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 images as two-dimensional arrays of pixel values. This extra coverage
will be particularly helpful for students taking an AP/CS A course
because of the heavy emphasis on two-dimensional arrays on the AP
exam.

Expanded self-checks and programming exercises. Many chapters have

received new self-check problems and programming exercises. There
are roughly fifty total problems and exercises per chapter, all of which
have been class-tested with real students and have solutions provided for
instructors on our web site.

Since the publication of our third edition, Java 8 has been released. This new
version supports a style of programming known as functional programming
that is gaining in popularity because of its ability to simply express complex
algorithms that are more easily executed in parallel on machines with
multiple processors. ACM and IEEE have released new guidelines for
undergraduate computer science curricula, including a strong
recommendation to cover functional programming concepts.

We have added a new Chapter 19 that covers most of the functional concepts
from the new curriculum guidelines. The focus is on concepts, not on
language features. As a result, it provides an introduction to several new Java
8 constructs but not a comprehensive coverage of all new language features.
This provides flexibility to instructors since functional programming features
can be covered as an advanced independent topic, incorporated along the
way, or skipped entirely. Instructors can choose to start covering functional
constructs along with traditional constructs as early as Chapter 6. See the
dependency chart at the end of this section.

The following features have been retained from previous editions:

Focus on problem solving. Many textbooks focus on language details

when they introduce new constructs. We focus instead on problem
solving. What new problems can be solved with each construct? What
pitfalls are novices likely to encounter along the way? What are the most
common ways to use a new construct?

Emphasis on algorithmic thinking. Our procedural approach allows us to

 emphasize algorithmic problem solving: breaking a large problem into
smaller problems, using pseudocode to refine an algorithm, and
grappling with the challenge of expressing a large program
algorithmically.

Layered approach. Programming in Java involves many concepts that

are difficult to learn all at once. Teaching Java to a novice is like trying
to build a house of cards. Each new card has to be placed carefully. If
the process is rushed and you try to place too many cards at once, the
entire structure collapses. We teach new concepts gradually, layer by
layer, allowing students to expand their understanding at a manageable
pace.

Case studies. We end most chapters with a significant case study that
shows students how to develop a complex program in stages and how to
test it as it is being developed. This structure allows us to demonstrate
each new programming construct in a rich context that can't be achieved
with short code examples. Several of the case studies were expanded
and improved in the second edition.

Utility as a CS1+CS2 textbook. In recent editions, we added chapters

that extend the coverage of the book to cover all of the topics from our
second course in computer science, making the book usable for a two-
course sequence. Chapters 12–19 explore recursion, searching and
sorting, stacks and queues, collection implementation, linked lists,
binary trees, hash tables, heaps, and more. Chapter 12 also received a
section on recursive backtracking, a powerful technique for exploring a
set of possibilities for solving problems such as 8 Queens and Sudoku.

Layers and Dependencies

Many introductory computer science books are language-oriented, but the
early chapters of our book are layered. For example, Java has many control
structures (including for-loops, while-loops, and if/else-statements), and
many books include all of these control structures in a single chapter. While
that might make sense to someone who already knows how to program, it can
be overwhelming for a novice who is learning how to program. We find that
it is much more effective to spread these control structures into different
chapters so that students learn one structure at a time rather than trying to
learn them all at once.

The following table shows how the layered approach works in the first six
chapters:

Control Programming
Chapter Data Input/Output
Flow Techniques
procedural
1 methods String literals println, print
decomposition
definite variables, local variables, class
2 loops expressions, constants,
(for) int, double pseudocode
console input, 2D
return
3 using objects parameters graphics
values
(optional)
conditional char pre/post conditions, printf
4
(if/else) throwing exceptions
indefinite
assertions, robust
5 loops boolean
programs
(while)
token/line-based file
6 Scanner file I/O
processing

Chapters 1–6 are designed to be worked through in order, with greater

flexibility of study then beginning in Chapter 7. Chapter 6 may be skipped,
although the case study in Chapter 7 involves reading from a file, a topic that
is covered in Chapter 6.

The following is a dependency chart for the book:

Supplements
http://www.buildingjavaprograms.com/

Answers to all self-check problems appear on our web site and are accessible
to anyone. Our web site has the following additional resources for students:

Online-only supplemental chapters, such as a chapter on creating

Graphical User Interfaces

Source code and data files for all case studies and other complete
program examples

The DrawingPanel class used in the optional graphics Supplement 3G

Our web site has the following additional resources for teachers:

PowerPoint slides suitable for lectures

Solutions to exercises and programming projects, along with homework

specification documents for many projects

Sample exams and solution keys

Additional lab exercises and programming exercises with solution keys

Closed lab creation tools to produce lab handouts with the instructor's
choice of problems integrated with the textbook

To access protected instructor resources, contact us at

[email protected]. The same materials are also available at
http://www.pearsonhighered.com/cs-resources. To receive a password for this
site or to ask other questions related to resources, contact your Pearson sales
representative.

MyProgrammingLab
MyProgrammingLab is an online practice and assessment tool that helps
students fully grasp the logic, semantics, and syntax of programming.
Through practice exercises and immediate, personalized feedback,
MyProgrammingLab improves the programming competence of beginning
students who often struggle with basic concepts and paradigms of popular
high-level programming languages. A self-study and homework tool, the
MyProgrammingLab course consists of hundreds of small practice exercises
organized around the structure of this textbook. For students, the system
automatically detects errors in the logic and syntax of code submissions and
offers targeted hints that enable students to figure out what went wrong, and
why. For instructors, a comprehensive grade book tracks correct and
incorrect answers and stores the code inputted by students for review.

For a full demonstration, to see feedback from instructors and students, or to

adopt MyProgrammingLab for your course, visit the following web site:
http://www.myprogramminglab.com/

VideoNotes

We have recorded a series of instructional videos to accompany the textbook.

They are available at the following web site: www.pearsonhighered.com/cs-
resources

Roughly 3–4 videos are posted for each chapter. An icon in the margin of the
page indicates when a VideoNote is available for a given topic. In each video,
we spend 5–15 minutes walking through a particular concept or problem,
talking about the challenges and methods necessary to solve it. These videos
make a good supplement to the instruction given in lecture classes and in the
textbook. Your new copy of the textbook has an access code that will allow
you to view the videos.
Acknowledgments
First, we would like to thank the many colleagues, students, and teaching
assistants who have used and commented on early drafts of this text. We
could not have written this book without their input. Special thanks go to
Hélène Martin, who pored over early versions of our first edition chapters to
find errors and to identify rough patches that needed work. We would also
like to thank instructor Benson Limketkai for spending many hours
performing a technical proofread of the second edition.

