Transmission and Switching Systems

(TE-405)
(3+1)
Instructor : Engr. Iqra Jabeen
Email: [email protected]
Lost Call Systems
• Erlang determined the grade of service (i-e the loss probability) of a lost call
system having N trunks when offered traffic A is shown in the figure
• The solution depends upon the following assumptions;
• Pure chance traffic.
• Statistical Equilibrium.
• Full Availability.
• Calls encounter during congestion are lost.
Lost Call Systems
• The assumption of pure-chance traffic implies that call arrivals and call
terminations are independent random events.
• Statistical equilibrium implies that the probabilities do not change.
• Full availability means that every call that arrives can be connected to any
outgoing trunk which is free.
• Lost call assumptions implies that any attempted call which encounters
congestion is immediately cleared from the system.
• If there are ‘x’ calls in progress then;
Lost Call Systems
However there can not be a negative number of calls and there cannot be more
than N calls. Therefore the range of X is 0 to N.

This is called as Erlang distribution/ Erlangs lost call formula.

Lost Call Systems
• The first Erlang distribution E1,N(A) which denotes the loss probability for a full
availability group of N trunks offered traffic A Erlangs
Lost Call Systems
A=2
N=5
Traffic Performance
Effect of overload on Grade of Service
Signaling
• Signaling refers to the exchange of information between call components
required to provide and maintain service.
• As users of the PSTN, we exchange signaling with network elements all the time.
• Examples of signaling between a telephone user and the telephone network
include: dialing digits, providing dial tone, accessing a voice mailbox, sending a
call-waiting tone, etc.
• Signaling is the method used for the switching offices (Exchanges) and CEP
(Telephone ,fax machines etc) to control the switching of calls over the
transmission facilities (wires, radios etc) in the PSTN (Public Switched Telephony
network)
• Signaling is the generation, transmission and reception of information needed to
direct and control;
• Call Setup, Monitor and Maintain, Disconnect and Bill of Call.
Signaling
• In a telephony context, signaling means the passing of information and
instructions from one point to another relevant to the setting up and supervision
of a telephone call.
• By tradition, Signaling has been divided into two types: Subscriber Signaling i.e.
signaling between a subscriber terminal (telephone) and the local exchange, and
Trunk Signaling i.e. signaling between exchanges.
Local Local
Exchange Exchange

 Subscriber
Signalling
c c
Trunk
Signalling
c c
Subscriber
Signalling 
c a c a
s s s s
Classification of Signaling
• Signals are classified according to;
• The internal signaling of an exchange.
• Signaling between exchanges (network-network)
• Signaling between an exchange and subscriber (subscriber Signalling)
Subscriber Signaling
 Subscriber Signaling
• The calling party goes off hook. The hook switch of the telephone shorts both the
wires and create loop all the way up to the telephone exchange.
• Exchange sense the DC loop, acknowledges the calling party request and extend the
dial tone.
• The calling party start dialing and exchange collects the string of digits and locate
where the calling party is and extend ring signal to the called party through distinct
exchange. May be series of exchanges are involved. The distinct exchange extend
alert signal to the called party whose telephone starts ringing
• Local exchange extend a ring back tone to the calling party as an assurance that the
call is under progress.
• The called party pick up the phone to answer the call.
• The alert signal to the calling party and ring back signal to called party both are
stopped and both parties are ready now and talking with each other.
Signaling System
• A signaling system is one which interconnects a verity of switching systems,
transmission systems and subscriber equipment's in a telecommunication
network.
• Types of signals involve in signaling:
1. Supervisory Signals: These are the line signals which initiate a call, progress a
call, maintain the call and supervise it once the call has been established. It is
often referred to as subscriber loop signaling or line signaling
Examples: on-hook, off-hook, billing, seizures.
2. Routing signals or Register Signals: These are related to transfer of information
Related to call setup.
Signaling System
• Example: Dialed digits (pluses or DTMF tones)
3. Management signals or Inter- register signaling: These signals are related to
exchange of information and control between exchanges on trunks. This signaling is
also known as inter exchange signaling. This signaling deals with remote switching
of private circuits, complete routing information between exchanges, end to end
user connection, congestion, priority of call and class of service.
Why signaling is required: If we do not have signaling, we need to connect every
one with every one through direct wires. In figure a group of five users would need
10 connections to connect with each other.
Signaling is required to establish a communication path between two users
irrespective of where they are located.
