VALANAR GUIDE

NMMS SAT (SCIENCE CALCULATIONS)

CONTENT

S.No. Title Page No.

1. Measurements 1

2. Force & Motion 22

3. Heat 28

4. Electricity 29

5. Light 30

6. Sound 32

7. Key 34

(For private circulations only)

 NMMS SCIENCE CALCULATIONS
NOTE:
Higher order → Lower order x (multiply)
I. MEASUREMENTS
Lower order → Higher order ÷ (divide)
1 cm = 10 mm
1 m = 100 cm
Conversions
1 m = 1000 mm km → m x 1000
1 km = 1000 m
1 km = 100000 cm km → cm x 100000
1 km = 1000000 mm
km → mm x 1000000
1000 mg = 1 g
1000 g = 1 kg m → km ÷ 1000
100 kg = 1 quintal
1000 kg = 1 ton 1
m → km x
60 sec = 1 min 1000
60 min = 1 hr
24 hr = 1 day cm → km ÷ 100000
7 days = 1 week
52 weeks = 1 year mm → km ÷ 1000000
1 year = 365 days
m → cm x 100
Leap year = 366 days
m → mm x 1000
cm → m ÷ 100
Do and enjoy !
mm → m ÷ 1000
1237 mm = 123 cm 7 mm →
g mg x 1000
5255cm = 52 m 55 cm
7343 m = 7 km 343 m kg → g x 1000
5421 m = 5 km 421 m
5421 m = 5 km 42100 cm mg → g ÷ 1000
345325 cm = 3 km 453 m 25 cm
345325 cm = 3 km 45325 cm g → kg ÷ 1000
25 km 17 m = 25017 m
47 cm 18 mm = 488 mm q → kg x 100
50 m 25 cm = 5025 cm
ton → kg x 1000
7000 m = 7 km
7000 m = 700000 cm kg → q ÷ 100
10252 m = 10.252 km
2 km = 200000 cm kg → ton ÷ 1000
min → sec x 60
mm = millimetre →
hr min x 60
cm = centimetre
m = metre hr → sec x 3600
km = kilometre
mg = milligram sec → min ÷ 60
g = gram
kg = kilogram min → hr ÷ 60
sec = seconds
min = minute sec → hr ÷ 3600
hr = hour
1
 DO AND ENJOY ! LET’S CHECK WITH FUN ! (TABLE 1)

mm cm m km mm cm m km
S.No. 1 1 1 S.No. 1 1 1
1 1
10 1000 1000000 10 1000 1000000
1. 25 2.5 0.025 0.000025 1. 100 10 ? 0.0001
2. 7 0.7 0.007 0.000007 2. 287 28.7 ? 0.000287
3. 300 30 0.3 0.0003 3. 1000 100 ? 0.001
4. 45 4.5 0.045 0.000045 4. 101 10.1 ? 0.000101
5. 7000 700 7 0.007 5. 54 5.4 ? 0.000054
6. 5255 525.5 5.255 0.005255 6. 750 ? 0.75 0.00075
7. 347 34.7 0.347 0.000347 7. 120000 ? 120 0.12
8. 248 24.8 0.248 0.000248 8. 5000 ? 5 0.005
9. 10000 1000 10 0.01 9. 7 ? 0.007 0.000007
10. 35000 3500 35 0.035 10. 25 ? 0.025 0.000025
11. 4232 423.2 4.232 0.004232 11. 5.1 0.51 0.0051 ?
12. 1000000 100000 1000 1 12. 27.8 2.78 0.0278 ?
13. 525000 52500 525 0.525 13. 1520 152 1.52 ?
14. 423255 42325.5 423.255 0.423255 14. 80 8 0.08 ?
15. 200005 20000.5 200.005 0.200005 15. 22 2.2 0.022 ?
16. 2587 258.7 2.587 0.002587 16. 2001 200.1 2.001 ?
17. 15000 1500 15 0.015 17. 2024 202.4 2.024 ?
18. 2450000 245000 2450 2.45 18. 870 ? 0.87 0.00087
19. 780000 78000 780 0.78 19. 0.4 ? 0.0004 0.0000004
20. 4500000 450000 4500 4.5 20. 7000 ? 7 0.007
21. 58 5.8 0.058 0.000058 21. 200 ? 0.2 0.0002
22. 127 12.7 0.127 0.000127 22. 345 ? 0.345 0.000345

23. 100000 10000 100 0.1 23. 9000 900 9 ?

24. 5000000 500000 5000 5 24. 1200 120 1.2 ?

25. 0.5 0.05 0.0005 0.0000005 25. 35.2 3.52 0.0352 ?

DO AND ENJOY! LET’S CHECK WITH FUN !

Dear children, Dear children,

Choose anyone one of the values as Find the solution for the missing value.
answer and do the calculation. Verify your answer
Check it with fun
from the table and enjoy.

2
DO AND ENJOY ! LET’S CHECK WITH FUN ! (TABLE 2)

mm cm mm cm
S.No. S.No.
1 1
1 1
10 10
1. 352 35.2 1. 21 ?
2. 12000 1200 2. 10 ?
3. 245000 24500 3. 21.2 ?
4. 780 78 4. 45 ?
5. 4512 451.2 5. 400 ?
6. 85 8.5 6. 505 ?
7. 12.4 1.24 7. 12.1 ?
8. 1000 100 8. 2000 ?
9. 50000 5000 9. ? 5000
10. 0.7 0.07 10. ? 74
11. 14.23 1.423 11. ? 254.5
12. 25.21 2.521 12. ? 20000
13. 0.41 0.041 13. ? 152.5
14. 250 25 14. ? 5.7
15. 215 21.5 15. ? 202.5
LET’S CHECK WITH FUN ! (TABLE 3)
DO AND ENJOY !
mm m
mm m S.No. 1
1
S.No. 1 1000
1
1000 1. ? 0.012
1. 257 0.257 2. ? 0.005
2. 1250 1.25 3. ? 0.25
3. 123500 123.5 4. ? 0.087
4. 480000 480 5. ? 5
5. 25000000 25000 6. ? 0.124
6. 47 0.047 7. ? 0.2575
7. 50.1 0.0501 8. 520 ?
8. 21.35 0.02135 9. 2000 ?
9. 0.21 0.00021 10. 24000 ?
10. 2.55 0.00255 11 7452 ?
11 0.2 0.0002 12 200000 ?
12 0.002 0.000002 13 24500 ?
13 15.52 0.01552 14 258741 ?
14 4121 4.121 15 50001 ?
15 251000 251
3
DO AND ENJOY ! LET’S CHECK WITH FUN ! (TABLE 4)

mm km mm km
S.No. 1 S.No. 1
1 1
1000000 1000000
1. 741 0.000741 1. ? 0.005
2. 58000 0.058 2. ? 0.0002
3. 5450000 5.45 3. ? 0.00001
4. 890000 0.89 4. ? 0.000002
5. 15000000 15 5. ? 0.0000204
6. 72 0.000072 6. ? 0.0000012
7. 254 0.000254 7. ? 0.0000032
8. 1000000 1 8. ? 0.000578
9. 5000 0.005 9. ? 0.02
10. 21354 0.021354 10. 55000 ?
11 2870000 2.87 11 50.5 ?
12 25 0.000025 12 200000 ?
13 2.5 0.0000025 13 2000000 ?
14 41000000 41 14 12345 ?
15 215.2 0.000215 15 400005 ?
DO AND ENJOY ! LET’S CHECK WITH FUN ! (TABLE 5)

cm m cm m
S.No. 1 S.No. 1
1 1
100 100
1. ? 0.075
1. 5122 51.22
2. 51200 512 2. ? 0.452

3. 275000 2750 3. ? 1.542

4. 78000 780 4. ? 0.05

5. 230000 2300 5. ? 5
6. 2132 21.32 6. ? 4.785
7. 25.12 0.2512 7. ? 0.0215
8. 20000 200 8. ? 8.4502
9. 500.2 5.002 9. ? 30
10. 12.2345 0.122345 10. ? 2
11 35.21 0.3521 11 0.2 ?
12 7400 74 12 3.223 ?
13 2549 25.49 13 7500.5 ?
14 263.1 2.631 14 4567.8 ?
15 23.25 0.2325 15 202.4 ?

4
DO AND ENJOY ! LET’S CHECK WITH FUN ! (TABLE 6)

cm km cm km
S.No. 1 S.No. 1
1 1
100000 100000
1. 3.2 0.000032 1. 15000 ?
2. 24000 0.24 2. 0.8 ?
3. 12400 0.124 3. 250 ?
4. 21 0.00021 4. 4.55 ?
5. 150000 1.5 5. 100000 ?
6. 4.2 0.000042 6. ? 0.001245
7. 55.1 0.000551 7. ? 0.008475
8. 2145.2 0.021452 8. ? 0.000541
9. 121000 1.21 9. ? 0.005
10. 0.21 0.0000021 10. ? 0.0065212
11 54 0.00054 11 4578 ?
12 54544 0.54544 12 220000 ?
13 500000 5 13 2.336 ?
14 780000 7.8 14 5.85 ?
15 145821 1.45821 15 20240 ?
DO AND ENJOY ! LET’S CHECK WITH FUN ! (TABLE 7)

m km m km
S.No. 1 S.No. 1
1 1
1000 1000
1. 2345 2.345 1. 250 ?
2. 254 0.254 2. 0.087 ?
3. 5420 5.42 3. 45 ?
4. 870 0.87 4. 0.02551 ?
5. 5000 5 5. 700 ?
6. 0.2 0.0002 6. 4000 ?
7. 0.245 0.000245 7. 80 ?
8. 2587 2.587 8. 2.44 ?
9. 45211 45.211 9. ? 0.003
10. 0.002 0.000002 10. ? 0.0000252
11 587 0.587 11 ? 0.000852
12 3.1 0.0031 12 ? 0.11
13 45.55 0.04555 13 ? 5.5
14 1524 1.524 14 ? 0.0000562
15 21000 21 15 ? 2.024

5
DO AND ENJOY ! LET’S CHECK WITH FUN ! (TABLE 8)

S.No. km m cm mm S.No. km m cm mm

1. 5 5000 500000 5000000 1. 3 3000 300000 ?