Second, we would like to thank the talented pool of reviewers who guided us
in the process of creating this textbook:

Greg Anderson, Weber State University

Delroy A. Brinkerhoff, Weber State University

Ed Brunjes, Miramar Community College

Tom Capaul, Eastern Washington University

Tom Cortina, Carnegie Mellon University

Charles Dierbach, Towson University

H.E. Dunsmore, Purdue University

Michael Eckmann, Skidmore College

Mary Anne Egan, Siena College

Leonard J. Garrett, Temple University

Ahmad Ghafarian, North Georgia College & State University

Raj Gill, Anne Arundel Community College

Michael Hostetler, Park University

David Hovemeyer, York College of Pennsylvania

Chenglie Hu, Carroll College

Philip Isenhour, Virginia Polytechnic Institute

Andree Jacobson, University of New Mexico

David C. Kamper, Sr., Northeastern Illinois University

Simon G.M. Koo, University of San Diego

Evan Korth, New York University

Joan Krone, Denison University

John H.E.F. Lasseter, Fairfield University

Eric Matson, Wright State University

Kathryn S. McKinley, University of Texas, Austin

Jerry Mead, Bucknell University

George Medelinskas, Northern Essex Community College

John Neitzke, Truman State University

Dale E. Parson, Kutztown University

Richard E. Pattis, Carnegie Mellon University

Frederick Pratter, Eastern Oregon University

Roger Priebe, University of Texas, Austin

Dehu Qi, Lamar University

John Rager, Amherst College

Amala V.S. Rajan, Middlesex University

Craig Reinhart, California Lutheran University

Mike Scott, University of Texas, Austin

Alexa Sharp, Oberlin College

Tom Stokke, University of North Dakota

Leigh Ann Sudol, Fox Lane High School

Ronald F. Taylor, Wright State University

Andy Ray Terrel, University of Chicago

Scott Thede, DePauw University

Megan Thomas, California State University, Stanislaus

Dwight Tuinstra, SUNY Potsdam

Jeannie Turner, Sayre School

Tammy VanDeGrift, University of Portland

Thomas John VanDrunen, Wheaton College

Neal R. Wagner, University of Texas, San Antonio

Jiangping Wang, Webster University

Yang Wang, Missouri State University

Stephen Weiss, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Laurie Werner, Miami University

 Dianna Xu, Bryn Mawr College

Carol Zander, University of Washington, Bothell

Finally, we would like to thank the great staff at Pearson who helped produce
the book. Michelle Brown, Jeff Holcomb, Maurene Goo, Patty Mahtani,
Nancy Kotary, and Kathleen Kenny did great work preparing the first edition.
Our copy editors and the staff of Aptara Corp, including Heather Sisan, Brian
Baker, Brendan Short, and Rachel Head, caught many errors and improved
the quality of the writing. Marilyn Lloyd and Chelsea Bell served well as
project manager and editorial assistant respectively on prior editions. For
their help with the third edition we would like to thank Kayla Smith-Tarbox,
Production Project Manager, and Jenah Blitz-Stoehr, Computer Science
Editorial Assistant. Mohinder Singh and the staff at Aptara, Inc., were also
very helpful in the final production of the third edition. For their great work
on production of the fourth edition, we thank Louise Capulli and the staff of
Lakeside Editorial Services, along with Carole Snyder at Pearson. Special
thanks go to our lead editor at Pearson, Matt Goldstein, who has believed in
the concept of our book from day one. We couldn't have finished this job
without all of their hard work and support.

Stuart Reges

Marty Stepp
Break through
To Improving results

MyProgammingLab™
Through the power of practice and immediate personalized feedback,
MyProgrammingLab helps improve your students' performance.

Programming Practice
With MyProgrammingLab, your students will gain firs-hand programming
experience in an interactive online environment.

Immediate, Personalized Feedback

MyProgrammingLab automatically detects errors in the logic and syntax of
their code submission and offers targeted hints that enables students to figure
out what went wrong and why.

Graduated Complexity
MyProgrammingLab breaks down programming concepts into short,
understandable sequences of exercises. Within each sequence the level and
sophistication of the exercises increase gradually but steadily.
Dynamic Roster
Students' submissions are stored in a roster that indicates whether the
submission is correct, how many attempts were made, and the actual code
submissions from each attempt.

Pearson eText
The Pearson eText gives students access to their textbook anytime, anywhere

Step-By-Step Videonote Tutorials

These step-by-step video tutorials enhance the programming concepts
presented in select Pearson textbooks.
For more information and titles available with MyProgrammingLab, please
visit www.myprogramminglab.com.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights

reserved. HELO88173 · 11/15

LOCATION OF VIDEO NOTES IN THE TEXT

www.pearsonhighered.com/cs-resources

Chapter 1 Pages 31, 40

Chapter 2 Pages 65, 74, 89, 97, 110
Chapter 3 Pages 141, 156, 161, 167
Chapter 3G Pages 197, 215
Chapter 4 Pages 243, 251, 278
Chapter 5 Pages 324, 327, 329, 333, 356
Chapter 6 Pages 396, 409, 423
Chapter 7 Pages 458, 465, 484, 505
Chapter 8 Pages 535, 547, 555, 568
Chapter 9 Pages 597, 610, 626
Chapter 10 Pages 672, 677, 686
Chapter 11 Pages 716, 729, 737
Chapter 12 Pages 764, 772, 809
Chapter 13 Pages 834, 837, 843
Chapter 14 Pages 889, 896
Chapter 15 Pages 930, 936, 940
Chapter 16 Pages 972, 979, 992
Chapter 17 Pages 1037, 1038, 1048
Chapter 18 Pages 1073, 1092
Brief Contents
1. Chapter 1 Introduction to Java Programming 1

