Session 2

Load Combination to:

BS EN 1990:2002 &
NA to BS EN 1990:2002

Tan Kang Hai (Professor)

Director of Protective Technology Research Centre (PTRC)

Division of Structures & Mechanics
School of Civil & Environmental Engineering

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Outline

1. Load combinations according to EC1

2. Worked examples for load combinations

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1. Load combinations according to EC1

- Mix-up between load and action in BS EN 1990 Clause 1.5.2.11,

“Load case: compatible load arrangements, set of deformations and
imperfections considered simultaneously with fixed variable actions and
permanent actions for a particular verification”
- Easy to get confused in BS EN 1991-1-1 Clause 3.3.1 (2)P
“In design situations when imposed loads act simultaneously with other
variable actions (e.g. actions induced by wind, snow, cranes or machinery),
the total imposed loads considered in the load case shall be considered as a
single action.”
It looks like (all) imposed loads together with all other variable actions shall
be considered as a single action, which is not the code intention.
It may be better if “when different imposed loads….. the total of those
imposed loads …”

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1. Load combinations according to EC1

In BS 8110, a structure is first designed for the

fundamental load combination (DL + LL) and is then
checked for other load combinations (DL + LL + W)
with reduction load factors

In EC, all combinations of actions (load combinations) are

equally important.

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1. Load combinations according to EC1

Live loads, dead loads and wind loads

- Magnitudes can be kept the same in EC2
- New terms: Permanent/variable actions
- For normal concrete, =25 kN/m3 instead of 24 kN/m3
Notional horizontal load is replaced by Global Imperfection
load
BS 8110 EC2

Magnitude HN = 1.5%Gk Hi = θi(Hb – Ha)

Design load H = Max(HN, Wk) H = Wk + Hi

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1. Load combinations according to EC1

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1. Load combinations according to EC1

Equation 6.10:

Comparison of partial factors

Design situations BS 8110 EC2
With one variable action
1.4DL + 1.6LL 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk
(Live load)
With one variable action
1.4DL + 1.6W 1.35Gk + 1.5Wk
(Wind load)
With two variable actions 1.35 Gk + 1.5 Qk + 0.75Wk
1.2DL + 1.2LL + 1.2W
(Wind & live loads) Or 1.35 Gk + 1.05 Qk + 1.5Wk

0.7x1.5Qk 0.5x1.5Wk

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1. Load combinations according to EC1

1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

1.35Gk + 1.5Qk 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk 1.4DL + 1.6LL 1.4DL + 1.6LL

1.35Gk 1.0DL

1.35Gk + 1.5Qk 1.4DL + 1.6LL

1.35Gk 1.35Gk

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1. Load combinations according to EC1

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1. Load combinations according to EC1
Equation 6.10:

Comparison of partial factors

Design situations BS 8110 EC2
With one variable action
1.4DL + 1.6LL 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk
(Live load)
With one variable action
1.4DL + 1.6W 1.35Gk + 1.5Wk
(Wind load)
With two variable actions 1.35 Gk + 1.5 Qk + 0.75Wk
1.2DL + 1.2LL + 1.2W
(Wind & live loads) Or 1.35 Gk + 1.05 Qk + 1.5Wk

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 1. Load combinations according to EC1
Equation 6.10a,b

Ultimate states Combinations of actions

Eq. (6.10) 1.35 Gk + 1.5 Qk + 1.5*0.5Wk

For EQU, STR, GEO Or 1.35 Gk + 1.05 Qk + 1.5Wk
Eq. (6.10a) 1.0 Gk + 1.5*0.5Wk +1.5*0.7 Qk
For STR, GEO 1.0 Gk + 1.5*0.5Wk
Eq. (6.10b) 0.85*1.0Gk + 1.5Wk +1.5*0.7 Qk
For STR, GEO Or 0.85*1.0 Gk + 1.5Wk

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1. Load combinations according to EC1

rarely used
in practice

1.5*0.5=0.75

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1. Load combinations according to UK Annex

1.5*0.5=0.75

1.5*0.5=0.75

1.5*0.5=0.75

1.5*0.5=0.75

=1.25 =0.925

=1.25 =0.925

1.5*0.5=0.75
=1.25 =0.925

=1.25 =0.925 13
1. Load combinations according to EC1

1.5*0.5Wk

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1. Load combinations according to EC1