2. 10 10000 1000000 10000000 2. 2.2 2200 220000 ?
3. 2.5 2500 250000 2500000 3. 3.01 3010 301000 ?
4. 4.52 4520 452000 4520000 4. 1 1000 100000 ?
5. 25 25000 2500000 25000000 5. 50 50000 5000000 ?
6. 2 2000 200000 2000000 6. 2 2000 ? 2000000

7. 300 300000 30000000 300000000 7. 5.2 5200 ? 5200000

8. 1.5 1500 150000 1500000 8. 1.05 1050 ? 1050000

9. 1.25 1250 125000 1250000 9. 1.25 1250 ? 1250000

10. 0.5 500 50000 500000 10. 1.75 ? 175000 1750000

11. 35.5 35500 3550000 35500000 11. 1.5 ? 150000 1500000

12. 0.55 550 55000 550000 12. 2.05 ? 205000 2050000

13. 12 12000 1200000 12000000 13. ? 3200 320000 3200000

14. 7.11 7110 711000 7110000 14. ? 1010 101000 1010000

15. 50.75 50750 5075000 50750000 15. ? 1100 110000 1100000

DO AND ENJOY ! LET’S CHECK WITH FUN ! (TABLE 9)

cm mm
cm mm S.No.
S.No. 1 1 x 10
1 1 x 10
1. 500000 5000000 1. 200 ?
2. 1000000 10000000 2. 140 ?
3. 250000 2500000 3. 50 ?
4. 452000 4520000 4. 1 ?
5. 2500000 25000000 5. 250000 ?
6. 200000 2000000 6. 23000 ?
7. 30000000 300000000 7. 0.2 ?
8. 150000 1500000 8. ? 1050000
9. 125000 1250000 9. ? 1250000
10. 50000 500000 10. ? 2230000
11. 45555 455550 11. ? 0.2
12. 0.55 5.5 12. ? 8300000
13. 1200 12000 13. ? 323200
14. 711 7110 14. ? 0.25
15. 50.745 507.45 15. ? 1250000

6
DO AND ENJOY ! LET’S CHECK WITH FUN ! (TABLE 10)

m mm m mm
S.No. S.No.
1 1 x 1000 1 1 x 1000
1. 5000 5000000 1. 5 ?
2. 10000 10000000 2. 25 ?
3. 2500 2500000 3. 3.21 ?
4. 4520 4520000 4. 0.005 ?
5. 25000 25000000 5. 500 ?
6. 2000 2000000 6. 24.25 ?
7. 30 30000 7. 8.002 ?
8. 1500 1500000 8. 15.25 ?
9. 425 425000 9. ? 25000
10. 500 500000 10. ? 40000
11. 4.05 4050 11. ? 23100
12. 50.55 50550 12. ? 78000
13. 120 120000 13. ? 98230
14. 7.1 7100 14. ? 24050
15. 20.5 20500 15. ? 1100

DO AND ENJOY ! LET’S CHECK WITH FUN ! (TABLE 11)

km mm km mm
S.No. S.No.
1 1 x 1000000 1 1 x 1000000
1. 5 5000000 1. 7 ?
2. 10 10000000 2. 5.2 ?
3. 2.5 2500000 3. 17 ?
4. 4.52 4520000 4. 0.25 ?
5. 25 25000000 5. 0.5 ?
6. 2 2000000 6. 1.27 ?
7. 300 300000000 7. 21 ?
8. 1.5 1500000 8. 102 ?
9. 1.25 1250000 9. ? 770000
10. 0.5 500000 10. ? 256000
11. 74.2 74200000 11. ? 54200000
12. 0.85 850000 12. ? 100
13. 12 12000000 13. ? 58000000
14. 711 711000000 14. ? 9200000
15. 50.745 50745000 15. ? 8790000
7
DO AND ENJOY ! LET’S CHECK WITH FUN ! (TABLE 12)

m cm m cm
S.No. S.No.
1 1 x 100 1 1 x 100
1. 5000 500000 1. 2 ?
2. 10000 1000000 2. 2.8 ?
3. 2500 250000 3. 71 ?
4. 4520 452000 4. 0.52 ?
5. 25000 2500000 5. 0.152 ?
6. 2000 200000 6. 2.12 ?
7. 3000 300000 7. 50 ?
8. 1500 150000 8. ? 320
9. 1250 125000 9. ? 44
10. 500 50000 10. ? 56.2
11. 4.005 400.5 11. ? 7480
12. 0.55 55 12. ? 0.02
13. 12.2 1220 13. ? 9400
14. 711 71100 14. ? 890
15. 50.74 5074 15. ? 724

DO AND ENJOY ! LET’S CHECK WITH FUN ! (TABLE 13)

km cm km cm
S.No. S.No.
1 1 x 100000 1 1 x 100000
1. 5 500000 1. 7 ?
2. 10 1000000 2. 5.2 ?
3. 2.5 250000 3. 94 ?
4. 4.52 452000 4. 0.24 ?
5. 25 2500000 5. 0.251 ?
6. 2 200000 6. 4.32 ?
7. 300 30000000 7. 80 ?
8. 1.5 150000 8. ? 520000
9. 1.25 125000 9. ? 88000
10. 0.5 50000 10. ? 24500
11. 45.5 4550000 11. ? 5490000
12. 0.55 55000 12. ? 50
13. 12 1200000 13. ? 84700000
14. 711 71100000 14. ? 980000
15. 50.45 5045000 15. ? 2024000
8
 DO AND ENJOY ! LET’S CHECK WITH FUN ! (TABLE 14)

km m km m
S.No. S.No.
1 1 x 1000 1 1 x 1000
1. 5 5000 1. 1 ?
2. 10 10000 2. 1.2 ?
3. 2.5 2500 3. 12.5 ?
4. 4.52 4520 4. 0.62 ?
5. 25 25000 5. 0.425 ?
6. 2 2000 6. 5.7 ?
7. 300 300000 7. 90 ?
8. 1.5 1500 8. 100 ?
9. 1.25 1250 9. ? 990
10. 0.5 500 10. ? 625
11. 45 45000 11. ? 87500
12. 0.55 550 12. ? 0.2
13. 1200 1200000 13. ? 897000
14. 711 711000 14. ? 8700
15. 50.74 50740 15. ? 2024
DO AND ENJOY ! LET’S CHECK WITH FUN ! (TABLE 15)

S.No. km m cm mm S.No. km m cm mm
1. 3 3000 300000 3000000 1. 2 2000 200000 ?
2. 2.2 2200 220000 2200000 2. 3.001 3001 300100 ?
3. 3.01 3010 301000 3010000 3. 9.5 9500 950000 ?
4. 1 1000 100000 1000000 4. 42 42000 4200000 ?
5. 50 50000 5000000 50000000 5. 5.26 5260 ? 5260000
6. 2 2000 200000 2000000 6. 0.123 123 ? 123000
7. 5.2 5200 520000 5200000 7. 0.1 100 ? 100000
8. 1.05 1050 105000 1050000 8. 7.3 7300 ? 7300000
9. 1.25 1250 125000 1250000 9. 84 ? 8400000 84000000
10. 1.75 1750 175000 1750000 10. 9.25 ? 925000 9250000
11. 1.5 1500 150000 1500000 11. 0.00002 ? 2 20
12. 2.05 2050 205000 2050000 12. 4.5 ? 450000 4500000
13. 3.2 3200 320000 3200000 13. ? 5550 555000 5550000
14. 1.01 1010 101000 1010000 14. ? 5050 505000 5050000
15. 1.10 1100 110000 1100000 15. ? 0.1 10 100

9
 SPEED, DISTANCE & TIME 5. Calculate the speed if you travel 15 kilometers

Distance d 1
Speed = (s = ) in an hour.
2
Time t
Distance
Distance = speed x time (d = s x t) Speed = Time
Distance d
Time = (t = ) 15
Speed s Speed = 1
2

2
We can do and enjoy the maths journey ! = 15 x = 30 kmph
1
1. Usain Bolt crossed 100 metre in 9.58 seconds. 6. What distance will you cover if you run fast at 20
Calculate his speed in km/h. kilometer per hour?

