Transmission and Switching Systems

(TE-405)
(3+1)
Instructor : Engr. Iqra Jabeen
Email: [email protected]
ISDN Implementation in Commercial Exchange
Why ISDN

ISDN Basics and ISDN Services

ISDN Interfaces

ISDN Channels

ISDN Functional Grouping

Broadband ISDN
Introduction
ISDN is the most important development in the field of computer communication
in the year 1980s.
ISDN is the well planed area of development in the field of telecommunications.
The process of digitalization of telecommunication networks started in early 1960
when PCM was introduced for digital transmission of voice signals.
CCITT recognize the feasibility of digital communication network and setup a
study group called Special Study Group D in 1968.
The formal definition of ISDN was given by Study group D in recommendation
G.702.
An IDN with same digital switches and digital paths are used to establish different
services for example telephony and data.
Why ISDN..
Why ISDN
• Fig.1 shows analog transmission in subscriber loop side and digital network in the
trunk side.
• Fig.2 shows digital transmission in the subscriber loop side and digital network in
the trunk side also. It is an all digital transmission right from the telephone
network onwards.
• The digital network is the genesis of ISDN.
• ISDN stands for Integrated Services Digital Network or Isolated Subscriber Digital
Network.
• It is a circuit switched end-to-end digital transmission standard. It support digital
transmission of voice and data over ordinary telephone copper wires which
results in better voice quality than an analog phone.
Six Conceptual Principles on Which ISDN
should Based
ISDN evolve from telephony IDN by progressively incorporating additional
functions and network features (voice and non-voice )
New services introduced by ISDN should be compatible with 64 kbps switched
digital connection.
Transition from existing network to ISDN may require a period of one or two
decade (switch and non-switch applications)
ISDN will contain intelligence from the purpose of providing service features,
maintenance and network management.
 A layered functional set of protocols is desirable for the various access
arrangements to ISDN.
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
In general, ISDN networks extend from the local telephone exchange to the remote
user and include all the telecommunications and switching equipment's in
between. ISDN supports voice and data.
ISDN is based on technology developed during the 1970’s designed to address the
problem of how to transport digital services across a telephony infrastructure
based on copper wiring originally intended to carry analog signals only.
To meet the customer needs, initially, the telephone companies created Integrated
Digital Networks (IDN).
IDN is a combination of networks available for different purposes. Access to these
networks is by digital pipes which are time multiplexed channels sharing very high
speed paths
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
It offers circuit switched connections at 64 kbps or increments of 64 kbps.
It also provide internet services at maximum of 128 kbps.
It can also support video conference at 64 kbps or increments of 64 kbps
Integrated services refer to ISDNs ability to deliver at maximum two
simultaneous connections, in any combination of data, voice, viedo and fax over
single copper line.
With ISDN all customers become digital rather than analog.
By this network, customers can use their local loops to transmit both voice and
data to their telephone company’s central office. The office then directs these
calls to the appropriate digital networks via the digital pipes. ISDN integrates
customer services with the IDN. With ISDN, all customers will become digital
rather than analog.
ISDN..
ISDN Advantages
High Speed
ISDN is fast. As there is no need of conversion of analog to digital inside a digital
network, the speed is high.