2. To ensure connection is maintained 3. connection should be released 4.Bill the
call
Signaling System
Signaling Techniques
Signaling Techniques
• Channel Associated Signaling (CAS) /In channel Signaling
• Same channel is used to carry voice and information especially control
information.
• It is also known as per trunk signaling (PTS)
• Common Channel Signaling (CSS)
• Use different channels for voice information and signaling information
• It combines a signaling information of number of channels together and send
them on separate signaling channel ( I go my way and you go your way)
• Signaling takes different path and speech takes different path.
Signaling Techniques
Common Channel Signaling (CCS)
• Signaling is completely separate from switching and speech transmission.
• Dedicated channel for signaling are used to support a group of circuits.
• The CCS network is basically a store and forward network where signaling
information travels on a link by link basis along the route.
• In CCS, signaling information is transferred as message of varying length.
• The information arrived at a node is stored, processed and forwarded to
the next node in the route. The CCS technique is also called the transparent mode
for signaling.
CCS Types
Channel Associated Mode
• There is a direct link between two exchanges. In this mode signaling path passes
through same set of switches as does the speech path.
• This mode of operation is simple and economic. Control is also quite easy. But it
introduces a lot of delay in long distance communication and therefore is suitable
for local communications only.
CCS Types
• Channel Non-Associated Mode: The signaling information may follow a
different route from that of speech.
• The topologies of signaling network are different from that of speech network.
Signaling Techniques
• There is a separate control networks, different from the switching machines. In a
multi-exchange network scenario as seen in the figure the signaling message
passes through several intermediate nodes (between exchanges many STPs are
placed) and this is known as non associated signaling. The signaling path is
different from speech path.
Signaling Techniques
• Quasi Associated Signaling: This is an in between scheme. In practice CCS
speech/data messages are routed through one intermediate node for short
distance communication. This is known as quasi associated signaling.
Signaling Techniques
• There are four categories of in channel (CAS) signaling;
• Loop disconnect-DC Signaling
• Multi-frequency (MF) –AC Signaling
• Voice Frequency (VF)-AC Signaling
• PCM Signaling
Signaling Techniques
• Loop Distance –DC Signaling: The earliest and still the most common telephone
set is the rotary dial telephone. The mechanism to transmit the identify of the
called subscriber to exchange is pulse dialing.
• The basic idea is to interrupt the D.C. path of the subscriber’s loop for a specified
number of short periods to indicate the number dialed. This is called loop-
disconnect (or rotary) signaling .
• When the dial is rotated, the corresponding digit is pulled round to the finger
guard and the dial is released.
• After the dial has returned to its rest position the next digit is dialed. The dial
operates at about 10 impulses per second with a break of about 66 1/3 m sec and
a make of about 33 1/3 m sec.
• The clear signal is produced when the subscriber replaces the handset, by
breaking the D.C path.
Signaling Techniques
• Multi-Frequency –AC Signaling: This is the modern day DTMF (Dual Tone Multi-
frequency signaling). When a number is pressed two separate tones are
generated and send to local exchange on after another in very rapid succession.
• The figure shows tone matrix in rows and columns explains the tone selection
clearly. If you press digit 1 ,a tone at 1209 Hz followed by another tone at 697 Hz
is send very rapidly and entire sequence is completed in 40 mili-seconds.
• In rotary dialing, the pluses are send at a rate of 10 pluses per second. A digit 8
would take 0.8 seconds to dial out and digit 0 would take 1 second to dial out.
• Whereas in tone dialing, 8 complete digits can be dialed in one second. Tone
dialing is much faster and quicker call processing ad increased productivity.
Signaling Techniques
• Voice Frequency (VF)-AC Signaling: The bandwidth of a typical telephone channel
is 0-4000 Hz. The speech band occupies the bandwidth of 3000-3400 Hz. If the
signaling frequencies are chosen within the range of baseband telephone channel
then signaling is referred as voice frequency signaling.
• The voice frequency signaling are classified into two types;
• In-band signaling
• Out-band signaling
In Band Signaling: If the control signal frequencies are within the speech band (300
Hz- 3400 Hz),the signaling is called in-band signaling.
Example: If a tone is around 2600 Hz and lasts more than 50 ms, the switching
equipment determines it is not a speech component and it is line disconnect signal.
Signaling Techniques
Advantages
• It can be used on any transmission medium.
• It is flexible and widely used signaling system for long distance telephone
networks.