2. Chapter 2 Primitive Data and Definite Loops 63

3. Chapter 3 Introduction to Parameters and Objects 137

4. Supplement 3G Graphics (Optional) 196

5. Chapter 4 Conditional Execution 238

6. Chapter 5 Program Logic and Indefinite Loops 315

7. Chapter 6 File Processing 387

8. Chapter 7 Arrays 443

9. Chapter 8 Classes 530

10. Chapter 9 Inheritance and Interfaces 587

11. Chapter 10 ArrayLists 662

12. Chapter 11 Java Collections Framework 715

13. Chapter 12 Recursion 754

14. Chapter 13 Searching and Sorting 832

15. Chapter 14 Stacks and Queues 884

16. Chapter 15 Implementing a Collection Class 922

17. Chapter 16 Linked Lists 965

18. Chapter 17 Binary Trees 1017

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*Lee, E., Lieut. Bn. M.G.O. (April–July, 1915). Killed in action near Ypres,
10.7.15.
Loudoun, H. A., Sec.-Lieut. Joined, 8.2.18. Wounded at Bailleul, 13.4.18.
Rejoined, 24.5.18. Bn. Signalling Officer (June, 1918–February, 1919).
Transferred to 13th Bn. D. of W. Regt., 26.2.19. Lieut., 28.9.18. A/Capt.,
6.2.19.
Lumb, J. W., Sec.-Lieut. Joined, 2.11.17. Wounded near Bailleul, 14.4.18.
Rejoined, 27.4.18. Wounded near Villers-en-Cauchies, 18.10.18. Died of
wounds, 30.10.18.
Luty, A.M., Sec.-Lieut. Joined, 8.1.17. O.C. C Coy. (December, 1917–April,
1918). Wounded near Bailleul, 14.4.18.
Lieut., 25.4.18. A/Capt., 20.3.18.
Machin, B. M., Lieut. Joined, 29.1.18. Wounded near Bailleul, 12.4.18.
Mackie, W. G., Lieut. Joined, 8.2.18. Wounded near Kemmel, 26.4.18.
Mackintosh, J. D. V., Sec.-Lieut. Joined, 28.5.16. Transferred to 2nd Bn. D. of
W. Regt., 23.10.16.
Maley, F., Sec.-Lieut. Joined, 30.4.18. Killed in action near Villers-en-
Cauchies, 14.10.18.
Mallalieu, A. H. W., Sec.-Lieut. Joined, 30.8.18. Wounded near Villers-en-
Cauchies, 18.10.18.
Mander, A. E., Sec.-Lieut. Joined, 28.12.15. Wounded near Thiepval, 11.7.16.
Rejoined, 8.8.16. Bn. T.O. (September–November, 1916). O.C. A Coy.
(June–October, 1917). Killed in action on Belle Vue Spur, 9.10.17.
Lieut., 1.6.16. A/Capt., 10.7.17.
Mander, P. G., Sec.-Lieut. Joined, 8.11.15. To hospital sick, 12.12.15.
Rejoined, 16.6.16. Wounded near Thiepval, 17.8.16.
Marsden, H. M., Sec.-Lieut. Joined, 29.4.18. Killed in action near Roeux,
11.10.18.
*Marshall, E. N., Lieut. Wounded (at duty) near Ypres, 16.10.15. O.C. A Coy.
(October–December, 1915). Wounded (gas) near Ypres, 19.12.15.
Rejoined, 14.8.16. O.C. C Coy. (August, 1916–December, 1917).
Appointed Chief Instructor XXII. Corps Lewis Gun School, 15.12.17.
T/Capt., 20.11.15. Capt., 1.6.16.
*McGuire, G. P., Sec.-Lieut. Adjt. (August, 1915–February, 1916). Attached
147th Inf. Bde. H.Q., 9.2.16. Returned to duty, 2.8.17. Attached Second
Army H.Q., 19.11.17.
T/Lieut., 18.12.15. Lieut., 1.6.16. Capt., 12.9.17.
Mee, E. C., Sec.-Lieut. Joined, 28.12.15. Killed in action N. of Thiepval,
3.9.16.
Mellor, N., Sec.-Lieut. Joined, 28.5.16. Transferred to R.F.C., 7.12.16.
Milligan, V. A., Capt. Joined, 14.4.16. Returned to England, 24.6.16.
Morrison, J., Sec.-Lieut. Joined, 30.9.17. To hospital sick, 25.4.18.
*Mowat, A. L., Capt. O.C. D Coy. (April–June, 1915). Wounded near Fleurbaix,
3.6.15. Rejoined, 28.12.15. O.C. D Coy. (December, 1915–October,
1916). Second in Command (October, 1916–June, 1918). O.C. Bn. (June,
1918–June, 1919). Demobilised with Cadre of Bn., 19.6.19.
A/Major, 13.11.16. A/Lieut.-Col., 18.6.18.
*Mowat, J. G., Sec.-Lieut. Bn. T.O. (August, 1915–September, 1916). O.C. B
Coy. (September, 1916–June, 1917). Killed in action near Hulluch,
27.6.17.
Lieut., 14.8.15. Capt., 1.6.16.
Nevile, A. W., Sec.-Lieut. Joined, 17.9.17. Transferred to 147th T.M.B.,
29.10.17.
Newman, H. R., Sec.-Lieut. Joined, 2.11.17. Transferred to 13th Bn. D. of W.
Regt., 26.2.19.
Norton, S. R., Sec.-Lieut. Joined 29.10.17. To hospital sick, 16.6.18.
O’Dowd, M. C., Sec.-Lieut. Joined, 29.1.18. Wounded near Erquinghem,
10.4.18.
Oldfield, W., Sec.-Lieut. (M.M.). Joined, 20.9.17. Wounded near Bailleul,
14.4.18.
Oldroyd, W. L., Sec.-Lieut. Joined, 25.9.16. Transferred to 8th Bn. D. of W.
Regt., 26.10.16.
Pickering, E. J., Lieut.-Col. O.C. Bn. (September–October, 1915). Wounded
near Ypres, 20.10.15.
Pohlmann, H. E., Sec.-Lieut. Promoted from the ranks; joined as an officer,
26.3.16. Wounded N. of Thiepval, 3.9.16.
Pollard, H., Sec.-Lieut. Joined, 28.5.16. Wounded in Thiepval Wood,
14.7.16. Rejoined, 14.11.16. Wounded near Hulluch, 27.6.17.
Pratt, L. W., Sec.-Lieut. Joined, 9.9.15. Wounded near Thiepval, 25.7.16.
*Pratt, T. D., Sec.-Lieut. O.C. D Coy. (June–August, 1916). Wounded near
Thiepval, 18.8.16.
T/Lieut., 10.7.15. T/Capt., 29.12.15.
Purvis, R. C., Sec.-Lieut. Joined, 6.9.16. Transferred to R.F.C., 30.4.17.
Rawnsley, E., Sec.-Lieut. Joined, 3.8.16. Transferred to 2nd Bn. D. of W.
Regt., 23.10.16. Rejoined, 9.12.17. Appointed Instructor, XXII. Corps
Bombing School, 15.2.18.
Rawnsley, G., Sec.-Lieut. Joined, 9.9.16. Killed in action near Berles-au-Bois,
22.1.17.
Rhodes, C. N., Sec.-Lieut. Joined, 21.9.16. Bn. Signalling Officer
(September–October, 1916). To hospital sick, 20.10.16.
*Riley, J. T., Lieut. Accidentally wounded, 11.10.15. Rejoined, 29.5.16. Killed
in action N. of Thiepval, 3.9.16.
Robb, A. J., Sec.-Lieut. Joined, 1.3.17. Wounded (gas) near Nieuport,
17.8.17. Rejoined, 14.10.17. O.C. D Coy. (October, 1917–February,
1918). Wounded near Reutel, 19.2.18.
 A/Capt., 14.12.17.
Robertshaw, G. F., Sec.-Lieut. Joined, 28.5.16. Wounded N. of Thiepval,
3.9.16.
Robins, P. E., Sec.-Lieut. Joined, 2.11.17. Wounded near Ypres, 15.11.17.
Robinson, J. H., Sec.-Lieut. Joined, 25.11.18. Left Bn. for demobilisation,
21.4.19.
Robinson, O., Sec.-Lieut. Joined, 29.4.18. Wounded near Zillebeke, 5.8.18.
Rejoined, 21.11.18. Transferred to 147th T.M.B., 27.1.19.
Rodgers, G., Sec.-Lieut. Joined, 25.9.16. Transferred to 2nd. Bn. D. of W.
Regt., 23.10.16.
Rosendale, H., Sec.-Lieut. (4th Bn. East Yorks. Regt.). Joined, 18.9.17.
Wounded (at duty) in Bailleul, 12.4.18. Killed in action near Roeux,
11.10.18.
Scholes, W. T., Sec.-Lieut. Joined, 21.9.16. Left Bn., for demobilisation,
25.1.19.
Lieut., 1.7.17.
Shaw, A., Lieut. Joined, 19.8.18. O.C. C Coy. (October, 1918–January, 1919).
Demobilised on leave, February, 1919.
A/Capt., 10.11.18.
Sherlock, S. P., Sec.-Lieut. Joined, 21.11.15. To hospital sick, 1.12.15.
Siemssen, G. H., Sec.-Lieut. Joined, 2.11.17. Wounded near Berthen, 17.4.18.
Skelsey, R. M., Sec.-Lieut. Joined, 25.9.16. Accidentally wounded, 5.11.16.
Smets, L. J., Lieut. Joined, 9.12.17. Bn. Signalling Officer (February–June,
1918). Certified unfit for service while on a course in England, June,
1918.
Smith, W., Sec.-Lieut. Joined, 28.5.16. Wounded near Thiepval, 3.9.16.
Somervell, A., Capt. (M.C.) (6th Bn. D. of W. Regt.). Joined, 29.11.18. O.C. C
Coy. (January–March, 1919). Left Bn. for demobilisation, 20.3.19.
St. Aubyn, E. G., Lieut.-Col. Joined, 22.11.15. O.C. Bn. (November, 1915–
September, 1916). To hospital sick, 1.9.16.
Stansfield, S. P., Sec.-Lieut. Joined, 26.3.17. Killed in action near Richebourg
L’Avoue, 30.4.17.
*Stanton, H. A. S., Capt. (Royal Scots Regt.). Adjt. (August, 1914–August,
1915). Appointed Brigade Major, 147th Inf. Bde., 19.8.15.
Starkey, T. P., Lieut. Joined, 28.11.18. Transferred to 1/7th Bn. D. of W.
Regt., 5.12.18.
Steele, J. A., Sec.-Lieut. Joined, 29.4.18. Demobilised with Cadre of Bn.,
19.6.19.
Stubington, R. E., Sec.-Lieut. (6th Bn. Norfolk Regt.). Joined, 20.8.17.
Wounded on Belle Vue Spur, 9.10.17.
*Sugden, R. E., Major. O.C. A Coy. (April–May, 1915 and September–
November, 1915). Second in Command (May–September and
November–December, 1915). Wounded near Ypres, 12.12.15. Rejoined,
 5.9.16. O.C. Bn. (September, 1916–June, 1918). Appointed G.O.C., 151st
Inf. Bde., 7.6.18.
Lieut.-Col., 1.6.16. T/Brig.-Genl., 7.6.18.
Sullivan, G. K., Lieut.-Col. Joined, 9.11.15. O.C. Bn. (November, 1915).
Wounded near Ypres, 20.11.15.
*Sykes, E. E., Capt. O.C. C Coy. (April–November, 1915 and May–July, 1916).
To hospital sick, 26.11.15. Rejoined, 23.5.16. Killed in action at
Johnstone’s Post, 4.7.16.
Sykes, B., Lieut. Joined, 28.11.18. Left Bn. for demobilisation, 21.3.19.
*Taylor, E., Sec.-Lieut. Wounded near Ypres and died of wounds, 16.10.15.
Taylor, H. N., Sec.-Lieut. Joined, 11.10.15. O.C. A Coy. (January–June,
1917). Certified medically unfit for service, July, 1917. Rejoined 9.12.17.
Bn. L.G.O. (December, 1917–January, 1919). Left Bn. for demobilisation,
22.1.19.
Lieut., 1.6.16. Capt., 29.8.17.
Tomlinson, C. W., Sec.-Lieut. Joined, 28.5.16. Killed in action N. of Thiepval,
3.9.16.
Turner, J., Sec.-Lieut. Joined, 29.1.18. To hospital sick, 1.8.18.
Turner, J., Sec.-Lieut. Joined, October, 1918. Transferred to 13th Bn. D. of
W. Regt., 26.2.19.
*Walker, J., Capt. O.C. B Coy. (April, 1915–April, 1916). Second in Command
(April–October, 1916). Appointed Second in Command of 1/5th Bn. D. of
W. Regt., January, 1917. T/Major, 22.1.16. Major, 1.6.16. A/Lieut.-Col.
(1/5th Bn.), 26.9.17.
*Walker, F., Sec.-Lieut. To hospital sick, 6.9.15. Rejoined, 15.2.16. O.C. A
Coy. (September–October, 1916). To hospital sick, 19.10.16. Lieut.,
26.1.16. A/Capt., 4.10.16.
Walker, E., Sec.-Lieut. Joined, 1.3.17. Bn. Signalling Officer (April, 1917–
January, 1918). Transferred to R.F.C., 15.1.18.
*Waller, H. N., Capt. To hospital sick, 7.6.15.
Walton, P. B., Sec.-Lieut. Joined, 13.3.16. Wounded in Thiepval Wood,
7.7.16.
Walton, J. C., Lieut. Joined, 29.1.18. Bn. I.O. (February–April, 1918). Killed
in action near Kemmel, 29.4.18.
Watson, J. S., Sec.-Lieut. (4th Bn. East Yorks. Regt.). Joined, 18.9.17. Killed
in action near Molenaarelsthoek, 26.11.17.
Wenham-Goode, A. F., Sec.-Lieut. (6th Bn. Manchester Regt.). Joined,
15.5.18. Left Bn. for demobilisation, 3.2.19.
Whittaker, J. C., Sec.-Lieut. Joined, 29.1.18. Killed in action near Kemmel,
28.5.18.
Wilkinson, H. S., Sec.-Lieut. Joined, 21.9.16. Instructor Third Army S.O.S.
School (December, 1916–May, 1917). Rejoined, 16.5.17. Bn. I.O.
(September–October, 1917). Wounded on Belle Vue Spur, 9.10.17.
 Lieut., 1.7.17.
Williams, H. E., Sec.-Lieut. Joined, 15.4.16. Transferred to 2nd Bn. D. of W.
Regt., 23.10.16.
Williamson, R. J., Sec.-Lieut. Joined, 19.10.18. Transferred to 13th Bn. D. of
W. Regt., 26.2.19.
Wimbush, R. M., Lieut. Joined, 29.11.18. Left Bn. for demobilisation, 24.4.19.
*Winter, D. B., Capt. O.C. C Coy. (April, 1915). To hospital sick, 24.4.15.
Woodward, F., Sec.-Lieut. Joined, 25.5.18. Wounded near Zillebeke, 11.6.18.
*Yates, W. B. B., Lieut. To England as Instructor at Cadet School, 16.9.16.
Yelland, E. J., Sec.-Lieut. Joined, 6.9.16. Transferred to 2nd Bn. D. of W.
Regt., 23.10.16.
Young, E. M., Lieut. Joined, 3.11.16. Bn. T.O. (November, 1916–October,
1917). Transferred to A.S.C., 13.10.17.