Speed Comparison
ISDN..
Before ISDN, normal phone carries only 2.4 kbps. After ISDN, digital phone lines
can carry 128 kbps over the same wire. Hence ISDN’s speed allows very quick file
transfers.
The ISDN call setup (connect) also faster (2 to 4 sec) than analog devices (15 to 30
sec). ISDN can transfer two times faster than a 56 K modem.
Cost advantage
Low costs results due to reduced retransmission of information
and fast information transfer. Simplified network management and maintenance
results in reduced costs for international and nation-wide communication.
Reduced infrastructure and maintenance costs by offering multiple services
through a single network.
High quality transmission
ISDN transmits data digitally (except the link between
you and telephone company) and as a result, is less vulnerable to static and noise
than analog transmission
 ISDN..
Due to digital technology, transmission is highly reliable. Voice conversation over
ISDN also crystal clear, having the sound quality of an audio CD.
Simultaneous transmission
ISDN has two B channels for voice, circuit or packet conversations and one D
channel to carry signals between your equipment and the phone company.
Thus ISDN can perform simultaneous functions. You can send a fax, you can
receive a fax or utilize a 56 kbps internet connection while talking.
Multiple device connection
Because ISDN lines are divided into logical channels,
up to eight devices (fax, telephone, computer etc.) can be connected on a single
Basic Rate ISDN in any combination. This reduces the additional wiring
ISDN..
Conferencing
• As eight devices could be in use simultaneously, this may result in multiple call
appearances. Thus ISDN allows to handle several calls at once or conference them
together with one number. This multiple call appearance is useful for small office
with large number of outside sales people.
• Support call management features such as call forwarding, call pickup, message
waiting indicator ,direct inward dialing and so on.
ISDN INTERFACES
ISDN is available with two main types of interfaces.
• Basic Rate Interface (BRI)
• Primary Rate interface (PRI)
Basic Rate Interface (BRI)
• This is the entry level interface in ISDN. BRI is offered at 144 kbps over a pair of
standard copper wires.
• 144 kbps data rate consists of two 64 kbps Bearer (or B) channels and one 16
kbps Data(or D) channel .2B+D.
• BRI is made up of two B-channels (Bearer channels) and one D channel.
• Therefore the total rate is 2B + D. B channels are 64 kbps and can be used for
voice and data communications.
ISDN INTERFACES
• BRI is designed to carry the most data possible to the home through existing
copper phone line.
• The D channel is 16 kbps and is used for call initialization and signalling
connections.
• Of three digital channels (2B + D), of each of the channels can be used
simultaneously. Thus a subscriber can perform several communications tasks at
the same time.
ISDN INTERFACES
ISDN BRI frame format:
• The size of a frame is 48 bits.
• Each B channel is sampled two times during each frame (8 bits per sample). D
channel is sampled four times during each frame (one bit per sample). The
overhead are not shown.
• The reason for interleaved sampling is to create long frame. This is useful in many
cases, for example the size of the BRI frame matches for a data portion of an ATM
cell.
• BRI functionality is attainable without any modification to the existing telephony
infrastructure. Telephone companies must change the signaling on the local loop
to support ISDN, but no physical modifications are required.
ISDN INTERFACES
Primary Rate Interface (PRI)
• PRI in North America has 23 B channels and one 64 K D channel or the total rate
is 23 B + 1D, having a total bandwidth 1.544 Mbps.
• PRI in rest of the world uses 30 B channels and one D channel
or 30 B + D with total rate of 2.048 Mbps.
• The number of B channels is limited by the size of the standard trunk
line used in the region.
• Unlike BRI, PRI does not support a bus configuration and only one device can be
connected to a PRI line. A PBX, however can reallocate ISDN PRI resources on to
multiple BRI buses.
• The 1.544 Mbps of a PRI can be divided up in many ways to meet the
requirements of many users.
ISDN INTERFACES
• This is an E1 (2.048 Mbps) PCM Mux as we know already, an E1 is the 30B
channels of 64 kbps, one D channel of 64 kbps and timing and alarm channel of
64 kbps.
• North America and Japan use T1 of 1544 Kbps. A T1 has 23 B and 1 D channel for
signaling.
ISDN
PRI frame format :The B and D channels are multiplexed using synchronous TDM
to create PRI frame.
ISDN INTERFACES (Subscriber Access )
• Network Terminator type 1 (NT 1): and a power supply are required. A special
terminal adapter can combine the two B-channels to create a 128 kbps channel
which can then be connected to a computer. The NT1 connected to ISDN line acts
as a multiplexer and demultiplexer.
ISDN INTERFACES
Network terminator 2 (NT 2): An application of the PRI is to connect two central