Distance Distance = speed x time (d =s x t)

Speed = Time
= 20 x 1 = 20 km.
Distance : 100 m = 100 / 1000 = 0.1 km
7. A bus goes at a speed of 30 kmph. Calculate the
Time : 9.58 s = 9.58 / 3600 = 0.0027 hr
distance covered by it in 4 hours.
Speed = 37.04 kmph.
2. If a ship travelled at a speed of 50 kmph and it sailed Distance = Speed x Time = 30 x 4

for five hours, how much distance it has travelled? = 120 km

Distance = Speed x Time
8. A car covered the distance of 75 km in 3 hours.
= 50 × 5 Calculate the speed of the car.
= 250 km
Distance
3. A bus travels at a speed of 50 kmph and has to cover Speed = Time
a distance of 300 km, how much time will it take?
75
Distance = = 25 kmph
Time = 3
Speed
9. 50 km distance was covered by a man in 2.5 hours.
300
= 50 Calculate his speed.

Distance
= 6 hr Speed = Time

50
4. Calculate the speed if you travel 10 kilometers in 2 = = 20 kmph
2.5
hours.
10. If you cover the distance of 1500 m in 30 minutes.
Distance
Speed = Find your speed in kmph.
Time
1500 m = 1.5 km
10
=2
30 min = 0.5 hr

= 5 kmph Speed =
Distance
=
1.5
= 3 kmph
Time 0.5

10
Alitter : 16. From Trichy to Karur the distance is 100 km. A bus
runs with a speed of 25 kmph and another bus runs
Distance : 1500 m Time : 30 min = 1800 sec with a speed of 20 kmph. Which bus goes first?
Distance
Speed= Distance
Time Time =
Speed
1500 5
Speed = = 100
1800 6 BUS A : Time = = 4 hr
25
5 18
= x = 3 kmph 100
6 5 BUS B : Time = = 5 hr
20
11. Speed of a car is 75 kmph. If its runs for 3.5 hours,
how much distance will it cover? Bus A goes first. (It takes less time.)

The distance travelled = speed x time (d = s x t) 17. A motor bike runs with a speed of 50 kmph to reach
a distance of 300 km. If it starts at 6 a.m. when will
Distance = 75 x 3.5 it reach its target?

= 262.5 km Distance
Time =
Speed
12. What distance will you cover in 7 hours if your speed
is 70 kmph? 300
= = 6 hr
50
The distance travelled = speed x time (d = s x t)
The motorbike will reach at 12 noon. (6 + 6 = 12)
Distance = 70 x 7
18. If you travel 25 kilometers in 2 hours, your speed is
= 490 km ________ km per hour.
13. The speed of a car is 60 kmph. Calculate the time Distance
will it cover 300 km. Speed =
Time
Distance 25
Time = = = 12.5 kmph.
Speed 2

300 19. If you travel 15 kilometers in ½ hour, you would

Time = = 5 hr
60 travel ________ km in one hour, and your speed is
________ km per hour.
14. A bus takes 5 hours to cover a distance of 300 km.
Find the speed of the bus. The distance travelled = speed x time (d = s x t)

Distance Distance = 30 x 1 = 30 km
Speed =
Time
Distance
300 Speed =
= = 60 kmph Time
5

15. A bus travels at a speed of 60 kmph and has to cover

= 301 = 30 kmph.
a distance of 480 km, how much time will it take?
20. If you run fast at 30 kilometers per hour for 2 hours,
Distance you will cover ________ km
Time =
Speed Distance = speed x time
480 Distance = 30 x 2 = 60 km
= = 8 hr
60
I will cover 60 km. 11
 Fundamental quantities and Derived quantities We can do and enjoy !

Fundamental Quantities 1. What is the area of 10 squares each having side of

A set of physical quantities which cannot be expressed 1 m?
in terms of any other quantities are known as Area of a square = side × side
fundamental quantities. Eg. Length, Mass, Time. =1m×1m
Fundamental quantity Fundamental unit = 1 m2 or 1 square metre
Length metre (m) Area of 10 squares = 1 square metre × 10
Mass kilogram (kg) = 10 square metre
Time second (s)
2. Find the area of a rectangle whose length is
Temperature Kelvin (K) 12 m and breadth is 4 m.
Electric current Ampere (A) Area of rectangle = length × breadth
Amount of substance mole (mol) = 12 × 4 = 48 m2
Luminous intensity Candela (cd)
3. Find the area of a circle whose diameter is 14 m.
Derived quantities (Take  = 22/7)
All other physical quantities which can be obtained by Diameter = 14 m r- 7 m
Area of circle =  × r2 = (22/7) × 7 × 7 =154m2 .
multiplying, dividing or by mathematically combining
the fundamental quantities are known as derived 4. Find the area of a triangle whose base is the area of
quantities. Eg. Area and volume. 20 squares each having side of 5 cm?
Area of a square = side × side
Derived quantity Unit = 5 cm × 5 cm = 25 cm2
Area of 20 squares = 25 cm2 x 20 = 500 cm2.
Area = Length × Breadth m2
5. Find the area of a rectangle whose length is 4.5 m
Volume = Length × Breadth × Height m3 and breadth is 2.4 m.
Area of rectangle = length × breadth
Speed = Distance / Time ms-1 = 4.5 × 2.4 = 10. 8 m2.

Electric Charge = 6. Find the area of a circle whose radius is 14 m.

C
Electric Current × Time (Take  = 22/7)
Density = Mass / Volume kg m-3 Area of circle =  × r2
= (22/7) × 14 × 14 = 616 m2
AREA 7. Find the area of a triangle whose base is 16 m and
height is 4.8 m.
Area is a measure of how much space is Area of triangle = 1/2 × base × height
there on a flat surface.
= 1/2 × 16 × 4.8 = 38.4m2
The unit of the area is m2 (Read as square metre).
The area of regularly shaped objects can be 8. Find the area of a rectangle whose length is 10.08
calculated using the relevant formulae. m and breadth is 2.14 m.
S.No Shape Area Area of rectangle = length × breadth
side × side = 10.08 × 2.14 = 21.5712 m2
1. Square
a × a = a2
length × breadth 9. Find the area of a circle whose radius is 3.5 m.
2. Rectangle (Take  = 22/7)
l × b = lb
Area of circle =  × r2
 × (radius)2
3. Circle = (22/7) × 3.5 × 3.5 = 38.5 m2
 × r2 =  r2 10. Find the area of a rectangle whose length is 100 m
1/2 × base × height and breadth is 75 m.
4. Triangle
½×b×h Area of rectangle = length × breadth
= 100 × 75 = 7500 m2
12
 DO AND ENJOY ! AREA OF THE SQUARE
S.No. side = a a Area = a2 a Area = a2
1 25 m 25 m 625 m2 2500 cm 6250000 cm2
2 18 m 18 m 324 m2 1800 cm 3240000 cm2
3 2 m 50 cm 2.5 m 6.25 m2 250 cm 62500 cm2
4 5 m 7 cm 5.07 m 25.7049 m2 507 cm 257049 cm2
5 2 m 25 cm 2.25 m 5.0625 m2 225 cm 50625 cm2
6 50 cm 0.5 m 0.25 m2 50 cm 2500 cm2
7 47 cm 0.47 m 0.2209 m2 47 cm 2209 cm2
8 20.3 cm 0.203 m 0.041209 m2 20.3 cm 412.09 cm2
9 5.8 cm 0.058 m 0.003364 m2 5.8 cm 33.64 cm2
10 3.4 m 3.4 m 11.56 m2 340 cm 115600 cm2
11 3.04 m 3.04 m 9.2416 m2 304 cm 92416 cm2
12 12.1 m 12.1 m 146.41 m2 1210 cm 1464100 cm2
13 0.5 m 0.5 m 0.25 m2 50 cm 2500 cm2
14 0.12 m 0.12 m 0.0144 m2 12 cm 144 cm2
15 0.07 m 0.07 m 0.0049 m2 7 cm 49 cm2
16 0.005 m 0.005 m 0.000025 m2 0.5 cm 0.25 cm2
17 1 m 0.5 cm 1.005 m 1.010025 m2 100.5 cm 10100.25 cm2
18 2 m 1.2 cm 2.012 m 4.048144 m2 201.2 cm 40481.44 cm2
19 0.4 m 2.3 cm 0.423 m 0.178929 m2 42.3 cm 1789.29 cm2
20 1.1 m 1.1 cm 1.111 m 1.234321 m2 111.1 cm 12343.21 cm2

DO AND ENJOY ! AREA OF THE RECTANGLE

S.No. l l b b lxb
1 25 m 25 m 15 m 15 m 375m2
2 42 m 42 m 17 m 17 m 714 m2
3 11.2 m 11.2 m 4 m 4 m 44.8 m2
4 17.3 m 17.3 m 5.6 m 5.6 m 96.88 m2
5 20.5 m 20.5 m 15 m 15 m 307.5 m2
6 9 cm 9 cm 4 cm 4 cm 36 cm2
7 5.2 cm 5.2 cm 3.4 cm 3.4 cm 17.68 cm2
8 3.4 cm 3.4 cm 2.9 cm 2.9 cm 9.86 cm2
9 8 cm 8 cm 5 cm 5 cm 40 cm2
10 5.8 cm 5.8 cm 3.7 cm 3.7 cm 21.46 cm2
11 2 m 3 cm 203 cm 78 cm 78 cm 15834 cm2
12 5 m 5 cm 505 cm 452 cm 452 cm 228260 cm2
13 1 m 14 cm 114 cm 78 cm 78 cm 8892 cm2
14 4 m 50 cm 450 cm 258 cm 258 cm 116100 cm2
15 1.2 m 41 cm 161 cm 79 cm 79 cm 12719 cm2
16 2.5 m 70 cm 3.2 m 2 m 10 cm 2.1 m 6.72 m2
17 1.3 m 55 cm 1.85 m 1 m 21 cm 1.21 m 2.2385 m2
18 4 m 2.3 cm 4.023 m 1 m 1.4 cm 1.014 m 4.079322 m2
19 3.5 m 3.5 cm 3.035 m 2.78 m 2.78 m 8.4373 m2
20 7.2 m 25 cm 7.45 m 0.42 m 0.42 m 3.129 m2