• It is simple to implement.
Out-band Signaling: This signaling has frequencies above the voice band of 3400 Hz
but below the upper limit of 4 KHz. The out band signaling is used 4 wire E and M
trunk. The CCITT recommended frequency for out band signaling is 3825 Hz, but
3700 Hz and 3850 Hz are also used.
Advantages
• Signals and speech can be transmitted simultaneously without disturbing the
conversation.
• Simple and cheap.
Signaling Techniques
• Pulse Code Modulation Signaling: PCM is a digital system employing time division
multiplexing. In PCM speech and signaling are sampled at 8 KHz and coded as 8
bits per sample resulting in 64kbps per channel.
• There are two standards. They are DS1 24 channel system and European 30
channel system .DS1 is called T1 system
• E1 with 30 such channels into a frame and transmitted within the frame.
Signaling Techniques
• CCS uses a dedicated line for the signaling information between stored program
control elements of switching systems.
• The data link send messages which identify specific trunks and events.
• The information arrived at the next node and is analyzed, processed and
forwarded to the next node in the route.
• For this purpose two signaling channels, one for each direction are used and
therefore they can carry signaling information for 1000 to 2000 users
simultaneously.
• Signaling System 7 (SS7) is the most popular world wide standard ,which is used
in CCS based telecom systems throughout the world today.
 Signaling Techniques
CCS Signaling Message Formats
• SU: Signaling unit of fix length. A signaling unit is divided into a number of fields.
The fields may be address unit, centralized service message unit, acknowledgement
unit, synchronization or idle unit, management message unit.
• The signaling information includes data related to routing, addressing digits, inter
exchange information, routing status to the originating exchange maintenance
request/details
SUM: Single unit message
 Signaling Techniques
• MUM: Multi-unit message
A message with multiple signal units. Header, signaling information circuit and label
error.

Sub Header
 Signaling Techniques
Advantages of CCS
• The routing is efficient and speech/messages data can be exchanged at high speed.
• CCS allow signaling at anytime in the entire duration of call not only at the beginning .
• It is cost effective.
• As separate channels are used for voice and control, there is no chance of mutual
interference and the error rate is very low.
• CCS enables more services to subscribers. A signaling link operating at 64kbps
normally providing signaling up to 1000 or 1500 speech circuits.
• Disadvantage of CCS
• CCS network is basically store and forward network. This causes additional overhead
.If the reliability is poor the calls are prone to disconnect frequently.
SS7 Signaling
Where is SS7 used
• SS7 is essential backbone of todays telecommunication networks world wide.
• SS7 protocol today is globally used in almost all kinds of telephone networks
throughout the world to provide call control and support intelligent network
applications.
• SS7 is key elements in enhanced services platform such as voice over IP gate ways
(VOIP) and central office switching platform.
Evolution of SS7
• First defined in 1980,revised in 1984 and 1988.
• The functions in SS7 are defined assuming packet switched operation.
• Primarily optimized to work with digital SPC exchanges utilizing 64kbps digital
channel.
SS7 Signaling
Overview
SS7 Signaling
SS7 Signaling
overview
• The configuration shown in the figure has different route for signaling and
different route for speech.
• SS7 signaling system is very popular system used throughout the world.
• SS7 as you can see is common channel signaling. If there are 1000 subscribers in
the local exchange, all their signaling go through a common network called SS7
signaling system.
• SS7 signaling determines the destination and set up a path end to end. Then it
sets up a conversation, between calling and called party through separate( local
loops, trunks) lines.
• We will look at SS7 architecture, the purpose behind SS7 and its important
features in detail.
 SS7 Signaling
Purpose of SS7 Network
• The SS7 provides the internal control and network intelligence essential to an ISDN.
• Intelligent Network (IN) which uses network elements such as SSP, SCP and
intelligent peripheral (IP), for achieving improved subscriber substation.
• Personal Communication Systems (PCS) : which uses SS7 to provide personalized
voice, data, image and video communication services that can be accessed
regardless of location, network and time utilizing advanced microcell technology. It
enables personalized billing, personalized numbering (one number for one person
at any place at any time) and time and location independent charging.
• SS7, in integration with SPC systems enables quick and efficient call setup and
teardown across the network in less than one second. Also, this integration
provides for better supervision, monitoring and billing systems integration.