Medical Officers.
*Griffiths, A. T., April–May, 1915.
Greaves, S. S., June, 1915–December, 1916.
Scott, D. C., December, 1916–July, 1917.
Anderson, J. M., July–October, 1917.
Farie, J. G., October, 1917–January, 1918.
Allen, W. B. (V.C., M.C.), January–March, 1918.
Harrison, F. C., March–October, 1918.
Wright, A., November, 1918–March, 1919.
 APPENDIX III.
NOMINAL ROLL OF WARRANT OFFICERS AND COMPANY QUARTER MASTER
SERGEANTS.
Regimental Sergeant Majors:—
J. McCormack. Killed in action, 12.8.15.
E. Bottomley. Reverted to C.S.M. on return to the Battalion of C.S.M. C. C.
MacKay who had been wounded, 18.10.15.
C. C. MacKay. Killed in action, 19.12.15.
W. Lee. Reverted to C.S.M. on arrival from England of R.S.M. J.
Graham, 30.1.16.
J. Graham. Evacuated sick, 25.5.16.
F. P. Stirzaker. Reverted to C.S.M. on arrival from England of R.S.M. T.
Glover, 16.11.16.
T. Glover. Wounded in action, 27.1.17.
F. P. Stirzaker. Killed in action, 11.4.18.
T. S. Sherwood. Transferred to 1/7th Bn. Duke of Wellington’s (W.R.) Regt.,
17.9.18.
W. Lee. Wounded in action, 18.10.18.
B. Harrison. Left the Battalion for demobilisation, 14.2.19.
S. Flitcroft. Demobilised with the Cadre of the Battalion, 19.6.19.