0.75

-0.75

0.75

-0.75

0.925

0.925

0.925

0.925

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1. Load combinations according to EC1

1.5*0.6Wk

1.5*0.6Wk

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1. Load combinations according to EC1

Serviceability limit state:

• In the design situations with only one variable action the load to be
considered:

• In the case with two variable actions, the load will be slightly smaller
than that in BS 8110 with a partial factor of 0.9 as follows:

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1. Load combinations according to EC1

EC2 permits simplified load arrangements for the design

of continuous beams and slabs.
1. Alternate spans loaded with the design variable and
permanents loads (1.35Gk + 1.5Qk) and other spans carrying
only the design permanent load (1.35Gk).
2. Any two adjacent spans carrying the design variable and
permanent loads (1.35Gk + 1.5Qk), with all other spans
carrying only the design permanent load (1.35Gk).
Although not stated, the above arrangements are
intended for braced non-sway structures.

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1. Load combinations according to EC1

For sway structures, the following additional load cases

will also need to be considered:
1. All spans loaded with the design permanent loads (1.35Gk)
and the frame subjected to the design wind load (1.5Wk),
where Wk is the characteristic wind load.
2. All spans at all floor levels loaded with (1.35Gk + 1.5Qk) and
the frame subjected to the design wind load of (1.05Wk).
3. In sensitive structures (sensitive to lateral deformation), it
may be necessary to consider the effects of wind loading in
conjunction with patterned imposed loading through out the
frame.

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2. Worked examples for load combinations
Load combination for beams
A three-span continuous beam supporting three types of imposed loads on its
individual spans. Identify all possible combinations of actions for persistent design
situation of the beam for the ultimate limit state.
Residential area Corridor Storage area
Load case 1. Permanent actions: G,1Gk,1 +G,2Gk,2+G,3Gk,3

1.35Gk,3
1.35Gk,1 1.35Gk,2

Load case 2. Variable actions: Q,1Qk,1

1.5Qk,1

(This is for maximum sagging bending moment at the 1st span)

Load case 1. Permanent actions: G,1Gk,1 +G,2Gk,2+G,3Gk,3

1.35Gk,3
1.35Gk,1 1.35Gk,2

Load case 3. Variable actions: Q,2Qk,2

1.5Qk,2

(This is for maximum sagging bending moment at the 2nd span)

Load case 1. Permanent actions: G,1Gk,1 +G,2Gk,2+G,3Gk,3

1.35Gk,3
1.35Gk,1 1.35Gk,2

Load case 4. Variable actions: Q,3Qk,3

1.5Qk,3

(This is for maximum sagging bending moment at the 3rd span)

Load case 1. Permanent actions: G,1Gk,1 +G,2Gk,2+G,3Gk,3

1.35Gk,3
1.35Gk,1 1.35Gk,2

Load case 5. Variable actions: Q,1Qk,1 + 0,2Q,2Qk,2

0.7x1.5Qk,2
1.5Qk,1

Leading variable action

(This is for maximum hogging bending moment at the 2nd support)

Load case 1. Permanent actions: G,1Gk,1 +G,2Gk,2+G,3Gk,3

1.35Gk,3
1.35Gk,1 1.35Gk,2

Load case 6. Variable actions: 0,1Q,1Qk,1 + Q,2Qk,2

1.5Qk,2
0.7x1.5Qk,1

Leading variable action

(This is for maximum hogging bending moment at the 2nd support)

Load case 1. Permanent actions: G,1Gk,1 +G,2Gk,2+G,3Gk,3

1.35Gk,3
1.35Gk,1 1.35Gk,2

Load case 7. Variable actions: 0,1 Q,2Qk,2 + Q,3Qk,3

0.7x1.5Qk,2 1.5Qk,3

Leading variable action

(This is for maximum hogging bending moment at the 3rd support)

Load case 1. Permanent actions: G,1Gk,1 +G,2Gk,2+G,3Gk,3

1.35Gk,3
1.35Gk,1 1.35Gk,2

Load case 8. Variable actions: Q,2Qk,2 + 0,3 Q,3Qk,3

1.5Qk,2 1.0x1.5Qk,3

Leading variable action

(This is for maximum hogging bending moment at the 3rd support)

