development.
7. Helps in maintaining law and orders in a country.
Purposes, Objectives of Highway Plans : 8. Forestry development.
1) To find the earth work evolved. 9. They improve the medical facilities.

2) To prepare estimates of the road project 10. They improve the land value.
11. They generate the more employment opportunities.
12. They play important role in defense activities.
13. They become the symbol of country's progress and development.

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ROAD TRANSPORT CHARACTERISTICS HIGHWAY ENGINEERS

While going to railway station, harbor or airport, roads is the first mode which is going to lead you to these places.
Hence it can be said that out of all types of transport systems, road is the nearest to the man. Characteristics of road ¡ Highway engineers take into account future traffic flows, design of
transport are given as follows :
highway intersections/interchanges, geometric alignment and
Following are the characteristics of road transport.
design, highway pavement materials and design, structural design of
1. It can be used by all types of vehicles including cycles, rickshaws, automobiles, passenger cars, buses, trucks, etc. pavement thickness, and pavement maintenance.
2. It is nearest mode of transport for people or public.
3. It offers flexibility of changes in direction of travel as per need, comfort and convenience.
4. It saves time of travel especially for short distances and light traffic because the road vehicles can be taken upto or
very near to the point of destination.
5. It requires small investments and maintenance costs as compared to railways, airports, docks and harbours.
6. Road transport save time particularly for short distance travel.

BRIEF HISTORY OF ROAD BRIEF HISTORY OF ROAD

¡ 3,500 BC - Ur and Uruk, Mesopotamia The history of highway engineering

gives us an idea about the roads of
had stone-paved roads on the streets.
ancient times. Roads in Rome were
Another example of old roads can constructed in a large scale and it
found in the Island of Crete. radiated in many directions helping
¡ Functions of early road systems: them in military operations. Thus they
are considered to be pioneers in road
¡ for armies in line with their defense construction. In this section we will
against any form of invasion; see in detail about Ancient roads,
Roman roads, British roads, French
¡ transportation of goods among the
roads etc.
neighboring communities

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FRENCH ROADS:
ROMAN ROADS TRESAGUET CONSTRUCTION
It was the Romans who discovered cement which allowed
them to expand road networks. These road networks are
still existing. ¡ Pierre-Marie-Jérôme Trésaguet
Main features of the Roman roads – father of Modern Road Building
(i) They were built straight regardless of gradients. ¡ In 1764, Jerome Tresaguet
(ii) They were built after the soft soil was removed and a developed the first scientific method
hard stratum was reached. of road construction and
(iii) The total thickness of the construction was as high as maintenance. He was able to
0.75 to 1.2 metres at some places, even though the
magnitude of wheel loads of animal drawn vehicles was
improve the drainage, stone
very low. foundation, and grade of road.
(iv) The wearing course consisted of dressed large stone-
blocks set in lime mortar.

FRENCH ROADS: SCOTTISH ROADS:

TRESAGUET CONSTRUCTION TELFORD CONSTRUCTION

• The main feature of his proposal was that the thickness of construction need to be ¡ Thomas Telford – Godfather of Civil
only in the order of 30 cm. Engineering
• Due consideration was given by him to subgrade moisture condition and drainage of ¡ Thomas Telford, a Scottish Engineer
surface water.
and president and founder of Institute
of Civil Engineer improved the
construction method proposed by
Tresaguet with stones having 3in
thickness (min), 7in height, and 5in
breadth. He also employed flat sub-
grade allowing variety of stones to be
used in the construction.

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SCOTTISH ROADS: BRITISH ROADS:

TELFORD CONSTRUCTION MACADAM CONSTRUCTION

¡ John Loudon Mac

Adam – Developed
Macadam Road Concept
¡ Macadam - single-
sized crushed stone
layers of small angular
stones are placed in
shallow lifts and
compacted thoroughly.

BRITISH ROADS: BRITISH ROADS:

MACADAM CONSTRUCTION MACADAM CONSTRUCTION

• The importance to subgrade drainage and

Macadam was the first person who suggested that heavy compaction was given so the subgrade was
foundation stones are not at all reqd. to be placed at the compacted and prepared with cross slope of 1 in
bottom layer. He provided stones of size less than 5 mm to a 36.
uniform thickness of 10 cm. • The size of broken stone for the top layers was
decided on the basis of stability under animal
drawn vehicles.
• The pavement surface was also given the cross
slope of 1 in 36.
• Total thickness was kept uniform form edge to
center to a minimum value of 25 cm.

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HISTORY OF NATIONAL ROADS IN THE PHILIPPINES GOVERNMENT AGENCY RESPONSIBLE

¡ 1900 - The popular Macadam road type was introduced. It
gained wide acceptance because ofthe abundant supply ¡ Department of Public Works and Highways or DPWH
ofstones and gravel.
¡ It was started during the Spanish Colonial Era and It was in 1900s
¡ After Second World War - continued the rehabilitation
and construction of roads and bridges, through the
when the transportation depends on the roads
reparations and war damages paid by the Japanese ¡ It was during in the American Period when the roadways were
government.
developed in the Philippines
¡ 50 yrs after WWII - major highways and expressways
were constructed through the financial assistance and ¡ Maximo Paterno, the first Minister of Ministry of Public Works and
loans from foreign banks
Communications (1899)
¡ 1960 to 1980 – “Automobile Age” and during this
clecade that road construction becornes a matter of ¡ On January 30, 1987, with the approval of the 1987 Constitution, the
priorit-v of the governrnent under the slogan: " This nation
is on Wheels” Ministry was reconfigured into a Department.