Regimental Quarter Master Sergeants:—

F. J. Cooke. Returned to England time-expired, 31.3.16.
W. Lee. Promoted R.S.M., 17.9.18.
B. Harrison. Promoted R.S.M., 19.10.18.
P. Barker. Demobilised with the Cadre of the Battalion, 19.6.19.

Company Sergeant Majors (A Company):—

E. Bottomley. Promoted R.S.M., 13.8.15.
A. McNulty. Appointed Sergt. Instructor at the 49th Divisional Technical
School, 20.8.15.
E. Walsh. Wounded in action (Gas), 19.12.15.
A. Stirzaker. Killed in action, 3.9.16.
A. McNulty. Appointed Instructor at the 147th Infantry Brigade School,
 11.2.17.
A. Day. Wounded in action (Gas), 20.11.17.
T. S. Sherwood. Promoted R.S.M., 11.4.18.
F. Gledhill. Left the Battalion for demobilisation, 8.2.19.

Company Sergeant Majors (B Company):—

A. Parkin. Wounded in action, 10.7.15.
W. Lee. Promoted R.S.M., 20.12.15.
L. Greenwood. Reverted to Sergeant when C.S.M. W. Lee returned to the
Company, 30.1.16.
W. Lee. Promoted R.Q.M.S., 1.4.16.
W. Medley. Evacuated sick, 20.7.17.
H. Haigh. Demobilised while on leave in England, 22.1.19.
F. Birtwhistle. Left the Battalion for demobilisation, 3.4.19.

Company Sergeant Majors (C Company):—

E. Lumb. Evacuated sick, 8.8.15.
V. S. Tolley. Killed in action, 16.10.15.
E. Bottomley. Evacuated sick, 12.11.15.
T. H. Greenwood. Killed in action, 17.9.16.
J. Parkinson. Reverted to Sergeant on the transfer of C.S.M. A. L. Lord from
D Company, 16.11.16.
A. L. Lord. Proceeded to G.H.Q. Cadet School for a commission, 6.3.17.
J. Parkinson. Wounded in action, 27.12.17.
C. Naylor. Reverted to Sergeant on the arrival from England of C.S.M. N.
Hobson, 29.1.18.
N. Hobson. Wounded in action, 10.4.18.
J. E. Yates. Proceeded to England for a commission, 1.6.18.
B. Harrison. Promoted R.Q.M.S., 17.9.18.
S. Flitcroft. Promoted R.S.M., 14.2.19.
J. Widdop. Left the Battalion for demobilisation, 7.3.19.

Company Sergeant Majors (D Company):—

C. C. MacKay. Wounded in action, 7.8.15.
T. S. Sherwood. Wounded in action, 30.10.15.
F. P. Stirzaker. Promoted R.S.M., 26.5.16.
A. Howarth. Killed in action, 13.7.16.
 J. N. Flather. Wounded in action, 27.7.16.
J. C. Walker. Killed in action, 3.9.16.
A. L. Lord. Transferred to C Company, 15.11.16.
F. P. Stirzaker. Promoted R.S.M., 27.1.17.
L. Greenwood. Proceeded to England for a commission, 21.5.17.
T. S. Sherwood. Transferred to A Company, 20.11.17.
W. Brooke. Wounded in action, 25.2.18.
C. Naylor. Wounded in action, 11.10.18.
F. Wood. Left the Battalion for demobilisation, 2.2.19.

Supernumerary Warrant Officers:—

F. Spencer. Joined the Battalion in France with the first reinforcement and
was posted to A Company. Evacuated sick, 22.9.15.
H. J. Wylde. Orderly Room Sergeant. Promoted Warrant Officer, Class II.,
22.6.18.

Company Quarter Master Sergeants (A Company):—

C. Southern. Returned to England time-expired, 12.3.16.
J. C. Walker. Promoted C.S.M. D Company, 28.7.16.
S. Mackenzie. Wounded in action (Gas), 14.8.17.
H. Haigh. Promoted C.S.M. B Company, 16.9.17.
E. Walsh. Killed in action, 13.10.18.
P. J. Davenport. Demobilised while on leave in England, 22.1.19.

Company Quarter Master Sergeants (B Company):—

D. McKeand. Proceeded to England for a commission, 10.11.15.
E. Midgley. Returned to England time-expired, 17.3.16.
C. L. Johnson. Evacuated sick, 21.1.17.
A. Hodgson. Wounded in action (Gas), 14.8.17.
B. Little. Killed in action, 13.10.18.
F. Wood. Demobilised while on leave in England, 26.1.19.
L. Rodgers. Transferred to 13th Bn. Duke of Wellington’s (W.R.) Regt.,
26.2.19.

Company Quarter Master Sergeants (C Company):—

W. Lee. Promoted C.S.M. B Company, 11.7.15.
A. L. Lord. Promoted C.S.M. D Company, 4.9.16.
 H. Fitton. Evacuated (accidental injury), 23.2.17.
E. Midgley. Reverted to Sergeant on return from England of C.Q.M.S. H.
Fitton, 4.7.17.
H. Fitton. Evacuated sick, 1.8.17.
E. Midgley. Left the Battalion for demobilisation, 28.1.19.