13
Do & Enjoy ! AREA OF THE SQUARE AREA OF THE CIRCLE

S.No. side = a Area = A = 𝑎2 S.No. radius = r Area = A = πr 2

1. 16 256 1. 21 1386
2. 5 25 2. 10.5 346.5
3. 4.6 21.16 3. 3.5 38.5
4. 50 2500 4. 56 9856
5. 24 576 5. 73.5 16978.5
6. 4.9 24.01 6. 35 3850
7. 105 11025 7. 42 5544
8. 8.4 70.56 8. 8.4 221.76
9. 21 441 9. 4.9 75.46
10. 11.2 125.44 10. 11.2 394.24
11. 25 625 11. 16.8 887.04
12. 5.6 31.36 12. 8.75 240.625
13. 140 19600 13. 0.35 0.385
14. 7.7 59.29 14. 210 138600
15. 10.5 110.25 15. 70 15400

AREA OF THE RECTANGLE AREA OF THE TRIANGLE

Length Breadth AREA =

S.No. AREA = 𝑙 x b Breadth Height
=l =b S.No. 1
=b =h xbxh
1. 14 10 140 2

2. 5 6 30 1. 24 15 180
2. 15 8 60
3. 4.6 5.6 25.76
3. 3.56 1.28 2.2784
4. 50 20 1000
4. 40 30 600
5. 24 18 512
5. 21 14 147
6. 35 25 875
6. 25 38 475
7. 42 28 1176
7. 25 12.5 156.25
8. 56 4.7 263.2
8. 20 5.33 53.3
9. 4.9 5.1 249.9
9. 5.2 7.1 18.46
10. 105 95 9975 10. 25 15 187.5
11. 8.4 12 100.8 11. 3.5 2 3.5
12. 21 7.3 153.3 12. 21 9.1 95.55
13. 11.2 10 112 13. 6.5 12 39
14. 25 15 375 14. 30 2.5 37.5
15. 5.6 3.12 17.472 15. 2.1 7.42 7.791

14
WE CAN DO AND ENJOY ! 1. Find the area of the leaf using the given data.
1. Area of the square is equal to the area of a circle of
radius ‘h’ . Find the side of the square.
2. If the side of the square is (a + b). Find the area.
3. If the area of the square is 16x2. Find its side.
4. If the side of the square is 3a3, find its area.
5. If the area of the circle and volume of the cylinder is The number of whole squares enclosed within the
equal, find the height of the cylinder. outline of the leaf ( M = 15). The number of squares that
6. If you double the area of the circle, find the ratio are more than half (N = 12). The number of squares
between the radii. which are half of a whole square (P = 10). The number
7. The area of the circle is 154m2. Find the diameter. of squares that are less than half (Q = 8)
8. The diameter of the circle is πd. Find the area. Approximate area of the leaf
9. The area of the circle is πd2. Find the diameter of the 3 1 1
=M+ N+ P+ Q square cm.
4 2 4
circle.
3 1 1
10. The area of the square is πr2. Find the side of the = 15+ ( x 12) + ( x 10) + ( x 8)
4 2 4
square.
= 15 + 9 + 5 + 2 = 31
Answers : Area of the leaf = 31 cm2.
1. h√𝜋
VOLUME
2. a2 + 2ab + b2
3. 4x The amount of space occupied
4. 9𝑎6 by a three dimensional
5. 1 object is known as its volume.
6. 1:2 Volume = Surface area × Height
7. 14 The SI unit of volume is cubic metre or m3.
𝑑2
8. 𝜋 3 The volume of regularly shaped objects can be
4
9. 2d determined using an appropriate formula.
10.√𝜋 𝑟
S.No
Objects Figure Volume
Area of irregularly shaped objects like leaf. .

Take a leaf . Place it on a graph sheet and draw the

outline of the leaf on the graph sheet. side x side x side
1. Cube
a x a x a = a3

Length x breadth x height

2. Cuboid
l x b x h = lbh
Now, count the number of whole squares enclosed
within the outline of the leaf. Take it as M.
4 3
Then, count the number of squares that are more than x π x (radius)
3
half. Take it as N. Next, count the number of squares 3. Sphere 4
π r3
which are half of a whole square. Note it as P. Finally, 3
count the number of squares that are less than half. Let
it be Q.Now, the approximate area of the leaf can be
calculated using the following formula. 2
π x (radius) x height
4. Cylinder
Approximate area of the leaf π r2h
= M + (3/4) N + (1/2) P + (1/4) Q square cm.
Area of the leaf = _____cm2.
15
Shall we do! Density of some common substances
1. Find the volume of a cube whose side is 3 cm. at room temperature
Volume of a cube = side × side × side
= 3 cm × 3 cm × 3 cm = 27 cubic cm or cm 3 Density
S.No Nature Materials
(kg/m3)
2. Find the volume of a cylinder whose radius is 3 m 1. Gas Air 1.2
and height is 7 m. (Take π = 22/7) 2. Kerosene 800
Volume of a cylinder = π × (radius)2 × height 3. Liquid Water 1,000
= 22 / 7 × 3 × 3 × 7 = 198 m3 4. Mercury 13,600
5. Wood 770
3. Find the volume of a cube whose side is 5 cm. 6. Aluminium 2,700
Volume of a cube = side × side × side 7. Iron 7,800
= 5 cm × 5 cm × 5 cm = 125 cubic cm or cm3 Solid
8. Copper 8,900
9. Silver 10,500
4. Find the volume of a cylinder whose radius is 5 m
10. Gold 19,300
and height is 14 m. (Take π = 22/7)
Volume of a cylinder = π × (radius)2 × height Answer the following using the above table.
= 22/7 × 5 × 5 × 14 = 1100 m3
1. Find the density ratio between aluminium and
5. Find the volume of a cube whose side is 2 m and
50 cm. silver.
Volume of a cube = side × side × side 2. Mercury has the maximum density.
Method 1: Is it true or false.?
2 m and 50 cm = 250 cm
= 250 cm × 250 cm × 250 cm 3. Arrange the materials in increasing order.
= 15625000 cubic cm or cm3 Gold, Water, Silver, Wood.
Method 2: 4. Find the difference between air and water.
2 m and 50 cm = 2.5 m
5. Silver = X + Y. Find X and Y.
= 2.5 m × 2.5 m × 2.5 m
= 15.625 cubic m or m3

VOLUME OF LIQUID DENSITY, MASS & VOLUME

The volume of any liquid is equal to

Mass
the space that it fills and it can be Density =
measured using a measuring cylinder or Volume
measuring beaker. The maximum volume
Mass = Density x Volume
of liquid that a container can hold
is known as the capacity of the container. Mass
Volume = Density
1 litre = 1000 cc or cm3
1000 ml = 1 litre
Do and enjoy !
To measure the volume of liquids,
1. A solid cylinder of mass 280 kg has a volume of
some other units are also used.
4 m3. Find the density of cylinder.
Some of them are
Mass of cylinder (m)
gallon, ounce, and quart. Density of cylinder =
Volume of cylinder (v)
1 gallon = 3785 ml 280
=
1 ounce = 30 ml 4
1 quart = 1 litre = 70 kg/m3
16
2. A box is made up of iron and it has a volume of 8. The mass of a solid sphere is 500 g. If the density of
125 cm3. Find its mass if the density of iron is sphere is 1250 g/cm3, find the volume of the sphere.
7.8 g / cm3. Mass of sphere
Volume of sphere =
Mass = Volume × Density Density of sphere
500
= 125 × 7.8 =
= 975 g. 1250
50
=
125
3. A sphere is made from copper whose mass is
= 0.4 cm3
3000 kg. If the density of copper is 8900 kg/ m3, find
the volume of the sphere.
9. A golden rod has a volume of 214 m3. Find its mass
Mass of sphere
Volume of sphere = if the density is 1.5 kg / m3.
Density of sphere
Mass = Volume × Density
3000
= = 214 x 1.5
8900
30
= 321 kg.
=
89
= 0.34 m3 10. A solid stone of mass 427 kg has a volume of
7.7 m3. Find the density of stone.
4. Find the density of a solid cylinder of mass 210 kg
Mass of stone
and has a volume of 3 m3. Density of stone =
Mass of cylinder Volume of stone
Density of cylinder = 427
Volume of cylinder =
7.7
210
= = 55.45 kg/m3
3
= 70 kg/m3
ROUNDING OFF
5. The mass of a solid sphere is 700 kg. If the density
of sphere is 140 kg/m3, find the volume of the
sphere. Rules for rounding off

Mass of sphere Decide which is the last digit to keep.

