24.2 = Differential Equations : _ Chapter | AS DIFFERENTIAL (24) “EQUATIONS o-oo 1, An equation which involves independent and dependent variables and the derivatives of the dependent variables is called a differential equation. , (The differential equation which involves.only one independent variable is called an ordinary differential equation. | (i) “The differential equation which involves two or more independent variables is called partial differential equation. 2. The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest derivative appearing in it. 3. ‘The degree of'a differential equation is the degree of the highest derivative occurring in it, after it has been made free from radicals and fractions so far as the derivatives are concerned. 4. Any relation between the dependent and independent variables not containing their derivatives, which satisfies the differential equation is called a solution or an integral of the differential equation. This solution is also called the primitive of the differential equation. 5. _ The general (or complete) solution of a differential equation is that in which the number of arbitrary constants is equal to the order of the differential equation. 6. A particular solution is that which can be obtained from the general solution by giving ~ particlar values to the arbitrary constants. 7. Formation of Differential Equations : Differential equations can be obtained by eliminating arbitrary constants. To form a differential equation not containing any arbitrary constants, proceed as follows : F 1. Write down the given equation. 2. Differentiate successively as many times as the number of arbitrary constants. 3. Eliminate'the arbitrary constants from the above equations. The resulting equation is the required differential equation. Methods for Solving Differential Equations of First Order and First Degree (i) Variables Separable Method : If a differential equation can be expressed in the form f(x) dx + g(y) dy = 0, then we say that the variables are separable. Such an equation can be solved by integrating and adding an arbitrary constant on one side. 8. Hence the general solution of f(x) dx + g(y) dy = 0 is Jflx) dx +f e(y) dy = ¢ where cis an arbitrary constant, (Chapter-24)eo ifferentia ar) | Equations = a 24.3 Meth of Sebacieuion : Sometimes the equation is not in the form of variables separable but it can be reduced to the variables separable form by some proper substitution. For example when a differential equation is of the form x = flax + by + ©), " , it can be reduced to the variables separable form by putting ax + by + ¢ =v. (ii) (iv) vy) , f(x, Homogeneous Equation : If the differential equation is of the form x = ae ix ; where f and g are homogeneous functions of x and y of same degree; then it is called homogencous differential equation, To solve this equation, we put y = vx and brint it to one in which the variables are separable and then we integrate. Linear Differential Equations : Cae : & A differential equation of the form fa + Py=Q, where P and Q are functions of x or constants is called a linear differential equation of the first order. ‘ Working Rule to Solve Linear Equation 1. Write the given equation in the fort Z 9. Find the Integrating Factor (LF) =e!" 3. The solution of the differential equation is y (LF) = J Q* (LF) dx +e ‘Another Form of Linear Differential Equation If the differential equation is’ of the form ax ¥ +Px=Q where P and Q are functions of'y or constants then its solution is xx LF = JQ* LE dy +e : where LF = ¢!Pdy Bernoulli’s Equation (Equations Reducible to Linear Equation) : ds The equation a +Py=Qy" (1) where P, Q are constants or functions of x alone and n is a constant other than zero, is called the Bernoulli’s equation * : dy 2) To solve (1), divide by y*, so that Yeu x Put tore veo nae Oye oe Y dx dx 1 W py=Q (2) becomes = Gy + PY a ory +P(1-n) v=Q(1-n) which is a linear differential equation —=(Chapter-24)gee Differential Equations (vi) Exact Differential Equation : A differential equation of the form Mdx + Ndy = 0, .