Company Quarter Master Sergeants (D Company):—

G. Jackson. Evacuated sick, 3.7.15.
J. W. Siddall. Returned to England time-expired, 17.3.16.
G. Edmonson. Transferred to England, 20.9.16.
P. Barker. Promoted R.Q.M.S., 19.10.18.
A. Whitaker. Evacuated sick, 14.11.18.
E. Elsey. Demobilised with the Cadre of the Battalion, 19.6.19.
 APPENDIX IV.
SUMMARY OF CASUALTIES.
Officers. Other Ranks.
Period. Sector.
K. W. M. K. W. M.
1915.
April 18-June 25 Fleurbaix — 3 — 14 38 —
July 8-Dec. 20 Ypres 7 7 — 116 206 4
1916.
Feb. 28-Mch. 6 Authuille — 1 — — 1 —
Mch. 7-Mch. 29 Mailly-Maillet — — — 1 4 —
June Aveluy Wood — — — 2 7 —
July 1-Sept. 24 Battle of the 10[24] 10 — 91 453 155
Somme
Sept. 29-Oct. 16 Hannescamps — — — 3 13 —
Oct. 24-Dec. 5 Fonquevillers — — — 10 12 —
1917.
Jan. 7-Jan. 30 Berles-au-Bois 1 — — — 18 —
Feb. 2-Feb. 28 Riviére — — — 6 27 —
Mch. 13-May 16 Ferme du Bois 1 1 — 4 22 —
May 27-June 15 Cordonnerie — — — 1 1 —
June 25-July 3 Hulluch 3 2 — 7 24 1
Aug. 3-Aug. 16 Nieuport 1[25] 4 — 19 84 1
Oct. 4-Oct. 10 Belle Vue Spur 1 4 — 20 117 2
Nov. 19-Jan. 4 1918 Keerselaarhoek and 2 3 — 16 75 1
Molenaarelsthoek
1918.
Feb. 22-April 3 Reutel — 3 — 18 60 —
April 9-April 20 Battle of the Lys 2 13 — 47 261 83
April 25-May 3 Battle of Kemmel 2 2 — 32 121 4
June 3-Aug. 20 Ypres — 4 — 9 77 1
Oct. 11-Oct. 18 Villers-en-Cauchies 7 3 1[26] 55 377 12
Totals 37 60 1 471 1998 264[27]

K.—Killed. W.—Wounded (includes Gassed). M.—Missing.

 APPENDIX V.
LIST OF HONOURS AND AWARDS.

In compiling this list of Honours and Awards the following rules

have been adhered to:—
1. The Rank and Regimental Number given are those held by the
individual at the time the decoration was won. It thus follows that, in
several cases, the same name occurs more than once but with a
different rank and sometimes with a different regimental number.
2. Only Honours and Awards conferred on officers, warrant officers,
non-commissioned officers and men for services rendered while
actually serving with the Battalion have been included.
The length of the list might be considerably increased by including
such names as Brig.-General R. E. Sugden, who was awarded the
C.M.G. while he was G.O.C., 151st Infantry Brigade; Lieut.-Col. J.
Walker, who received the D.S.O. and Bar and the French Legion
d’Honneur while he was in command of the 5th Battalion Duke of
Wellington’s Regt.; and several other officers. Many N.C.O.’s and
men, such as Sergt. F. E. Lumb, D.C.M., also won decorations whilst
attached to such units as the 147th Infantry Brigade H.Q., the 147th
Machine Gun Company, and the 147th Light Trench Mortar Battery.

Victoria Cross (1).

24066 Pte. A. Poulter.

Distinguished Service Order (2).

Capt. (A/Lt.-Col.) A. L. Mowat, M.C. Major R. E. Sugden.

Bar to Distinguished Service Order (1).

Lt.-Col. R. E. Sugden, D.S.O.

Military Cross (27).

Sec.-Lt. H. H. Aykroyd
Lt. P. G. Bales
Sec.-Lt. F. V. Blackwell
Sec.-Lt. E. V. Blakey
Sec.-Lt. W. N. Everitt
Lt. (A/Capt.) N. T. Farrar
Lt. (A/Capt.) W. C. Fenton
Capt. N. Geldard
Lt. T. T. Gilroy
Capt. S. S. Greaves (R.A.M.C.)
Sec.-Lt. L. Gumby
Sec.-Lt. B. H. Huggard
Sec.-Lt. F. A. Innes
Lt. F. Irish
Sec.-Lt. T. E. Jessop
Lt. (A/Capt.) A. Kirk
83 C.S.M. W. Lee
Sec.-Lt. J. W. Lumb
Lt. (A/Capt.) A. M. Luty
Lt. W. G. Mackie
Capt. E. N. Marshall
200441 C.S.M. W. Medley, M.M.
Capt. A. L. Mowat
Lt. (A/Capt.) J. G. Mowat
Sec.-Lt. H. R. Newman
2353 R.S.M. F. P. Stirzaker
Lt. (T/Capt.) E. E. Sykes

Bar to Military Cross (2).

Capt. W. C. Fenton, M.C. Capt. (A/Major) A. L. Mowat, M.C.

Distinguished Conduct Medal (28).

355 Cpl. E. Ashworth
200453 Sgt. J. Bancroft, M.M.
3060 Cpl. W. Bancroft
235519 Sgt. W. H. Binns
 235227 Sgt. (A/C.S.M.) W. Brooke
200298 Sgt. F. J. Brown
1597 Pte. W. Brown
2040 Pte. (L/Cpl.) T. H. Clarke
203129 Sgt. F. Constable
200143 Sgt. N. Downes
203340 L/Sgt. F. J. Field
200055 Sgt. S. Flitcroft, M.M.
203252 Sgt. W. D. Foster
200135 C.Q.M.S. H. Haigh
202936 Pte. (A/Cpl.) R. A. Hudson
200352 Cpl. E. Jackson, M.M.
203285 Pte. (L/Cpl.) H. Kane, M.M.
1495 Cpl. C. Landale
15805 Sgt. A. Loosemore, V.C.
203229 Sgt. J. Mann
203351 Pte. (L/Cpl.) A. Moon
6750 Sgt. G. Moscrop
200598 C.S.M. J. Parkinson
242274 Sgt. J. Redpath, M.M.
2353 C.S.M. A. Stirzaker
3406 Pte. H. Sykes
203305 Sgt. R. Wilson
201191 Sgt. F. Wood, M.M.

Military Medal (132).