Load case 1. Permanent actions: G,1Gk,1 +G,2Gk,2+G,3Gk,3

1.35Gk,3
1.35Gk,1 1.35Gk,2

Load case 9. Variable actions: Q,1Qk,1 + 0,2Q,2Qk,2 + 0,3Q,3Qk,3

0.7x1.5Qk,2 1.0x1.5Qk,3
1.5Qk,1

Leading variable action

(This is for maximum axial loads on columns / foundation of the 1st span)
Load case 1. Permanent actions: G,1Gk,1 +G,2Gk,2+G,3Gk,3

1.35Gk,3
1.35Gk,1 1.35Gk,2

Load case 10. Variable actions: 0,1Q,1Qk,1 + Q,2Qk,2 + 0,3Q,3Qk,3

1.5Qk,2 1.0x1.5Qk,3
0.7x1.5Qk,1

Leading variable action

(This is for maximum axial loads on columns / foundation of the 2nd span)
Load case 1. Permanent actions: G,1Gk,1 +G,2Gk,2+G,3Gk,3

1.35Gk,3
1.35Gk,1 1.35Gk,2

Load case 10. Variable actions: 0,1Q,1Qk,1 + 0,2 Q,2Qk,2 + Q,3Qk,3

0.7x1.5Qk,2 1.5Qk,3
0.7x1.5Qk,1

Leading variable action

(This is for maximum axial loads on columns / foundation of the 3rd span)
Summary
Permanent Actions Variable Actions

Load Load Gk,1 Gk,2 Gk,3 Qk,1 Qk,2 Qk,3 Notes

combination cases
1 1+2 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.5 Max M+

2 1+3 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.5 Max M+

3 1+4 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.5 Max M+

4 1+5 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.5 0.7x1.5 Max M-

5 1+6 1.35 1.35 1.35 0.7x1.5 1.5 Max M-

6 1+7 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.5 1.0x1.5 Max M-

7 1+8 1.35 1.35 1.35 0.7x1.5 1.5 Max M-

8 1+9 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.5 0.7x1.5 1.0x1.5 Max N

9 1+10 1.35 1.35 1.35 0.7x1.5 1.5 1.0x1.5 Max N

10 1+11 1.35 1.35 1.35 0.7x1.5 0.7x1.5 1.5 Max N

Note:
4. Worked examples for load combinations
Load combination for frames
For the frame shown in the figure, identify the various
load combinations, to check the overall stability (EQU).
Assume office use for this building.

GkR characteristic dead load / m (roof)

GkF characteristic dead load / m (floor)
QkR characteristic live load / m (roof)
QkF characteristic live load / m (floor)
Wk characteristic wind load/frame at
each floor level.

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2. Worked examples for load combinations
Load combination for frames
The fundamental load combination to be used is:
 G, j Gk , j   Q,1Qk ,1   Q,i 0,i Qk ,i i 1

When considering stability, a distinction between the

favorable and unfavorable effects needs to be made. The
values for different parameters (in accordance with UK
Annex) are:
 G,inf  0.9 ;  G,sup  1.1
 Q  1.5
 0 (imposed loads - office)  0.7
 0 (wind loads)  0.5

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4. Worked examples for load combinations
Load combination for frames
There are three load cases for this frame:
(1) Treat the wind load as the dominant load;
(2) Treat the imposed load on roof as the dominant load;
(3) Treat the imposed load on floors as the dominant load.
0.9GkR 1.1GkR + 0.7(1.5)Q kR 0.9GkR 1.1GkR + 1.5QkR

1.5Wk 0.5(1.5Wk )

0.9GkF 1.1GkF + 0.7(1.5)Q kF 0.9GkF 1.1GkF + 0.7(1.5)Q kF

1.5Wk 0.5(1.5Wk )

0.9GkF 1.1GkF + 0.7(1.5)Q kF 0.9GkF 1.1GkF + 0.7(1.5)Q kF

1.5Wk 0.5(1.5Wk )

Case 1 Case 2 34
4. Worked examples for load combinations
Load combination for frames
There are three load cases for this frame:
(1) Treat the wind load as the dominant load;
(2) Treat the imposed load on roof as the dominant load;
(3) Treat the imposed load on floors as the dominant load.
0.9GkR 1.1GkR + 0.7(1.5)Q kR

0.5(1.5Wk )

0.9GkF 1.1GkF + 1.5Q kF

0.5(1.5Wk )

0.9GkF 1.1GkF + 1.5Q kF

0.5(1.5Wk )

Case 3 35
Thank You!

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