GOVERNMENT AGENCY RESPONSIBLE HISTORY OF NATIONAL ROADS IN THE PHILIPPINES

¡ Department of Public Works and Highways or DPWH

¡ The State shall maintain an engineering and construction arm and
continuously develop its technology, for the purposes of ensuring the safety
of all infrastructure facilities and securing for all public works and highways
the highest efficiency and the most appropriate quality in construction. The
planning, design, construction and maintenance of infrastructure facilities,
especially national highways, flood control and water resources development
systems, and other public works in accordance with national development
objectives, shall be the responsibility of such an engineering and construction
arm. However, the exercise of this responsibility shall be decentralized to the
fullest extent feasible. EDSA (1950)
AYALA AVENUE (1950)

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ROAD CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

¡ Expressways/Freeways
¡ Highways (National Road)
¡ Primary, Secondary, Tertiary ROAD CLASSIFIACTION SYSTEM:
¡ Provincial Roads EXPRESSWAYS/FREEWAYS
¡ Municipal/City Roads
¡ Barangay Roads

EXPRESSWAYS / FREEWAYS EXPRESSWAYS / FREEWAYS

¡ a controlled-access highway network managed
by the Department of Public Works and ¡ The first expressways in the
Highways which consists of all expressways and Philippines are the North Luzon
regional high standard highways in Expressway (NLex), formerly
known as North Diversion
the Philippines. Road and the South Luzon
¡ The Philippine expressway network spanned Expressway (SLex) , formerly
420 kilometers (260 mi) in length in 2015 and it known as South Super Highway.
is to be extended to 626 kilometers (389 mi) Both were built in the 1970s
by 2020 and 995 kilometers (618 mi) beyond during the presidency of
Ferdinand Marcos.
2030 according to the master plan submitted by
the Japan International Cooperation Agency in
2010.

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EXPRESSWAYS / FREEWAYS EXPRESSWAYS / FREEWAYS NUMBERING SYSTEM

¡ The first elevated toll road in the Philippines is the Skyway or the South Metro Manila
Skyway Project, built from 1995 to 1999 during the presidencies of Fidel ¡ Under the implementation of a route numbering system commissioned by the
Ramos and Joseph Estrada. Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) on 2014, expressways are
¡ The Southern Tagalog Arterial Road (STAR) Tollway I, from Santo
labelled with yellow pentagonal signs with black numerals. They are prefixed with the
Tomas to Lipa in Batangas was opened in 2001. STAR Tollway II, from Lipa to letter "E" for "Expressway"
the Batangas City Port, opened in 2008.
¡ The Subic–Clark–Tarlac Expressway or SCTEx Project was initiated under the
administration of former President Joseph Estrada with an original project cost of
₱15.73 billion. Construction was started in 2005 under the government of
President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo.

EXPRESSWAYS / FREEWAYS NUMBERING SYSTEM EXPRESSWAYS / FREEWAYS NUMBERING SYSTEM

SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_expressway_network SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_expressway_network

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EXPRESSWAYS / FREEWAYS NUMBERING SYSTEM EXPRESSWAYS / FREEWAYS NUMBERING SYSTEM

SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_expressway_network SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_expressway_network

EXPRESSWAYS / FREEWAYS NUMBERING SYSTEM EXPRESSWAYS / FREEWAYS UNDER CONSTRUCTION

¡ C-5 South Link Expressway
¡ Links C5 to CAVITEX

¡ Cavite-Laguna Expressway (CALAX)

¡ Connect the provinces of Cavite and Laguna

¡ Connects CAVITEX to SLEX

¡ Cebu-Cordova Link Expressway (CCLEX)
¡ First Expressway outside Luzon

¡ Central Luzon Link Expressway (CLLEX)

¡ Metro Manila Skyway Stage 3 (SLEX – NLEX Connector)
¡ North Luzon Expressway Segments 8.1, 8.2,9,10 and 10.1 (NLEX Harbor Link)
¡ North Luzon Expressway Segment 10.2 (NLEX-SLEX Connector)
¡ North Luzon East Expressway (NLEE)
SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_expressway_network ¡ Southeast Metro Manila Expressway (SLEE)

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HIGHWAY (NATIONAL ROADS)

¡ It is a network of national roads owned and maintained by the Department of Public Works
and Highways which are organized into three classifications depending on their function or
purpose they serve within the road network: Primary Roads, Secondary Roads and Tertiary
Roads

ROAD CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM: ¡ The national roads connecting major cities are numbered N1–N82. They are
mostly single and dual carriageways linking two or more cities.
HIGHWAYS (NATIONAL ROADS) ¡ As of October 15, 2018, the Philippine highway network has a total length of 21,523.26
kilometers (13,373.93 mi) of concrete roads, 10,099.52 kilometers (6,275.55 mi) of asphalt
roads, 1,264.49 kilometers (785.72 mi) of gravel roads, and 45.44 kilometers (28.24 mi) of
earth roads, with a grand total of 32,932.71 kilometers (20,463.44 mi)
¡ National Roads have Kilometer Post that usually can be seen on the sides of the roads.