200471 Pte. C. Andrews
203501 Pte. (L/Cpl.) J. T. N. Atkinson
203414 Pte. J. H. Atkinson
 1605 Cpl. G. A. Bailey
1995 Sgt. J. Bancroft
26498 Pte. (L/Cpl.) G. W. Barber
200096 Pte. S. Barker
306365 Sgt. W. Barnes
203178 Pte. J. T. Berridge
200053 Pte. (L/Cpl.) A. Beverley
200331 Pte. H. Bibby
16465 Pte. H. G. Binns
201886 Cpl. G. Birkinshaw
26010 Pte. A. Bishop
203336 Sgt. A. A. Bolt
201893 Pte. (L/Cpl.) C. Bolton
202042 Pte. (L/Cpl.) E. Booth
6596 Pte. (L/Cpl.) J. Bowers
203177 Pte. S. R. Brabben
1775 Pte. E. Braithwaite
202787 Pte. (L/Cpl.) G. Broadbent
202410 Pte. J. W. Brookes
202579 Pte. N. W. Brooksbank
200298 Sgt. F. J. Brown, D.C.M.
242271 Sgt. W. Brown
24960 Pte. S. Brummit
200653 Sgt. R. G. Brunt
203595 Pte. W. Buckley
203217 Cpl. A. Buie
203433 Pte. T. Burfoot
201125 L/Sgt. T. Chilton
5792 Sgt. F. Johnson
 33014 Pte. J. E. Johnson
200920 Pte. A. G. Jones
203285 Pte. (L/Cpl.) H. Kane
10737 Sgt. S. Kay
201783 Sgt. T. Knowles
1645 Pte. (L/Cpl.) R. Knox
200139 Pte. J. Lancaster
200488 Pte. O. Lee
200504 Pte. J. Limb
203188 Pte. H. Louth
238181 Pte. W. Lowe
201012 Sgt. P. McHugh
601 Sgt. (A/C.S.M.) A. McNulty
1967 Cpl. W. Medley
201923 Pte. T. Meneghan
200396 Sgt. A. Meskimmon
6520 Pte. W. Metcalfe
201013 Pte. (L/Cpl.) A. R. Mitchell
200681 Cpl. W. H. Mitchell
73 Sgt. P. Moran
200153 Pte. (L/Cpl.) C. Mortimer
1603 Pte. W. H. Murray
201689 Pte. J. H. Naylor
203352 Pte. T. Nicholls
203371 Cpl. G. North
202669 Pte. T. North
203193 Pte. G. Pearson
201336 Pte. F. F. Pettit
306873 Pte. T. Proctor
242274 Pte. J. Redpath
202120 Pte. T. Conroy
26815 Pte. (L/Cpl.) A. Cresswell
30 Sgt. J. W. Crossley
26524 Pte. H. S. Davies
203647 Pte. H. B. Dawson
203650 Pte. A. Denham
200172 Pte. N. Dennis
203649 Pte. J. Dewar
203451 Pte. V. T. Dobson
267198 Pte. (L/Cpl.) H. Driver
201437 Pte. (L/Cpl.) J. A. Ellis
242874 Pte. R. Emmett
200146 Pte. J. Ennis
201535 Pte. C. Firth
242821 Pte. P. Firth
1002 Sgt. (A/C.S.M.) J. N. Flather
200055 Sgt. S. Flitcroft
203513 Pte. G. A. Foster
201879 Pte. J. Galloway
200127 Pte. R. Gledhill
235253 Pte. G. Green
203728 Pte. E. Haggas
200135 C.S.M. H. Haigh, D.C.M.
203517 Pte. T. Hartley
12682 Pte. H. Henderson
203315 Pte. B. Hinchcliffe
1485 Sgt. A. Hodgson
2108 Pte. (L/Cpl.) G. H. Holt
203480 Pte. F. A. Hookham
201687 Pte. F. Howarth
203551 Pte. W. Howker
203072 Pte. W. Inman
1747 Cpl. E. Jackson
202664 Pte. (L/Cpl.) B. Jennings
201219 Cpl. (L/Sgt.) S. Jessop
202746 Pte. (L/Cpl.) F. Rhodes
1889 Pte. S. Royals
242202 Pte. G. Ryder
200134 Pte. (L/Cpl.) J. W. Ryder
32897 Pte. E. Sambrookes
203390 Pte. F. Scales
202888 Pte. W. A. Scruton
2481 Cpl. H. Shackleton
2413 L/Sgt. J. S. Sheard
242567 Sgt. A. Smith
200192 Sgt. H. Smith
2716 Pte. L. Stead
201883 Pte. A. Sutcliffe
6606 Pte. R. Swinburne
202142 Pte. J. W. Taylor
201186 Cpl. (A/Sgt.) V. Taylor
242371 Pte. J. Tebb
13014 Sgt. W. P. Thompson
1455 Cpl. A. L. Thornton
200101 Sgt. E. Turner
238031 Cpl. J. W. Varley
200204 Cpl. H. Wainwright
 2164 Sgt. (A/C.S.M.) J. C. Walker
34005 Cpl. A. Wall
200320 Pte. C. Walsh
34007 Pte. M. Webster
200753 Sgt. A. Whitaker
200529 Pte. (L/Cpl.) H. Whiteley
16075 Sgt. J. Widdop
201295 Cpl. B. Wilson
2346 Sgt. J. Wilson
235120 Pte. W. F. Witts
201191 Sgt. F. Wood
235524 Sgt. (A/C.S.M.) J. E. Yates
26271 Pte. J. Young

Bar to Military Medal (5).

200096 Pte. (L/Cpl.) S. Barker, M.M.
200146 Pte. (L/Cpl.) J. Ennis, M.M.
34005 Pte. (L/Cpl.) A. Wall, M.M.
200529 Pte. (L/C.) H. Whiteley, M.M.
203285 Pte. (A/Cpl.) H. Kane, D.C.M., M.M.

Meritorious Service Medal (4).

200264 Sgt. H. Deane
200483 Sgt. F. Firth
200688 Sgt. E. Jones
242695 Sgt. F. Smith

Italian Bronze Medal for Military Valour (1).

1535 Cpl. J. Walker.
 Medaille Militaire (1).
200441 C.S.M. W. Medley, M.M.

Belgian Croix de Guerre (1).

200064 Sgt. C. Naylor.

Mentions in Despatches (39).