 SS7 Signaling
• SS7 achieves enhanced call features such as call forwarding, calling party
name/number display and three way calling. Also with SS7, efficient and secured
world wide communication is possible. It also provides, toll free and toll wireline
services.
• SS7 uses packet switching concept. Hence SS7 network is capable of preventing
the misrouted calls, duplication of call requests and lost packets (requests for
service)
Features of SS7
• Internationally standardized by the ITU.
• SS7 is suitable for any transmission medium i.e., can be operated over both
terrestrial and satellite links
• Even though SS7 is optimized to work with digital SPC exchanges utilising 64 kbps
digital channels, it is suitable for operation over analog channels.
SS7 Signaling

• High performance and flexibility along with a future oriented concept which
meets new requirements
• High reliability for message transfer
• Processor friendly structure of the messages (signal units in multiples of 8 bits).
• SS7 networks are much faster, efficient in the call setup and teardown process
• Flexible structure which accomodates all the technical advancement in
telecommunication systems.
SS7 Network Architecture
• The SS7 network is built out of the essential components interconnected by
signaling links.
• SS7 messages are exchanged between network elements over 56 or 64 kbps
bidirectional channels called signaling links.
• In this section, the essential components used in the signaling
network, signalling link types and the basic SS7 architecture are described.
Essential components of SS7 network
There are three essential components used in SS7 network. They are SSP, STP
and SCP
Fig shows the symbol that are used to depict these three key elements of any
SS7 network. STP and SCP’s are customarily deployed in pairs
SS7 Network Architecture
SS7 Network Architecture
Signal Switching Points (SSP’s )
• SSP’s are telephone switches (end offices or tandems)
equipped with SS7 capable software and terminating signaling links.
• An SSP sends signaling message to other SSP’s to setup manage, and release
voice circuits required to complete a call.
• An SSP may also send a query message to a centralized database (an SCP) to
determine how to route a call. Sometimes SSP also referred as service switching
point.
Signal Transfer Point (STPS)
• STPS are the packet switches of the SS7 network. An STP routes each incoming
message to an outgoing signaling link based on routing information contained in
the SS7 message.
• Because it acts as a network hub, an STP provides improved utilization of the SS7
network by eliminating the need for direct links between signaling points.
SS7 Network Architecture
• An STP may perform global title translation, a procedure by which the distination
signaling point is determined from digit present in the signaling message. An STP
can also acts as a ‘‘fire wall’’ to screen SS7 messages exchanged with other
networks.
Signal Control Points (SCP’s)
• SCP’s are databases that provide information necessary for advanced call
processing capabilities.
• An SCP sends a response to the originating SSP containing the routing number(s)
associated with the dialled number. An alternate routing number may be used by
the SSP if the prime number is busy or the call is unanswered within a specified
time
• SCP’s and STP’s are generally deployed in mated pair configurations in separate
physical locations to ensure network wide service in the event of isolated failure.
SS7 Network Architecture
SS7 Protocol overview for wired and
wireless Networks
 Protocol Architecture of SS7
• The hardware and software functions of the SS7 protocol are divided into
functional abstractions called ‘levels’.
• The SS7 uses a four layer protocol stack that loosly maps to the Open System
Interconnect (OSI), a 7-layer model defined by the International Standards
Organization (ISO).
• These protocols provide different services depending on the use of signaling
network.
• Bottom three layers are meant for communication and transmission of messages.
These three levels are referred to as Message Transfer Part (MTP). MTP provides
a reliable service for routing messages through SS7 network.
• The upper portion or fourth layer of the stack, performs data processing
functions.
• Figure shows the protocol architecture of SS7 and OSI reference model
SS7 Protocol Stack

MTP : Message Transfer Part

NSP: Network Service Part
Protocol Architecture of SS7
Message Transfer Part (MTP)
MTP provides a reliable service for routing messages through the SS7 network. The
MTP is divided in to three levels described below;
MTP level 1
• The lowest level MTP 1 is equivalent to the OSI physical layer. It moves bits and
bytes over electrical and data paths.
• MTP level 1 defines the physical, electrical and functional characteristics of the
digital signalling link
• It uses the time slot of a 2 Mbps E1 PCM system or time slot 24 of a 1.5 Mbps T1
system.
• Physical interfaces defined include E1, Ds-1 ,DS-0 ,DS-OA and V.35.
Protocol Architecture of SS7
MTP Level 2
• This provides link layer functionality. The main purpose of this
layer is to turn a potentially unreliable physical link into a reliable data link. It is
equivalent to OSI data link layer.