Volume of sphere = Leave it the same, if the next digit
Density of sphere
700 is less than 5.
=
140 Increase it by one, if the next digit is 5
= 5 m3 or greater than 5.

6. A wood has a volume of 102 m3. Find its mass 1. Round off the number 1.864 to two decimal places.
the density is 770 kg / m3.
Mass = Volume × Density We need to round off the number to two decimal
= 102 × 770 places. So, the last digit to be kept is 6. Since the
= 78540 kg. next digit is less than 5, we can retain 6 as it is. So
the answer is 1.86
7. A solid stone of mass 459 kg has a volume of
4.5 m3. Find the density of stone. 2. Round off the number 1.868 to two decimal places.
Mass of stone
Density of stone = We need to round off the number to two decimal
Volume of stone
places. So, the last digit to be kept is 6. Since the
459 next digit is more than 5, we should increase the
=
4.5 second digit by one. So, the answer is 1.87.
= 102 kg/m3
17
DO AND ENJOY !

DENSITY, MASS AND VOLUME

S.No. MASS (M) VOLUME (V) DENSITY (D)

1 5 kg 2.5 m3 2 kg/m3
2 7500 kg 250.5 m3 29.9 kg/m3
3 210 kg 10.5 m3 20 kg/m3
4 500 kg 25 m3 20 kg/m3
5 200 kg 50 m3 4 kg/m3
6 1500 kg 7.5 m3 200 kg/m3
7 30 kg 1.5 m3 20 kg/m3
8 250 kg 12.5 m3 20 kg/m3
9 85 kg 8.5 m3 10 kg/m3
10 41 kg 50 m3 0.82 kg/m3
11 77 kg 35 m3 2.2 kg/m3
12 3.55 kg 1.25 m3 2.84 kg/m3
13 400 kg 50.5 m3 7.92 kg/m3
14 100 kg 15 m3 6.66 kg/m3
15 25.3 kg 12.25 m3 2.06 kg/m3

DO AND ENJOY !

S.No MASS (M) MASS (M) VOLUME (V) DENSITY (D)

1 150 g 0.15 kg 75 m3 0.002 kg/m3
2 400 g 0.4 kg 100 m3 0.004 kg/m3
3 100 g 0.1 kg 10 m3 0.01 kg/m3
4 200 g 0.2 kg 0.4 m3 0.5 kg/m3
5 560 g 0.56 kg 0.28 m3 2 kg/m3
6 825 g 0.825 kg 82.5 m3 0.01 kg/m3
7 5400 g 5.4 kg 54 m3 0.1 kg/m3
8 450 g 0.45 kg 2.25 m3 0.2 kg/m3
9 45 g 0.045 kg 225 m3 0.0002 kg/m3
10 755 g 0.755 kg 75.5 m3 0.01 kg/m3
11 1545 g 1.545 kg 1.35 m3 1.1444 kg/m3
12 2500 g 2.5 kg 0.21 m3 11.905 kg/m3
13 500 g 0.5 kg 25.5 m3 0.0196 kg/m3
14 1000 g 1 kg 5 m3 0.2 kg/m3
15 5000 g 5 kg 5 m3 1 kg/m3

18
 MEASURING LARGER DISTANCES 4. Neptune is 30 AU away from the Sun. Raju wants to
know the in metre. Can you help him.

1. Astronomical unit
1 AU = 149.6 × 106 km
2. Light year 1 AU = 1.496 × 1011 m
30 AU = 30 x 1.496 × 1011 m
= 4.48 x 1012 m.
1. Astronomical unit
One astronomical unit is defined as the 5. In terms of light year, Proxima Centauri is at 4.22
average distance between the earth light-years from Earth and the Solar System.
Express in kilometer.
and the sun.
1 AU = 149.6 million km 1Light year = 9.46 × 1015 m
= 149.6 × 106 km 1 Light year = 9.46 × 1012 km
= 1.496 × 1011 m. 4.22 Light year = 4.22 x 9.46 × 1012 km
= 3.99212 x 1013 km

2. Light year 6. The Earth is located about 25,000 light-years away

One light year is defined as the distance from the galactic centre. Can you express in
kilometer.
travelled by light in vacuum during
the period of one year. 1 Light year = 9.46 × 1012 km
1 Light year = 9.46 × 1015 m. 25000 Light years = 25000 x 9.46 × 1012 km
= 2.36500 x 1017 km

SHALL WE DO AND BE GREAT ! 7. How many metre in 1 million kilometer.

1 million km = 106 km
1. Calculate the total number of second in one year. 1 million km = 106 x 1000 m
Number of second in one day 1 million km = 109 m
= 24 x 60 x 60 = 86400
Number of second in one year 8. What is the average distance between the earth and
= 365 x 86400 the sun in km?
= 31536000 Average distance = 149.6 million kilometre.
= 3.1536 × 107 second 1 million km = 106 km
149.6 million km = 149.6 x 106 km
2. If light travels at a distance of 3 × 108 m in one = 1.496 x 108 km
second, find the distance travelled by light in one
year. 9. Calculate the speed of light in kmph.
Distance travelled by light in one second Speed of light = 3 x 108 m/s.
= 3 × 108 m = 3.6 x 3 x 108
Distance travelled by light in one year = 1.08 x 109 kmph
= 3 × 108 × 365 × 24 × 60 × 60
= 9.46 × 1015 m. 10. How much distance will light travel in one day.
(This distance is known as one light year.) Distance travelled by light in one second
= 3 × 108 m
3. 1 AU = 149.6 million km. Express this in metre. Distance travelled by light in one day
1 AU = 149.6 × 106 km = 24 × 60 × 60 × 3 × 108 m
1 AU = 149.6 × 106 × 1000 = 2.29200 × 1013 m.
= 1.496 × 108 × 103
= 1.496 × 1011 m.
19
 RADIAN & DEGREE 8. Convert 270º into radian.
π
We know that, 1º =
180
180 π 3π
1 radian = 270º = × 270 = radian
π 180 2

π radian = 180º 9. Convert

𝜋
into degree.
10
π We know that, π radian = 180º
1º =
180 𝜋 180
radian = = 18º
10 10
SHALL WE DO AND ENJOY !
10. Convert 360º into radian.
π
1. Convert 60º into radian. We know that, 1º =
π 180
We know that, 1º = π
180 360º = × 360
180
π 
60º = × 60 = radian = 2𝜋 radian
180 3

𝜋
2. Convert into degree.
4
PRESSURE, FORCE & AREA
We know that, π radian = 180º
π 180
radian = = 45º
4 4
Force
3. Convert 45º into radian. Pressure =
Area
π
We know that, 1º =
180
Force
45º =
π
× 45 =
𝜋
radian Area =
180 4 Pressure

4. Convert
𝜋
into degree. Force = Pressure x Area
2
We know that, π radian = 180º
Pressure can be defined as the amount
𝜋 180
radian = = 90º of force or thrust acting perpendicularly
2 2
on a surface of area of
one square meter of a body.
5. Convert 120º into radian.
π
We know that, 1º = Force F
180 Pressure = P=
Area A
π 2π
120º = × 120 = radian
180 3 The SI unit of pressure is pascal
1 Pascal = 1 Nm-2
6. Convert 180º into radian.
π
We know that, 1º = Pressure exerted by a force depends
180
π on the magnitude of the force
180º = × 180 = 𝜋 radian
180 and the area of contact.

7. Convert 𝜋 into degree.

1 m = 100 cm
We know that, π radian = 180º
1 m2 = 10000 cm2
𝜋 radian = 180º
1 m2 = 1000000 mm2

20
1. The average weight of an elephant is 4000 N. The 6. In an area of 40 m2, the pressure of 120 Pa is
surface area of the sole of its foot is 0.1 m2. produced. How much force was applied?
Calculate the pressure exerted by one foot of an Force = Pressure x Area
elephant. = 120 x 40
= 4800 N.
Average weight of the elephant = 4000 N
Weight of one leg = Force exerted by one leg 7. If a force of 48 N is applied over an area of 1.5 m2,
Calculate the applied pressure.
= 4000/4 = 1000N
Area of the sole of one foot = 0.1m2 Force
Pressure =
Area
Force
Pressure = 48
Area =
1.5
= 1000
0.1
= 32 Nm-2 = 32 Pa.