switches together to use them as a T1 link (Fig. 12.6). The devices which handle
switching and multiplexing (such as PBX) are called network terminator 2 (NT 2).
ISDN..
Types of ISDN
There are two types of ISDN;
Narrow band ISDN (N-ISDN)
Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN)
Narrow band-ISDN
• Carry data rating upto 64 kbps, ranging up to T1 rates. Sometimes used to
refer to regular telephone and non-video capable systems. It carries voice
information in a narrow band of frequencies. This is actually an attempt to
digitize the analog voice information. This uses 64kbps circuit switching.
• The narrowband ISDN is implemented to carry voice data, which uses
lesser bandwidth, on a limited number of frequencies.
ISDN..
Broadband-ISDN
• The Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network is called the B-ISDN
• This integrates the digital networking services and provides digital transmission
over ordinary telephone wires, as well as over other media.
• The communication standards being developed by the ITU to handle the high
bandwidth applications such as video. B-ISDN will use ATM technology over
SONET based transmission units to provide data rates of 155 Mbps to 622 Mbps
and beyond.
ISDN…
ISDN Services
• ISDN services generally fall into three categories. They are bearer services, tele-
services and supplementary services.
ISDN…
Bearer Service
• ISDN works on the principle of transport services known as bearer services offer
the capability to transport digital voice or non voice services using ISDN standard.
• Bearer service provide the means to transfer information (voice ,data and video)
between users through circuit switching ,packet switching ,call switching and
frame switching.
• The bearer channel basic bitrate is 64kbps.
• The network does not need to process the information. Bearer service belongs
to the first three layers of OSI model. These services can be provided with circuit
switched, packet switched, frame switched or cell switched networks.
 ISDN…
Tele services
• In this service, the network may change or process the contents. This service
correspond to layers 4–7 of the OSI model. Tele services include telephony,
telefax, video fax, telex and teleconferencing.
Supplementary services
• It provides additional functionality to the bearer service
and tele-services.
• Supplementary services include call waiting, Reverse charging, and message
handling.
Conceptual View of ISDN
ISDN CHANNELS
ISDN consists of three types of communications channels. They are:
1. Bearer channel (B channel)
2. Delta channel (D channel),
3. Hybrid channels (H channel)
B channel
• B channels are logical digital ‘‘pipes’’ which exist on a single ISDN line. B
channel carry data and services at 64 kbps.
• It carries data in full duplex mode. Each B channels provide a 64 kbps clear
channel, clear meaning that the entire bandwidth is available for data,B channels
typically form circuit switched connections.
• B channel connection is an end-to-end
physical circuit that is temporarily dedicated to transferring data between two
devices.
ISDN CHANNELS
• The circuit switched nature of B channel connections; combined with their
reliability and relatively high bandwith makes ISDN suitable for a range of
applications including voice, video, fax and data. B channels are normally used
for on-demand connection.
• D channel
D channel can be either 16 or 64 kbps, depending on the needs of the user. The
primary function of the D channel is to carry control signaling and administrative
information for B channels to set up and tear down the calls.
• The D channel uses packet switched connection. The packet switched connection
are best adapted to the intermittent but latency sensitive nature of signaling
traffic, accounting for the highly reduced call setup time of
1 to 2 seconds on ISDN calls.
• Unlike the B-channel, which can function as a simple ‘pipe’, the D channel is
associated with higher level protocols at layers 2 and 3 of OSI model which form
the packet switched connections.
ISDN CHANNELS
H channels
• H channels are suitable for high data rate applications such as video,
teleconferencing and so on
BROADBAND ISDN (B-ISDN)
• B-ISDN provides the needs (High speed and large data handling) of the next
generation technology. B-ISDN is a digital service with speed above 1.544 Mbps.
The original ISDN is called narrow band ISDN (N-ISDN).
• B-ISDN uses fiber at all levels of telecommunications. BISDN provides two types
of services. They are interactive (conversational or messaging or
retrieval). The interactive service is bidirectional.
Frame relay service
Frame relay is considered to be a B-ISDN service. Frame relay
is a packet switching protocol service offered by telephone corporations to replace
the X-25 protocol. It is a WAN network.
ISDN CHANNELS
Switched Multimegabit Digital Service (SMDS):
• SMDS is a digital service that provides a high speed digital path. The transport
speed of SMDS is usually 155 Mbps.
ATM: The transport speed of most ATM applications are 155 Mbps.