• MTP 2 ensures accurate end-to-end transmission of messages across a signaling
link in a reliable manner, implements flow control, message sequence validation
and error checking.
• When an error occurs on a signaling link the message is retransmitted. It is
equivalent to OSI data link layer
MTP level 3
• This level is equivalent in function to the OSI network layer.
• It extends the functionality provided by MTP level to provide network layer
functionality.
Protocol Architecture of SS7
• MTP level 3 reroutes traffic away from failed links and signalling points and
controls traffic when congestion occurs.
• The functions of MTP level 3 includes node addressing, routing alternate routing
and congestion control.
User part
• The user part (UP) known as level 4 in the layered structure of the signaling
system. It is application dependent and includes the message, message coding
and protocols necessary to support telephony and ISDN.
• This consists of the processes for handling the service being supported by the
signaling system. The message transfer part is capable of supporting many
different user parts.
Protocol Architecture of SS7
• The defined user parts are;
• Telephone user part (TUP)
• ISDN User Part (ISUP)
• Signalling Connection Control Part (SCCP)
• Transaction Capabilities Application Part (TCAP).
• TUP and ISUP are interactive and allows efficient signaling in a digital
environment. The SCCP and TCAP interfaces UP and MTP.
ISDN User Part (ISUP) (integrated services digital user part)
• ISUP is used for both ISDN and Non-ISDN calls.
• The ISUP defines the protocol used to setup, manage, and release trunk circuits
that carry voice and data between terminating line exchanges.
 Protocol Architecture of SS7
Telephone User Part
• The TUP is involved in response to actions by a subscriber at a telephone.
• The control signaling associated with TUP, deal with establishment maintainance
and termination of telephone calls.
• TUP handles analog calls only. In many countries ISUP has replaced TUP for call
management.
Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP)
• The SCCP and MTP together are referred to as Network Service Part (NSP). SCCP
provides connectionless and connection-oriented network services. SCCP provides
two major functions that are lacking in the MTP.
• It has the capability to address applications within a signaling point. MTP does not
deal with software applications within a node.
Protocol Architecture of SS7
• The SCCP allows subsystems such as service call processing, calling-card
processing, advanced intelligent network (AIN) and custom local area signalling
services (CLASS) to be addressed explicitly.
• The second function provided by the SCCP is the ability to perform incremental
routing using a capability called global title translation (GTT).
• GTT frees originating signaling points from the burden of having to know every
potential destination to which they might have to route a message.
• GTT selects the correct destination to which the message should be
routed. GTT effectively centralizes the problem and places it in a node (the STP)
that has been designed to perform this function
Protocol Architecture of SS7
Transaction capabilities Application Part (TCAP)
• TCAP supports the exchange of non-circuit related data between applications
across the SS7 network using the SCCP connectionless service.
• It is used for data base services such as calling card, service calls, AIN,
switch to switch services including repeat dialing and call return.
• Queries and responses sent between SSPs and SCPs are carried in TCAP
messages. For example SSP sends a TCAP query to determine the routing number
associated with a dialled service number to check the personal identifical number
of a calling card user.
• Because TCAP messages must be delivered to
individual applications within the nodes they address, they use the SCCP for
transport.
Protocol Architecture of SS7
Operations, Maintenance and Administration part (OMAP)
• OMAP module deals with messages relating to the network management,
operations and maintenance.
• This is the area for future definitions. Presently OMAP services may be used to
verify network routing databases and to diagonise link problems.
.
SS7 Signaling Units
• There are three types of signaling units (SU) defined in SS7. They are message
signal unit (MSU), Link status signal unit (LSSU) and Fill in signal unit (FISU). SUs of
each type follow a format unique to that type.
SS7 Signaling Unit
SS7 Signaling Unit
SS7 Signaling Unit
• A high level view of those formats is shown in Fig. 7.15. All three
SU types have a set of common fields that are used by MTP level 2. The SU is
based on the high level data link control (HDLC) protocol.
• The MSU transfers information supplied by a user part (level 4) via the signalling
network level (level 3). The LSSU is used for link initialization and flow control.
The FISU is sent to maintain alignment when there is no signal traffic.
Message Signaling Unit
Link Status Signaling Unit
Fill In Signaling Unit
 SS7 Signaling Unit
The common fields used in all the signaling units are described below :
Flag
• The flag indicates the beginning of a new signal unit and implies the end of the
previous signal unit (if any). The binary value of the flag is 0111 1110. The same
sequence may occur in messages and wrongly interpreted as flags.
