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Reviewer in Physics II

The document discusses key concepts in physics related to magnetic induction, including magnetic flux, Faraday's law, and Lenz's law. It also covers electromagnetic waves, their properties, and the electromagnetic spectrum, highlighting the behavior of light and its interactions with polarizers and optical instruments. Additionally, it introduces geometric optics, focusing on light propagation and the principles of reflection and refraction.

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Tea Tae
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7 views

Reviewer in Physics II

The document discusses key concepts in physics related to magnetic induction, including magnetic flux, Faraday's law, and Lenz's law. It also covers electromagnetic waves, their properties, and the electromagnetic spectrum, highlighting the behavior of light and its interactions with polarizers and optical instruments. Additionally, it introduces geometric optics, focusing on light propagation and the principles of reflection and refraction.

Uploaded by

Tea Tae
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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REVIEWER in PHYSICS II

MAGNETIC INDUCTION
Magnetic Flux
The magnetic flux (often denoted Φ or ΦB) through a surface is the component of the magnetic
field passing through that surface. The magnetic flux through some surface is proportional to the number
of field lines passing through that surface. The magnetic flux passing through a surface of vector area A
is

FARADAY’S LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION


Michael Faraday concluded that when a wire is moved through a magnetic field, a current is
generated in the wire. This process of generating current by the relative motion between a wire and
magnetic field is called electromagnetic induction.

Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction, an e.m.f. is induced in a conductor whenever it cuts


magnetic flux
The process of inducing a current in a circuit with a changing magnetic field is called Electromagnetic
Induction or Magnetic Induction.
An induced emf is produced in a close loop of wires moving at constant velocity in a non-uniform static
magnetic field.

LENZ’S LAW
Lenz’s Law is based on Faraday’s law of magnetic induction. Faraday’s law tells us that a changing
magnetic field will induce a current in a conductor. Lenz’s law tells us the direction of this induced
current, which opposes the initial changing magnetic field which produced it. This is signified in the
formula for Faraday’s law by the negative sign.
The Law that states that the direction of an induced current is such that its own magnetic field opposes the
original change in magnetic flux that induced the current.

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
Light as an Electromagnetic Wave
When light falls on a polarizer, the transmitted light gets polarized. The polarized light falling on
another Polaroid, called analyzer, transmits light depending on the orientation of its axis with the
polarizer. The intensity of light transmitted through the analyzer is given by Malus' law.

For this lesson, we will calculate the intensity of the transmitted light after passing through a series
of polarizers applying Malus’s Law.
It is a law that applies only if the incident light passing through the analyzer is nearly polarized.
Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves with a wide range of properties and uses. Some of the
waves are also hazardous to human body tissues. Their vibrations or oscillations are changes in electrical
and magnetic fields at right angles to the direction of wave travel. Electromagnetic waves travel at
300,000,000 meters per second (m/s) through a vacuum.
This lesson will explore the different types of electromagnetic waves and how electromagnetic waves
differ from mechanical waves in that they do not require a medium to propagate. This means that
electromagnetic waves can travel not only through air and solid materials, but also through vacuum of
space.
The behavior of an electromagnetic wave in a substance depends on its frequency or wavelength. The
differing behaviors of different groups in the electromagnetic spectrum make them suitable for a range of
uses.
Maxwell's calculation of the speed of an electromagnetic wave included two important constants: the
permittivity and permeability of free space.
Thus, the speed of an electromagnetic wave comes directly from a fundamental consideration of
electricity and magnetism.

Electromagnetic spectrum
Electromagnetic waves form a continuous spectrum of waves. This includes:

 waves with a very short wavelength, high frequency and high energy
 waves with a very long wavelength, low frequency and low energy
Electromagnetic waves can be separated into seven distinct groups in the spectrum.

Each group contains a range of frequencies. For example, visible light contains all the frequencies that
can be detected by the human eye:

 red light has the lowest frequencies of visible light


 violet light has the highest frequencies of visible light
The behavior of an electromagnetic wave in a substance depends on its frequency or wavelength.
The differing behaviors of different groups in the electromagnetic spectrum make them suitable for a
range of uses.
All electromagnetic waves are light, but the band of the electromagnetic spectrum that people and
animals can see is called visible light. When a beam of light passes through a prism, a person can see
each colour of the rainbow separated into their individual wavelengths.
Prism is a piece of glass that can refract white light to reveal the colours of the rainbow.
A light wave does not just stop when it reaches the end of the medium. Rather, the light wave
undergoes certain behaviors when it encounters the end of the medium - such behaviors include
reflection, transmission/refraction, and diffraction. For this lesson, we will investigate the connection
between light reflection and light refraction.
Reflection of a light wave involves the bouncing of a light wave off the boundary, while refraction of a
light wave involves the bending of the path of a light wave upon crossing a boundary and entering a new
medium. Both reflection and refraction involve a change in direction of a wave, but only refraction
involves a change in medium
The range of wavelengths is now known as the "electromagnetic spectrum." Maxwell's theory also
predicted that all the waves in the spectrum travel at a characteristic speed of approximately 300,000,000
meters per second. Maxwell was able to calculate this speed from his equations:

Many optical instruments use the principle of total internal reflection. Total internal reflection is used in
instrument such as fiber optic, binoculars, and periscope.

MALUS’S LAW
When light falls on a polarizer, the transmitted light gets polarized. The polarized light falling on
another Polaroid, called analyzer, transmits light depending on the orientation of its axis with the
polarizer. The intensity of light transmitted through the analyzer is given by Malus' law.

Polarizers are usually made out of oblong shaped molecules, all aligned in the same direction. It turns out
that if the polarization of the incident beam is the same as alignment orientation, then the light is most
likely to be absorbed. If the polarization is perpendicular to the long axis of molecules, then it is
transmitted almost entirely and that direction is the axis of the polarizer.
GEOMETRICS
In this lesson, we consider geometric optics, the regime in which light travels in straight line
paths and effects involving wave interference are not important. In general, geometric optics
describe cases in which the wavelength of light is much smaller than the size of objects in the
light’s path. The wavelength of visible is less than 1µm (10-6 m) and is about one hundred times
smaller than the diameter of a human hair. Most object we work in everyday life are much larger
than that, so geometrical optics describes many everyday applications of optics including the
behavior of lenses and mirror.
RAY (GEOMETRICAL) OPTICS

Figure 1 rays of light passing through an opening and onto a


screen. A. A large opening casts an ordinary shadow on the screen. This
is the regime geometrical is also called ray optics. B. If the size of an
opening is comparable to or smaller than the wavelength ‫ת‬, the light
spread out as it passes through the opening.

Figure 1 shows a light wave as it passes through an opening that


is large compared to the wavelength of light. This figure also shows rays,
indicating the path and direction of propagation. Rays indicate the path
followed by a wave. For convenience, we will often say that light ray
“travels” or “propagate” from place to another. In figure 1.1 A a rays
pass through a wide opening and make an ordinary shadow on the
blocked regions of the screen to a very good approximation, these rays
follow straight line that pass through the opening. If, however, the width
of the opening is made very small figure 1.1 B, one would now observe
that light “spreads out” after passing through the opening. This spreading
is due to the nature of light.

A material that allows some light to pass through is Translucent.


A material that reflect and absorb all the light that strikes it is called
Opaque

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