N 8. The average weight of a tiger is 700 N. The surface

= 10000 = 104 Nm-2
m2 area of the sole of its foot is 0.2 m2. Calculate the
Pressure exerted by one leg of the elephant is pressure exerted by one foot of the tiger.
10,000 newton on one square metre.
Average weight of the tiger = 700 N
2. A stone weighs 500 N. Calculate the pressure Weight of one leg = Force exerted by one leg
exerted by it, if it makes contact with a surface of = 700/4 = 175N
area 25 cm2. Area of the sole of one foot = 0.2 m2
Weight of a stone F = 500 N. Force
Pressure =
Area
Area A = 25 cm2 175
=
= 25 x 10-4 m2 0.2
N
(1 m2 = 10000 cm2) = 875 = 875 Nm-2
m2
Force
Pressure = Pressure exerted by one leg of the tiger is 875
Area
newton on one square metre.
500
= = 20 x 104 Nm-2
25x10-4 9. A rectangle slab of 5 m x 4 m weighs 400 N.
Calculate the pressure exerted by it, if it makes
3. If a force of 125 N is applied over an area of 12.5 m2 contact with a surface.
Calculate the pressure.
Force Weight of the slab, F = 400 N.
Pressure =
Area Area A = l x b = 5 x 4 = 20 m2
125
= = 10 Nm-2 = 10 Pa. Force
12.5 Pressure =
Area
400
4. The pressure of 500 N produced over the area of = = 20 Nm-2
20
6.25 m2. How much force was applied?
Force = Pressure x Area 10. Find the area if the pressure of 350 Nm-2 is produced
= 500 x 6.25 = 3125 N. when the force of 1400 N is applied?
Force
5. If a force of 25 N is applied over an area of 0.5 m 2, Area =
Pressure
Calculate the applied pressure. 1400
=
Force 350
Pressure =
Area = 4 m2
25
= = 50 Nm-2 = 50 Pa.
0.5
21
 II. FORCE & MOTION Positive acceleration :
If the velocity of an object increases with respect to time,
Speed : Speed is the rate of change of distance. then the object is said to be in positive acceleration.
Speed = Distance / Time
The unit of speed is metre/second (m/s). Negative acceleration (Deceleration or Retardation)
If the velocity of an object decreases with respect to
Uniform speed : If a body in motion covers equal time, then the object is said to be in negative
distances in equal intervals of time, then the body is acceleration or deceleration or retardation.
said to be in uniform speed.

Non- uniform speed

If a body covers unequal distances in equal intervals of Uniform acceleration
time, the body is said to be in non- uniform speed.
An object undergoes uniform acceleration when the
change (increase or decrease) in its velocity for every
Velocity
Velocity is the rate of change in displacement. unit of time is the same.

Velocity (v) = Displacement / Time The table given below shows the uniform acceleration
of a bus.
SI unit of velocity is metre / second (m/s).

Uniform velocity Time (s) 1 2 3 4 5

A body is said to have uniform velocity, if it covers equal Velocity
20+20 40+20 60+20 80+20 100+20
displacement at equal intervals of time in the same (m/s)
direction. e.g. Light travels through vacuum. (positive acceleration)
Velocity
100 – 20 80-20 60-20 40-20 20-20
Non-uniform velocity (m/s)
If either speed or direction changes, the velocity is non- (deceleration)
uniform.
e.g. A train starting and moving out of the station. When the velocity of the object is increasing by 20 m/s
the acceleration is 20 m/s2 . When the velocity of the
Average velocity object is decreasing by 20 m/s the deceleration is
If the total displacement of an object is divided by the 20 m/s2 .
total time taken by the object we get the average
velocity.

Total displacement Non – uniform acceleration

Average velocity = An object undergoes non–uniform acceleration if the
Total time taken
change in its velocity for every unit of time is not the
Acceleration same.
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. In other
words, if a body changes its speed or direction then it is Time (s) 0 1 2 3 4 5
said to be accelerated. Velocity (m/s) 0 10 40 60 70 50
Change in Velocity
0 10 30 20 10 20
Change in velocity (m/s)
Acceleration =
Time
Note here that the change in velocity is not the same
for every second. Thus, the moving object is
Final velocity (v) – Initial velocity (u) undergoing non-uniform acceleration.
=
Time
( v-u )
a=
t

SI unit of acceleration is m/s2

22
 VELOCITY, DISPLACEMENT & TIME Total displacement
Average velocity =
Total time taken
Displacement 0
Velocity = = = 0 m/s
Time 21
Displacement
Time = 5. A car at rest starts to travel in a straight line path. It
Velocity
Displacement = Velocity x Time reaches a velocity of 12 m/s in 4 s . What is its
acceleration, assuming that it accelerates
Shall we do and enjoy ! uniformly?

1. In the figure given below, a car travels 5 km due east

and makes a U – turn to travel another 7 km.If the
time taken for the whole journey is 0.2 h, calculate
the average velocity of the car. Initial velocity u = 0 m/s
(Since the car starts from rest)
Final velocity (v) = 12 m /s
Time taken (t) = 4 s
(v - u)
Average velocity = Total displacement/Time taken. Acceleration (a) =
t
(Taking the direction due east of point O as positive) (12 - 0)
Average velocity = (5 – 7) / 0.2 =
4
= – 2 / 0.2 = 3 ms-2
= – 10 km/h (or) – 10 × 5/18
= – 25/9 = – 0.28 m / s

2. Calculate the velocity of a car travelling with a

uniform velocity covering 100 m in 4 seconds.
Displacement
Velocity = 1 km/h = 5/18 m/s
Time
Displacement = 100 m Time = 4 s
100
1 km = 1000 m; 1 h = 3600 s
= = 25 ms-1 1 km / h = 1000 m / 3600 s = 5/ 18 m /s
4

3. Usain Bolt covers 100 m in 9.58 seconds. Calculate

his speed. If Usain Bolt competes with a Cheetah Know the speed
which is running at a speed of 30 m/s, who will be
the winner?
Displacement Tortoise - 0.1 m/s
Velocity =
Time Person walking - 1.4 m / s
100
Usain Bolt : Velocity = = 10.43 ms-1 Falling raindrop - 9-10 m / s
9.58
Cat running - 14 m/s
30
Cheetah : Velocity = = 30 ms-1 Cycling - 20-25 km/h
1
Cheetah will be the winner. Cheetah running - 31 m/s
4. You are walking along east direction covering a Bowling speed of
distance of 4 m, then 2 m towards south, then 4 m fast bowlers - 90 -100 miles/h
towards west and at last 2 m towards north. You
cover the total distance in 21 seconds. What is your Badminton smash - 80-90 m/s
average speed and average velocity? Passenger jet - 180 m/s
Total distance covered Rocket - 5200 m/s
Average speed =
Total time taken
4+2+4+2 12
= = = 0.57 m/s
21 21
23
1. Look at the figure. An athlete takes 25 s to complete (2) Car travelling at uniform speed of 10 ms-1
a 200 m sprint event. Find her speed and velocity.
Time (s) 0 1 2 3 4 5
Distance (m) 0 10 20 30 40 50

Distance 200
Speed = = = 8 m/s.
Time 25

Displacement 50
Velocity = = = 2 m/s.
Time 25

The graph has constant gradient. The distance

2. The velocity of a golf ball rolling in a straight line increases 10 m in every second. Thus, the car
changes from 8 m/s to 2 m/s in 10s.What is its moves with uniform speed.
deceleration assuming that it is decelerating
uniformly? (3) Car travelling at increasing speed

Time (s) 0 1 2 3 4 5
Distance (m) 0 5 20 45 80 125

Initial velocity (u) = 8 m/s

Final velocity (v) = 2 m/s
Time taken(t) = 10 s
( v-u ) ( 2-8 )
Acceleration (a) = = = ─ 0.6 m/s2
t 10

Deceleration = ─ 0.6 m/s2

The graph has an increasing gradient.
That is the speed increases.
Distance – Time Graphs
(4) Car travelling at decreasing speed
(1) Car at rest
Time (s) 0 1 2 3 4 5
Time (s) 0 1 2 3 4 5 Distance (m) 0 45 80 105 120 125
Distance (m) 20 20 20 20 20 20

The graph has zero gradient, i.e. the distance is The graph has a decreasing gradient.
constant for every second. Thus, the car is at rest. That is, the speed decreases.
24
 SPEED - TIME GRAPHS (4) Bus travelling uniform deceleration
Time (s) 0 1 2 3 4 5
(1) Bus at rest Speed (ms-1) 50 40 30 20 10 0

Time (s) 0 1 2 3 4 5
Speed (ms-1) 0 0 0 0 0 0

The speed of the bus decreases by 10 ms -1 in every

second. Hence, the graph has a negative and constant
The speed of the bus remains at 0 ms -1. gradient and the acceleration is negative and constant.
So, the bus has zero acceleration.
(5) Bus travelling with increasing acceleration
(2) Bus travelling at uniform speed of ms -1 (Non-uniform acceleration)
Time (s) 0 1 2 3 4 5
Time (s) 0 1 2 3 4 5
Speed (ms-1) 10 10 10 10 10 10
Speed (ms-1) 0 2 8 18 32 50

The speed of the bus remains at 10 ms -1. Here, slope The speed of the bus is increasing with time. Hence, the
of the line is zero. So, the bus has zero acceleration. graph has a positive and increasing gradient and the
acceleration increases.
(3) Bus travelling uniform acceleration
(6) Bus travelling with decreasing acceleration
Time (s) 0 1 2 3 4 5 ( non-uniform acceleration)
Speed (ms-1) 0 10 20 30 40 50
Time (s) 0 1 2 3 4 5
Speed (ms-1) 0 18 32 42 48 50

The speed of the bus increases by 10 ms-1 in every

second. Hence, the graph has a positive and constant
gradient and the acceleration is constant.
The speed is decreasing with time. Hence, the graph has
a positive and decreasing gradient and the acceleration
decreases.