CLASSIFICATION OF HIGHWAYS IN THE PHILIPPINES NUMBERED AND UNNUMBERED ROUTES

¡ The national roads in the Philippines are classified into three types by the Department of
Public Works and Highways under the Philippine Highway Act (Republic Act No. 917) signed by
President Elpidio Quirino on June 20, 1953 and the series of memorandums issued by the NUMBERED ROUTES
Department between 2009 and 2014. ¡ Primary Roads
¡ National Primary - roads which form parts of the main trunkline system and directly ¡ 82 Routes (Start from N1 – Laog to N82 – Mandaue)
connect three or more major cities and metropolitan areas with a population of at least ¡ Secondary Roads
100,000. Assigned 1 to 2 digit route number. ¡ 880 and More Routes
¡ National Secondary - The national secondary roads are roads that complement the UNNUMBERED ROUTES
primary roads and provide access to other major population centers. Assigned 3-digit ¡ Secondary Roads
route numbers. ¡ 19 Routes (BARMM – Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim
Mindanao)
¡ National Tertiary - The third classification was introduced in 2014 known as national
tertiary roads. They include other existing roads administered by the DPWH which
perform a local function. No route number assigned.

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CIRCUMFERENTIAL AND RADIAL

KILOMETER POST ROADS
¡ Circumferential Roads - The first road numbering
system in the Philippines was adapted in 1940 by the
¡ Kilometer posts are the concrete markings administration of President Manuel Quezon, and was
that you can see on the sides of the road. very much similar to U.S. Highway numbering
These act as mini landmarks and has distance system. It will act as beltways of the city, forming
information written on it. They're usually
altogether a web-like arterial road system.
colored with yellow and white paint to make
them easily visible to driver's and passenger's ¡ Radial Roads - There are ten (10) radial roads that
eyes. serves the purpose of conveying traffic in and out of
¡ This is also referred to as the distance from the city of Manila to the surrounding cities of the
"KM 0". Kilometer-zero is the kilometer metropolis and to the provinces, numbered in a
markers located all over Luneta in Manila. counter clockwise pattern. All radial roads starts at
kilometre zero which is the flagpole fronting the Jose
Rizal Memorial Monument in Rizal Park.

CIRCUMFERENTIAL ROADS CIRCUMFERENTIAL ROADS

SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_roads_in_Metro_Manila SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_roads_in_Metro_Manila

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CIRCUMFERENTIAL ROADS CIRCUMFERENTIAL ROADS

SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_roads_in_Metro_Manila SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_roads_in_Metro_Manila

CIRCUMFERENTIAL ROADS CIRCUMFERENTIAL ROADS

SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_roads_in_Metro_Manila SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_roads_in_Metro_Manila

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RADIAL ROADS RADIAL ROADS

SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_roads_in_Metro_Manila SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_roads_in_Metro_Manila

RADIAL ROADS RADIAL ROADS

SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_roads_in_Metro_Manila SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_roads_in_Metro_Manila

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RADIAL ROADS RADIAL ROADS

SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_roads_in_Metro_Manila SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_roads_in_Metro_Manila

RADIAL ROADS RADIAL ROADS

SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_roads_in_Metro_Manila SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_roads_in_Metro_Manila

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RADIAL ROADS

HIGHWAY CROSS-SECTIONS

SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_roads_in_Metro_Manila

ROAD C RO SS-SEC TIO N (U RB AN STREET) ROAD CROSS-SECTION (MULTILANE)

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ROAD CROSS-SECTION
ROAD C RO SS-SEC TIO N

TWO-LANE HIGHWAY

TYPES OF HIGHWAY

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M ULTILAN E DIVIDED HIGHWAY MULTILANE UNDIVIDED HIGHWAY

HIGHWAYS (NATIONAL ROADS)

ROAD CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM:

PROVINCIAL ROADS, CITY ROADS AND BARANGAY
ROADS

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PROVINCIAL ROADS MUNICIPAL OR CITY ROAD

¡ Connect Cities and Municipalities without traversing National Roads ¡ Roads within the Poblacion
¡ Connect National Roads to Barangays through rural area ¡ Roads that connect to Provincial and National Roads
¡ Connect to Major Provincial Government Infrastructure ¡ Roads that provide Inter-Barangay connections to Major Municipal and
¡ City Infrastructure without traversing Provincial Roads

BARANGAY ROAD

¡ Other Public Roads (officially turned over) within the Barangay and not
covered in the above definitions
THANK YOU!!! J

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