- M _ aN where M and N are functions of x and y is said to be exact if “ay ~ Gq and its solution is given by JMdx + JNdy (y constant) (terms not containing x) u 9, Integrating Factor (IF) : It is nothing but a multiplier used to simplify and solve a given differential equation. If the given-equation is not exact, then it can be made exact by multiplying the equation by a function of x and y, say p(x, y) then j1(x, y) is called integrating factor. 10. Integrating Factor by Inspection : Sometimes an integrating factor can be found by inspection. The following table gives integrating factors for some group of terms. S.No. |. Group of terms LF. Exact Differential 1 L x dy-y dx 2 y dx — x dy 3. xdy-y& a xdy—ydx _ 4 ays xy x i xdy ~ ydx -1y 4. x dy— y.dx Bap ay = a{ tan 3) : 5. xdy+ydx ale xdy tydx a(log xy) x xy 1 xdx +ydy 1 pee 6. x dx +y dy ie Sar af gies +y’) 11. Homogeneous Linear Differential Equations of Second Order with Constant Coefficients The general form of this type is @y ) ay Yep tea ag tha teyn0 where a, b, c are constants (Chapter-24) ===yo iter? No. Type of roots Solution L Two real and distinct roots m,, m. y=ce™ + ¢, em* 2. Two real and equal roots m, m y= (c, + ¢,x) e™ 3. Complex, say a + iB tial Equations 24.5 ; j &: d working Procedure to find the solution of a a +b a +cy=0 }. Write the equation in the symbolic form as (aD? + bD +c) y= 0 2. Write down the auxiliary equation as : am? + bm+ c= 0. Solve it for m. . 3, From the roots of auxiliary equation write down the general solution as follows : y = e% (c, cos Bx + ¢, sin Bx) Some Important Results : (i) The differential equation of all circles of radius a is bal (i) The differential equation of a brad of circles passing through the origin and having centres on the x-axis is 2xy x +xtay2=0. (iii). The differential equation corresponding to the family of parabolas whose axes are & : parallel to the y-axis is > =0. ix (iv) The differential equation corresponds to x? + y? + 2gx +c = 0, where g is an arbitrary constant is x” - y* — 2xyy, (v) ~The differential equation of all parbolss having the x-axis as the axis of symmetry ay | (dy E wy £2. (8) -0 (vi) © The differential equation corresponding to (x — a)? + (y — b)? =r is ial] - Linear Differential Equations of Higher Order : An equation of the form (D® +a, D™! +, DY? + ntaq) y= X or f(D) ¥ =X w(1) - where a,, a, . a, are constants ‘and X is a function of x only is called Linear differential equation of order If X = 0 [ice., AD)y = 0] then (1) is said to be Homogeneous, otherwise (1) is said to be non-homogeneous linear equation. = (Chapter-24)24.6 13. (Chapter-24). (A) _Homogencous Linear Equation : Working Rule to find the General Solution of f(D)y = 0 : Step 1 : Write the given equation in operator form as (D'+ a, DY +a, DI? +... + a,) y= 0, if necessary Step 2 : Write the Auxiliary Equation (A.B) as m+a,m''+a, m7 +... +a, =0 [i-e., put.D = m in equation (2)] Step 3 : Solve the equation (3) for m. Let'm,, m,, Step 4 : Write the general solution of (2) as follows () [fall ‘w’ roots are real and distinct, say m,, m,,...., m, then the general solution is G3) m,, be its roots, (i). If two roots are equal and other roots are real and different then the general solution is yuo, OM tc, eM +. +6, ee y=(c, #0,x) e™ +o, om +... +0, eet If three roots are equal and otlier roots are real and different then the general solution is