25
 1.From which graph do you know that the object is at rest?
(1) (2)

(3) (4)

2. Select the graph which shows that the object is at uniform speed?
(1) (2)

(3) (4)

26
3. Find the graph which denotes that the object is at constant acceleration.
(1) (2)

(3) (4)

4. Which graph shows that the object is at zero acceleration?

(1) (2)

(3) (4)

27
 III. HEAT 7. 0ºC = _____ K (273)
8. -20ºC = _____ K (253)
When the heat capacity of a
substance is expressed for unit mass, 9. 100K = _____ ºC (-173)
it is called specific heat capacity.
10. 272.15K = ___ºC (-1)
Specific heat capacity of a substance is
defined as the amount of heat energy 11. The temperature of a metal ball is 30ºC. When an
required to raise the temperature of energy of 3000 J is supplied, its temperature raises
1 kilogram of a substance by 1º C or 1 K. by 40ºC. Calculate its heat capacity.
It is denoted by the symbol C. Q
Heat capacity, C =
∆T
Specific heat capacity Here, Q = 3000 J
Amount of heat energy required (Q)
= ∆ T = 40ºC – 30ºC = 10ºC or 10 K
Mass x Raise in temperature (∆T)
Q 3000
= =
m x ∆T 10
= 300 JK-1
The SI unit of specific heat capacity The heat capacity of the metal ball is 300 JK-1.
is J kg-1 K-1.
12. The energy required to raise the temperature of an
Shall we do and sparkle !
iron ball by 1 K is 500 JK-1. Calculate the amount of
energy required to raise its temperature by 20 K.
1. How much will the temperature of 68ºF be in Celsius
Q
and Kelvin? Heat capacity C =
∆T
Temperature in Fahrenheit = F = 68ºF Q =Cx∆T
Temperature in Celsius = C = ? Here C = 500 JK-1
Temperature in Kelvin = K = ? ∆ T = 20 K
(F - 32) C Q = 500 × 20 = 10000 J.
=
9 5 The amount of heat energy required is 10000 J.
(68 - 32) C
=
9 5 13. An energy of 84000 J is required to raise the
36 C
= temperature of 2 kg of water from 60º C to 70ºC.
9 5
Calculate the specific heat capacity of water.
C = 4 x 5 = 20 ºC
Q
K = C + 273.15 = 20 + 273.15 = 293.15 Specific heat capacity, C =
m x ∆T
Thus, the temperature in Celsius = 20ºC Here, Q = 84000 J
and in Kelvin = 293.15. m = 2 kg
∆T = 70º C – 60º C = 10º C or 10 K
2. At what temperature will its value be same in Celsius C = 84000 / 2 × 10 = 4200 J kg-1 K-1
and in Fahrenheit? The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 Jkg-1K-1.
Temperature in C = Temperature in F i.e. F = C.
(F - 32) C 14. The specific heat capacity of a metal is 160Jkg-1K1.
=
9 5 Calculate the amount of heat energy required to
(C – 32) × 5 = C × 9 raise the temperature of 500 gram of the metal from
5C – 160 = 9 C 4C = -160 125º C to 325º C.
C = F = - 40 Q
The temperatures in Celsius and in Fahrenheit Specific heat capacity C =
m x ∆T
will be same at -40. Q=C×m×∆T
Fill in the blanks: Here, C = 160 J kg K-1 m = 500 g = 0.5 kg
3. 45ºC = _____ ºF (113) ∆ T = 325º C – 125º C = 200º C or 200 K
4. 20ºC = _____ ºF (68) = 160 × 0.5 × 200 = 16000 J.
The amount of heat energy required is 16000 J.
5. 68ºF = _____ ºC (20)
6. 185ºF = _____ ºC (85) 28
15.An iron ball requires 1000 J of heat to raise its 20.A liquid requires 6000 J of heat to raise its
temperature 20º C. Calculate the heat capacity of temperature by 30º C. Calculate the heat capacity of
the ball. the liquid.
Heat capacity C = Q / ∆ T Heat capacity C = Q / ∆ T
Here, Q = 3000 J Here, Q = 6000 J
∆ T = 40ºC – 30ºC = 10ºC or 10 K ∆ T = 30ºC = 30 K
C = 3000 / 10 = 300 JK-1 C = 6000 / 30 = 200 JK-1
The heat capacity of the metal ball is 300 JK-1.

16.A vessel of mass 20Kg requires 80000 J of heat to

raise its temperature of 100 C. Find its specific heat IV. ELECTRICITY
capacity.
Q I=q/t
Specific heat capacity, C =
m x ∆T Where I  current (in Ampere – A)
Here, Q = 80000 J m = 2 kg q  charge (in coulomb – c)
∆ T = 10º C or 10 K t  time taken (in seconds – s)
C = 80000 / 20 × 10 = 400 J kg-1 K-1
The specific heat capacity of water is 400Jkg-1K-1 Flow of electric charges,
in a particular direction
17.An energy of 50000 J is required to raise the is known as ‘electric current’.
temperature of 4 kg of a liquid from 50º C to 75ºC.
Calculate the specific heat capacity of the liquid. Amount of electric charge
Q Electric current =
Specific heat capacity, C = time
m x ∆T Q
Here, Q = 50000 J m = 4 kg I=
t
∆ T = 75º C – 50º C Electric charge is measured in coulomb.
= 25º C or 25 K The SI unit of electric current is ampere
C = 50000 / 4 × 25 and it is denoted as A.
= 500 J kg-1 K-1 If one coulomb of charge is flowing
The specific heat capacity of the liquid through a conductor in one second,
= 500 Jkg-1K-1. then, the amount of current flowing
18. The temperature of a metal rod is 40ºC. When an is said to be one ampere.
energy of 6000 J is supplied, its temperature raises Ammeter is the device used to
by 55ºC. Calculate it heat capacity. measure ‘electric current’.
Heat capacity C = Q / ∆ T
Here, Q = 6000 J Shall we do and be bright !
∆ T = 55ºC – 40ºC = 15ºC or 15 K
C = 6000 / 15 = 400 JK-1 1. If 30 coulomb of electric charge flows through a wire
The heat capacity of the metal rod is 400 JK-1. in two minutes, calculate the current in the wire?
Charge (q) = 30 coulomb
19. The energy required to raise the temperature of an Time (t) = 2 min × 60s = 120 s
iron box by 1 K is 1500 JK-1. Calculate the amount Current I = q / t = 30 / 120 = 0.25A
of energy required to raise its temperature by 25 K.
Q 2. If 2 coulomb of charge flows through a circuit for 10
Heat capacity C = Q=Cx∆T
∆T seconds, calculate the current.
Here C = 500 JK-1 Charge (Q) = 2 C; Time (t) = 10 s
∆ T = 20 K Q
Q = 1500 × 25 = 37500 J. I=
t
The amount of heat energy required is 37500 J. =
2
= 0.2 A
10
29
3. If 0.002A current flows through a circuit, the convert V. LIGHT
the current in terms of micro ampere?
Terms used in reflection of light
Current flows through the circuit = 0.002 A
1 A = 106 μA
0.002 A = 0.002 × 106 μA
= 2 × 10 -3 × 106 μA = 2 × 103 μA
0.002A = 2000 μA

4. If 50 coulomb of electric charge flows through a wire

in 5 minutes, calculate the current in the wire? Angle of incidence: The angle formed between
the incident ray PO and the normal ON
Charge (q) = 50 coulomb
is angle of incidence.
Time (t) = 5 min × 60s = 300 s
Q 50 Angle of reflection: The angle formed between
Current I = = = 0.16 A
t 300 the reflected ray OQ and the normal ON
is angle of reflection.
5. If 0.004A current flows through a circuit, then
convert the current in terms of micro ampere? Laws of reflection
1 A = 106 μA 1.The angle of incidence is always equal
0.004 A = 0.004 × 106 μA to the angle of reflection. i = r
= 4 × 10-3 × 106 μA = 24 × 103 μA 2.The incident ray, the reflected ray and the
0.004A = 4000 μA normal at the point of incidence
lie on the same plane.
6. If 7 coulomb of charge flows through a circuit for 35
Terms related to Spherical mirrors
seconds, calculate the current.
Charge (Q) = 7 C; Time (t) = 35 s
Q
I= = 7/35 = 0.2 A
t