• By the technique known as bit stuffing and un-stuffing, false flag can be prevented. By
this technique before transmitting a signal
unit, MTP 2 adds a zero bit after any sequence of five one bits.
• Upon receiving, MTP 2 removes
any zero bit following a sequence of five one bits to restore the contents of the
messages.
Backward Sequence Number (BSN)
• The BSN is used to acknowledge the receipt of
signal units by the remote signalling point. The BSN contains the sequence number of
the signal unit being acknowledged
Protocol Architecture of SS7
Backward Indicator Bit (BIB)
• A negative acknowledgement is indicated by inverting the BIB bit, which remains
unchanged for all subsequent positive acknowledgement.
Forward Sequence Number (FSN) and Forward Indicator Bit (FIB)
• The FSN contains the sequence number of the signal unit. The FIB is used in error
recovery like the BIB
• When a signal unit is ready for transmission, the signaling point increments the FSN
by 1. The cyclic redundancy check (CRC) checksum value is calculated and
appended to the forward message.
• Upon receiving the message, the remote signaling point checks the CRC and copies
the value of the FSN into the BSN of the next available message scheduled for
transmission back to the initiating signaling point.
Protocol Architecture of SS7
• If the CRC is correct, the backward message is transmitted. If the CRC is incorrect, the
remote signaling point indicates negative acknowledgement by toggling BIB prior to sending
the backward message.
• When the originating signaling point receives a negative acknowledgement, it retransmits all
forward messages, beginning with the corrupted message, with the FIB toggled.
Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)
• The CRC value is used to detect and correct data transmission errors. The error check field is
immediately before the closing flag. It contains 16 bits generated as a CRC code.
Length Indicator (LI)
• The length indicator indicates the number of octets (8 bit bytes) between itself and the CRC
check sum. It serves both as a check on the integrity of the SU and as a means of
discrimination between different types of SUS at level 2.
• Accroding to the protocol only 6 of the 8 bits in the length indicator field are actually used to
store this length. Thus the largest value that can be accommodated in the length indicator is
63
Protocol Architecture of SS7
Service information octet (SIO)
• It indicates the user part according to the message (e.g., telephone, data or
ISDN). The SIO field in an MSU contains the 4 bit subservice field followed by the
4 bit service indicator.
• FISU and LSSUs do not contain an SIO. The subservice field contains the network
indicator (i.e., national or international) and the message priority.
Signalling Information Field (SIF)
• SIF may consist of upto 272 octets and contains
the information to be transmitted. The SIF in an MSU contains the routing label
and signaling information.
• LSSUs and FISUs contain neither a routing label nor SIO as they are sent between
two directly connected signaling points.
Protocol Architecture of SS7
Basic Call Setup with ISUP

• This example shows a subscriber on switch A places a call to a subscriber on

switch B
ISUP Normal Call Flow Scenario
ISUP Messages
 ISUP Normal Call Flow Scenario
• When calling subscriber calls a subscriber, the originating SSP transmits an
ISUP initial address message (IAM) to reserve an idle trunk from switch A to B.
The IAM includes the originating point code, destination point code, calling
and called numbers.
• The IAM is routed via the home STP of the originating switch to the
destination switch. Same signaling links are used for the full duration of a call
unless a link failure forces to change link.
• On reception of IAM by called subscriber (if idle), the destination switch
transmits an ISUP address complete message (ACM) to its home STP.
• The destination switch rings the called subscriber and send a ringing tone over
the trunk to the originating switch.
• When the called panty picks the phone, the destination switch terminates the
ringing tone and transmitts an ISUP answer message (ANM) to the originating
switch via its home STP.
ISUP Normal Call Flow Scenario
• The STP routes the ANM to the originating switch and initiates billing.
• If the calling subscriber hangs up first, SSP (A) sends an ISUP release message
(REL) to release the trunk circuit between the switches.
• The STP routes REL to the destination switch.
• If the called subscriber hangs up first, the destination switch sends an REL to the
originating switch (not shown).
• Upon receiving REL, the destination switch disconnects the trunk from the called
party’s line. Then, it transmits an ISUP release complete message (RLC) to the
originating
switch to acknowledge the release of the trunk circuit.
• When originating switch receives RLC, it terminates billing cycle and sets the
trunk state to idle.