Lt. (T/Capt.) M. P. Andrews
Lt. P. G. Bales
202027 C.Q.M.S. P. Barker
Sec.-Lt. E. V. Blakey
235227 Sgt. W. Brooke
Capt. & Q.M. W. N. Broomhead
2492 Pte. (L/Cpl.) D. Dow
Lt. & Q.M. T. Fielding
Capt. S. S. Greaves (R.A.M.C.)
200036 R.S.M. B. Harrison
2108 Pte. (L/Cpl.) G. H. Holt
Sec.-Lt. F. A. Innes, M.C.
1687 C.S.M. A. L. Lord
Sec.-Lt. (T/Capt.) E. N. Marshall
Lt. G. P. McGuire (twice)
601 C.S.M. A. McNulty
200441 C.S.M. W. Medley, M.M.
204733 C.Q.M.S. E. Midgley
Lt.-Col. A. L. Mowat, D.S.O., M.C.
200598 C.S.M. J. Parkinson
Major (T/Lt.-Col.) C. J. Pickering
Sec.-Lt. T. D. Pratt
2481 Cpl. H. Shackleton
2400 Pte. J. Shelley
2716 Pte. L. Stead
2353 Sgt. (A/C.S.M.) F. P. Stirzaker
Lt.-Col. R. E. Sugden, D.S.O. (5 times)
Lt. (T/Capt.) E. E. Sykes
Major J. Walker (3 times)
2164 Sgt. J. C. Walker
2346 Sgt. J. Wilson
1234 Pte. (L/Cpl.) C. Wood
 APPENDIX VI.
THE BATTALION CANTEEN.
A thoughtful enemy provided the Battalion with most of its
excitement, and a deal of its amusement, during the Great War. An
equally thoughtful War Office arranged for rations, and a limited
supply of such luxuries as tobacco and cigarettes for the men. But it
was left to the Battalion to supply itself with a canteen. And it was
Sergt. F. Smith who made that institution such a great success.
The Canteen had its beginning in a small affair, started for the
benefit of the transport men, in August, 1915. Lieut. J. G. Mowat,
who was Transport Officer at the time, provided the necessary
capital. Pte. F. Smith, then employed in the Q.M. Stores, managed
the Canteen in his spare time. From the very first, the new departure
was a great success. Goods were sold out almost as soon as they
were displayed, and the small library which was opened was also
very popular.
Early in its history, this first Canteen nearly came to an untimely
end. One night the roof was found to be in flames, which rapidly
spread to the wooden supports of the building. The “proprietor”
alone knew that a store of petrol and bombs was lying in the hut.
But, largely through the energy of that trained fireman, Cpl. E.
Ashworth, the fire was put out before it reached them.
In September, 1915, the transport canteen developed into a
battalion institution. Plenty of money was forthcoming to start it, and
it soon “set up shop” in a dugout on the Canal Bank. This was not
an ideal spot for business, and there is no doubt that it was the first
canteen to be set up in that area. When the Battalion went back into
rest the Canteen accompanied it, and, before long, it was looked
upon as a permanent institution.
In the spring of 1916, the Canteen closed down for a time. Lance-
Cpl. F. Smith had been evacuated sick, and no one else was deemed
suitable to carry on the business. He returned to the 147th Infantry
Brigade late in the Battle of the Somme, but was posted to the 1/5th
Battalion Duke of Wellington’s Regt. However, shortly after, through
the courtesy of that battalion, he returned to his old unit, and the
Canteen was immediately restarted.
At Fonquevillers it did excellent service. Stationed in a broken-
down building in the village, and frequently annoyed by enemy
shelling, it soon became the admiration of all units in the
neighbourhood. At first it had only been intended for the use of men
of the Battalion, but it was now thrown open to all comers. Within
less than a mile of the firing line, it provided such luxuries as fresh
fish, eggs, butter, fruit and vegetables. Needless to say, it did a
“roaring” trade.
During the rest at Halloy, it was much to the fore, and its activities
were greatly extended. In addition to an enormous retail business, it
catered for all the Christmas dinners and for many smaller parties. It
also became a buying agency, through which officers and other
ranks could obtain goods which they required but which were not
ordinarily kept in stock.
When the Battalion went into the line near Berles-au-Bois, the
Canteen was set up as usual. There it narrowly escaped a violent
death. A shell entered by the roof one day and blew out a side of
the shelter, wounding a man who was there, and scattering the cash
which was being counted at the time. During the terribly cold
weather of that period, hot coffee and rum were supplied free to
many a half-frozen man.
Senechal Farm and the Ferme du Bois Sector provided plenty of
scope for the Canteen’s initiative. Good shopping centres were
plentiful in the district, and supplies easily procurable. “Hawking”
goods in the front line became quite an institution there, and it was
continued in the Cordonnerie Sector. In the line near Hulluch the
facilities were not so good. A Canteen was set up near Battalion
H.Q., but it was difficult to get goods up to it; and twice the staff
was gassed out.
 Little could be done in the Nieuport Sector, though the Canteen
still acted as a buying agency. But while the Battalion was training
on the coast it was very active. There, whole-day training schemes
were not uncommon, and it became customary for a limber to
accompany the troops and set up a stall on the ground.
The winter of 1917–18 was a very difficult period. There was
never accommodation for a canteen when the Battalion was in the
front line; but it was always at work during rest periods. Its presence
in the Westhoek Dugouts was a great success; beer was never
lacking during that rest period.
The sudden order to move from Maida Camp, early in April, 1918,
caused much consternation, for the Canteen was particularly well
stocked at the time. However, the stock was somehow cleared, and
the takings on the last day in that area amounted to 4,500 francs—a
Battalion record.
Little business was possible during the Battles of the Lys and Mont
Kemmel, but an increase in trade followed the Battalion’s return to
the neighbourhood of Ypres. Trade again declined when the
Battalion went into battle in the autumn; but the indefatigable Sergt.
Smith succeeded in getting a large supply of cigarettes up to the
Battalion in Vordon Wood—at a time when there was not a cigarette
to be had for miles around.
During the Armistice, trade was good at Auby, in spite of the
competition of a number of estaminets and shops which were soon
opened in the village. There Sergt. F. Smith laid down his duties and
devoted himself to education for the short period before he was
demobilised. Yet, right up to the end, the Canteen survived at Douai.
In its long and chequered history the Canteen had many homes.
Dugouts and shelters, within easy range of the front line, were
occupied on many occasions. Barns, stables, even a pig-sty, did duty
in various places when the Battalion was in rest. But, whatever its
surroundings might be, it always proved a source of much comfort
to the men. There were many rumours of the “row of houses” which
was being built in Halifax, for few people were well acquainted with
current prices. But actually, the profit was never more than 5 per
cent. Out of this profit all expenses had to be paid; the whole of the
balance was then spent on the men of the Battalion, who were the
chief customers. When the demobilisation of the Battalion was
complete, the surplus funds were handed over to the Old Comrades’
Association.
The Canteen staff had many duties besides those of buying and
selling. The Battalion library, which was run almost continuously for
about three and a half years, was in its charge. When billets were
available, reading and recreation rooms were organised. Sports
material was looked after. Concerts, whist drives, and other social
functions were catered for. In all these activities, the efforts of Sergt.
Smith were ably seconded by his faithful henchmen, “Jack” Baines
and “Johnny” Jackson.
The Battalion was particularly fortunate in having so many good
friends at home. Chief among these should be mentioned Mr. W. E.
Denison and the Halifax Courier Fund. Books, periodicals, whist drive
prizes, lamps, and countless other articles, which helped to make life
happier for the men at the “Front,” were provided by them.
The Battalion had several different Seconds-in-Command and all
took great interest in, and spent much time over, the Canteen. But it
had only one Sergt. F. Smith. To him was mainly due the reputation
of the 4th Battalion Canteen as the most successful institution of its
kind in the 49th Division. Everyone was delighted when the
Meritorious Service Medal rewarded his great services.

Stott Brothers Limited, Printers, Mount Street Works, Halifax.

Flanders.
 Fifth and Third Army Areas.
1916–1917
—·—·—Approximate Front Line 1.7.16.
 FOOTNOTES:
[1] The following Officers mobilised with the Battalion on
August 4th:—
Lieut.-Col. H. S. Atkinson, T.D. (C.O.).
Major E. P. Chambers (Second in Command).
Capt. H. A. S. Stanton (Adjutant).
Capt. A. T. Griffiths, R.A.M.C. (Medical Officer).
Lieut. T. Fielding (Quartermaster).

Captains
W. A. Laxton,
D. V. Fleming,
J. Walker,
V. A. Milligan,
D. B. Winter,
R. H. Goldthorp,
C. E. Kirby.[2]

Lieutenants
E. P. Learoyd,
E. E. Sykes,[2]
A. H. Helliwell,
A. L. Mowat,
A. H. Richardson,
D. A. Sutcliffe,
M. P. Andrews,
W. F. Denning.[2]

Second-Lieutenants
J. T. Riley,
C. Hirst,
S. Balme.

Capt. R. E. Sugden and Lieut. H. N. Waller had gone away with

the Special Service Section two days previously.
[2] From the T.F. Reserve.
[3] Company Commanders and Seconds-in-Command were as
follows:—