7. 60 coulomb of electric charge flows through a wire

in 4 minutes, calculate the current in the wire?
Charge(q) = 60 coulomb Time(t) = 4×60 = 240s
Q
Current I = = 60C/240s = 0.25A Pole
t It is the geometric centre of the spherical
mirror (P).
8. If 0.007A current flows through a circuit, then
convert the current in terms of micro ampere? Radius of Curvature
Current = 0.007 A It is the distance between the center of
1 A = 106 μA the sphere and the vertex.
0.007 A = 0.007 × 106 μ A
= 7 × 10-3 × 106  A = 7 × 103 μA Principal Axis
The line joining the pole of the mirror and
0.007 A = 7000 μA
its center of curvature is called principal axis.
9. If 0.2 A current flows through a circuit with 2 Focus
coulomb of charge, find the timing for this action. When a beam of light is incident on a spherical
Current = 0.2 A Charge(Q) = 2 C; Time(t) = ? mirror, the reflected rays converge (concave
Q 2 mirror) at or appear to diverge from (convex
t= = = 10 s mirror) a point on the principal axis. This point
I 0.2
is called the ‘focus’ or ‘principal focus’ (F).
10. If 10 coulomb of charge flows through a circuit for
25 seconds, calculate the current. Focal length
The distance between the pole and
Charge (Q) = 10 C; Time (t) = 25 s
the principal focus is called
Q 10
I = = = 0.4 A focal length (f) of a spherical mirror.
t 25
Radius of curvature
Focal length =
2 30
 Shall we do and enjoy !
Refractive Index
1. The radius of curvature of a spherical mirror is
The amount of refraction of light in a medium 20 cm. Find its focal length.
is denoted by a term known as refractive Radius of curvature = 20 cm
index ( absolute refractive index ‘µ’ ) Radius of curvature 20
of the medium, which is the ratio of Focal length = = = 10 cm
the speed of light in the air to the speed 2 2
of light in that particular medium.
2. Focal length of a spherical mirror is 7 cm. What is its
Speed of light in air (c) radius of curvature?
𝜇=
Speed of light in the medium (v) Radius of curvature (R) = 2 × Focal length
= 2 × 7 = 14 cm
Refractive index is a ratio of two similar
quantities (speed) and so, it has no unit. 3. If two plane mirrors are inclined to each other at an
angle of 90º, find the number of images formed.
Since, the speed of light in any medium is Angle of inclination = 90º
less than its speed in air, refractive index 0
360
of any transparent medium is always Number of images formed = –1
greater than 1. θ
0
360
0 = –1=4–1=3
360 90
Number of images formed =
θ
– 1
4. The radius of curvature of a spherical mirror is 25
cm. Find its focal length.
Radius of curvature
The refractive index of one Focal length=
medium with respect to another 2
25
medium is given by the ratio of = = 12.5 cm
2
their absolute refractive indices.
5. Speed of light in air 3 × 108 m s-1 and the speed of
Absoute refractive index light in a medium is 2 × 108 ms-1. Find the refractive
of the second medium
1µ2 = Absoute refractive index index of the medium with respect to air.
of the first medium
Speed of light in air (c)
c Refractive index 𝜇 =
V2 V1 Speed of light in the medium (v)
1µ2 = c = 3 x 108
V2 𝜇= = 1.5
V1
2 x 108
The refractive index of one 6. Refractive index of water is 4/3 and the refractive
medium with respect to another index of glass is 3/2. Find the refractive index of
medium is also given by the ratio glass with respect to the refractive index of water.
of the speed of light in the first 3
medium to its speed in the second Refractive index of glass 2 9
medium. w𝜇g= = = = 1.125
Refractive index of water 4 8
3
Refractive indices
of some common substances 7. If two plane mirrors are inclined to each other at an
angle of 45º, find the number of images formed.
Substances Refractive index
0
Air 1.0 360
Water 1.33 Number of images formed = –1
θ
Ether 1.36 360
0
Kerosene 1.41 45
–1
= 8–1=7
Ordinary Glass 1.5 The number of images formed = 7.
Quartz 1.56
Diamond 2.41 31
8. Speed of light in air is 3 × 108 m s-1 and the refractive c) Find the angle between the incident and the
index of a medium is 1.5. Find the speed of light in reflected ray.
the medium. d) Find the angle between the reflected ray and the
Speed of light in air (c)
Refractive index (𝜇) = plane surface.
Speed of light in the medium (v)
3 x 108
1. 5 = = 1.5 x m = 3 × 108 a) Angle of incident: i = 90 – 43 = 47º
m
3 x 108
m= = 2 × 108 b) Angle of reflection r = i = 47º
1.5

9. Find the radius of curvature of a spherical mirror if c) Angle between the incident and the reflected ray
its focal length is 25.25 cm. i + r = 47 + 47 = 94º
Radius of curvature = Focal length x 2
= 25.25 x 2 = 50.5 cm d) Angle between the reflected ray and the plane
surface
10. Speed of light in air 3 × 108 m s-1 and the speed of
x = 90 – r
light in a medium is 1 × 108 ms-1. Find the refractive
index of the medium with respect to air. = 90 – 47 = 43º

Speed of light in air (c)

Refractive index µ =
Speed of light in the medium (v)

3 x 108
= =3
1 x 108 VI. SOUND

Wavelength is the distance between

1. In the figure, the incident ray makes 27º with the
two consecutive particles, which are
normal, then find the angle of reflection.
in the same phase of vibration.
It is denoted by the Greek letter ‘  ’.
The unit of wavelength is metre (m).

Frequency is the number of vibration

of a particle in the medium,
in one second. It is denoted by ‘n’.
The unit of frequency is hertz (Hz).
Angle of incident = 27º
According to the laws of reflection,
the angle of reflection = Angle of incident = 27º
Speed of sound in different medium at 25º C.
2. A light ray strikes a reflective plane surface at an
angle of 43º with the plane surface.
State Substance Speed (ms-1)
Aluminum 6420
Solids Steel 5960
Iron 5950
Sea Water 1530
Liquid
Distilled Water 1498
Hydrogen 1284
Gases
a) Find the angle of incidence. Oxygen 316
b) Find the angle of reflection.

32
1. A sound has a frequency of 50 Hz and a wavelength
of 10 m. What is the speed of the sound? 6. Find the speed of a sound which has a frequency of
Given, n = 50 Hz, λ = 10 m 100 Hz and a wavelength of 20 m.
v =nλ n = 100 Hz,
v = 50 × 10 𝜆 = 20 m
v = 500 ms-1 v=nλ
v = 100 × 20
2. A sound has a frequency of 5 Hz and a speed of v = 2000 ms-1
25 ms-1. What is the wavelength of the sound?
Given, n = 5 Hz, v = 25 ms-1 7. A sound has a frequency of 5 Hz and a speed of
v =nλ 25 ms-1. What is the wavelength of the sound?
λ = v/n n = 5 Hz,
= 25/5 = 5 m v = 25 ms-1
v = n
3. Ruthvik and Ruha hear a gunshot 2 second after it v
λ=
is fired. How far away from the gun they are n
25
standing? λ= =5m
5
(Speed of sound in air is equal to 330ms-1)
Time t = 2s
8. A sound wave travels 5000 m in 20 s. What is the
Speed of sound = 330 m/s
velocity of the sound?
Distance = time x speed
Displacement = 5000 m
2 x 330 = 660 m
Time = 20 s

4. A sound wave travels 2000 m in 8 s. What is the Displacement

velocity of the sound? Velocity =
Time
Displacement = 2000 m
Time = 8 s 5000
= = 250 ms-1
Displacement 20
Velocity =
Time
2000
= 9. A wave with a frequency of 5200 Hz is travelling at
8
= 250 ms-1 a speed of 260 ms-1. What is the wavelength?
Given, n = 5200 Hz, v = 260 ms-1,  = ?
5. A wave with a frequency of 500 Hz is travelling at a v = n
v
speed of 200 ms-1. What is the wavelength? λ=
n
5200
Given, n = 500 Hz, v = 200 ms-1, λ = ? λ=
260
v = n = 20 m
v
λ = n 10. A sound has a frequency of 150 Hz and a wavelength
of 12 m. What is the speed of the sound?
500
λ = 200
n = 150 Hz,  = 12 m
v=nλ
= 2.5 m v = 150 × 12
v = 1800 ms-1
33
 KEY FOR TABLES

TABLE 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0.1 0.287 1 0.101 0.054 75 12000 500 0.7 2.5
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
0.0000051 0.0000278 0.00152 0.00008 0.000022 0.002001 0.002024 87 0.04 700
21 22 23 24 25
20 34.5 0.009 0.0012 0.0000352

FOR TABLE 2 - 8

S.No 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1. 2.1 12 5000 7.5 0.15 0.25 3000000
2. 1 5 200 45.2 0.000008 0.000087 2200000
3. 2.12 250 10 154.2 0.0025 0.045 3010000
4. 4.5 87 2 5 0.0000455 0.00002551 1000000
5. 40 5000 20.4 500 1 0.7 50000000
6. 50.5 124 1.2 478.5 124.5 4 200000
7. 1.21 257.5 3.2 2.15 847.5 0.08 520000
8. 200 0.52 578 845.02 54.1 0.00244 105000
9. 50000 2 20000 3000 500 3 125000
10. 740 24 0.055 200 652.12 0.0252 1750
11. 2545 7.452 0.0000505 0.002 0.04578 0.852 1500
12. 200000 200 0.2 0.03223 2.2 110 2050
13. 1525 24.5 2 75.005 0.00002336 5500 3.2
14. 57 258.741 0.012345 45.678 0.0000585 0.0562 1.01
15. 2025 50.001 0.400005 2.024 0.2024 2024 1.10

FOR TABLE 9 - 15

S.No 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1. 2000 5000 7000000 200 700000 1000 2000000
2. 1400 25000 5200000 280 520000 1200 3001000
3. 500 3210 17000000 7100 9400000 12500 9500000
4. 10 5 250000 52 24000 620 42000000
5. 2500000 500000 500000 15.2 25100 425 526000
6. 230000 24250 1270000 212 432000 5700 12300
7. 2 8002 21000000 5000 8000000 90000 10000
8. 105000 15250 102000000 3.2 5.2 100000 730000
9. 125000 25 0.77 0.44 0.88 0.99 84000
10. 223000 40 0.256 0.562 0.245 0.625 9250
11. 0.02 23.1 54.2 74.8 54.9 87.5 0.02
12. 830000 78 0.0001 0.0002 0.0005 0.0002 4500
13. 32320 98.23 58 94 847 897 5.55
14. 0.025 24.05 9.2 8.9 9.8 8.7 5.05
15. 125000 1.1 8.79 7.24 20.24 2.024 0.0001
34