y= (6, +0, x40, x7) eM +0, 0 + (iv) If two roots are complex and conjugate i.e., (m, = a + iB, m, = a—ig) * and the remaining roots are real and different then the general solution is + omer y =e (c, cos Bx +c, sin Bx) +c, em™* +... +6, eT (v) If two equal complex conjugate roots (i.e., o + if are repeated twice) and the remaining roots are real and different then the general solution is y=e™ [(c, + 0.x) cos Bx + (c, + ¢,x) sin Bx] +0, €™* +o FC, Ca _ (B) General Solution of Non-Homogencous Linear Equation : The general solution of non-homogeneous linear equation f(D) y = X is y=CF+PI . . where C.F. (Complementary Function) is the general solution £(D) y = 0 and Pl is the Particular Integral (or Particular Solution) of {(D)y = X which contains no arbitrary constant. General Method of Finding Particular Integral: If X is a function of x, not containing arbitrary constants and o. is a constant, then @ PLof 5—> X=e™ xox ii nx [x e% qx - (i) Pl. of Sy X Jxe™ax Gi) PAL. of BGR = where k is a constant 1 A Foc ea feel 7 ae where n is a positive integer Note: Pl. of Gar Radiant'sr eR ential Equations 24.7 short Methods of Finding Particular Inte he grals in Certain Cases : case (i) # Pl. of (D)y = X when X = o, where «a is constant 1 PR=p pepe ei 1 ie, To find FD) es, simply replace D by a (coefficient of x) provided f(a) # 0. 2. Case of failure : (@)__ Tf f(a) = 0 then factorise f(D) as {(D) = (D — a) 6(D), where $a) # 0 then i ax _ xe™ PL= @xae@ = +6) Gi) If (D) = ~ a)? GD) then ae ee PES Daye D) aT Hay? 8) #9 Gii) Similarly, if &(D) = (D - a) §(D) then ax. ieee? Hay’ Ha) # 0 1 x P= ————~ ews X (D-a)'6(D) Gy) If (D) = (D — a)" ice., all roots are real and equal then the 1 x" P.L= o-a e a e (v) If X =k, a constant, then ko ke Ok PL = F(p) = TD 7 F(0) > f (0) # 0 : PLL of f(D) y = X when X = sin ax or cos ax prety sin ax (or cos ax) = Si8%_(or cos ax), if f{- a2) # 0 < 1 fD)° £*) fa) 1 D?) ive., To find sin ax (or cos ax), simply replace D® bya’, D’ by D? D=— a? D, ete. £( Working Rule : With the above substitution, f(D) shall be reduced to a linear factor of the form /D + m or [D — m, Then multiplying Nr (numerator) and Dr (denominator) by a conjugate factor /D — m or ID + m respectively, the Dr shall be reduced to the form D?— m? in which we shall again but D? =~ a and it shall become a constant and Nr shall d ai ake be (ID + m) sin ax or cos ax. Here D means q and hence it is easily evaluated. = (Chapter-24) pS | |— 268 Differential Equations (chapter-24) $$$ = 2. Case of Failure : 2 cosax Xe @ Desa? = 2a sin aX if f(-a’)=0 sin ax = i) S cos ax, if f(- 0?) =0 D*+a?. 2a (ii) If f(— a)? = 0, then factorise (D2) as {(D?) = (D? + a) $(D*), where (-a)? # 0, eo ee : f£(D*) o-a*) (D" +a") . 1 © gine ace Hw (ems), tear? 40 © Fy ET EC (Eee), if oCay #0 (D") Note : . 1, To evaluate P.I for sin? x and cos? x, express them in terms of multiple angles using C0S2K agg? x = Lt e0s2x 7 and cos? x = 2. To find P.I for functions of the form sin A cos B, cos A sin B, sin A sin B or cos A cos B, express them as sum or difference of either’sines or cosines. Case (iii) : To find-PLL of {(D) y = X when X = x" where m is a + ve integer. eile ee #D) X= FD) * Working Rule : Perform the following steps : Step 1: Write {(D) in the form 1 + 9(D) by taking outside the lowest degree term. Step 2 : Bring 1 + $(D) into the Numerator. sin? x = PL, Step 3 : Expand [1 + 4(D)]"' x™ using the following binomial expansions upto the term + containing D®. [since D™*! (x") = 0]. @ (Q-Dy'=1+D4+D?+D3+ (i) (+Dy'=1-D+pD?-p? Gil) (1 - D)? = 1+ 2D4 3D? + 4p3 + (iv) (1+ Dy? =1-2D + 3D? api + (v) (1-D)?=1+3D + 6D? + 10D*"+ (vi) (1 + D)? = 1-3D + 6D? - 10D? + Step 4 : Finally Differentiate term by term by operating [1 + §(D)]"! on x.